https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-bot-at-santa-rita-elementary-schoolhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1390111555.jpg3rd graders build robots at Santa Rita Elementary SchoolMrs. Rowhani's third graders learn about matter and energy by building a Spout bot with Khan Academy. Special thanks to: Santa Rita's volunteer parents, Kami Thordarson, Karen Wilson and of course Laleh Rowhani the class teacher.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OlYwHNKN-qw.mp4/OlYwHNKN-qw.mp4246yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spdt-lever-switchhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4f8f0cdc.jpgSPDT switchSPDT switch from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1_OieLuWGyw.mp4/1_OieLuWGyw.mp4168yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/sliding-spdt-switchhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xea48aeaa.jpgSpout's sliding SPDT switchSpout's sliding SPDT switch from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/u5NCRHcel_g.mp4/u5NCRHcel_g.mp4281yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-light-circuithttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x625134bb.jpgSpout lightsSpout lights from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FfN8uQqLa_c.mp4/FfN8uQqLa_c.mp432yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-motorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xad1dfde5.jpgSpout motorSpout motor from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LXi5FUMNTjE.mp4/LXi5FUMNTjE.mp4199yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-batteryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6dd4615f.jpgSpout battery configuration and polarizationSpout battery configuration and polarization from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KWf5kSNPbz0.mp4/KWf5kSNPbz0.mp4110yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-current-reversing-switchhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x820027cc.jpgSpout's reversing circuit and final assemblySpout's reversing circuit and final assembly from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5dlE_wobLoM.mp4/5dlE_wobLoM.mp4180yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/parts-for-spouthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7a463592.jpgParts for SpoutParts for Spout from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5ZXB-gCs1oM.mp4/5ZXB-gCs1oM.mp4114yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-toolshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x722ce87b.jpgSpout toolsSpout tools from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OmVBfdmWItk.mp4/OmVBfdmWItk.mp486yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/soldering-safteyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2537b483.jpgSoldering SafetySoldering Safety from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gW-7yeUW7-k.mp4/gW-7yeUW7-k.mp4173yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-switcheshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x28303800.jpgSpout switchesSpout switches from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fEkK5MbG7PU.mp4/fEkK5MbG7PU.mp4625yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-motor-mounthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x561e658f.jpgSpout motor mountSpout motor mount from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/W9AVRhqEkek.mp4/W9AVRhqEkek.mp4245yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-motor-wiringhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xec4f22cb.jpgSpout motor wiringSpout motor wiring from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zsdek-uH0NU.mp4/zsdek-uH0NU.mp4707yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-led-eye-wiringhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b8ff83e.jpgSpout wiring for LED eyesSpout wiring for LED eyes from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cyCad5HaHaE.mp4/cyCad5HaHaE.mp4634yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/spout-tailhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4a9ed442.jpgSpout antennae and tailSpout antennae and tail from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6F32MMvcDNs.mp4/6F32MMvcDNs.mp4511yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b3deff4.jpgTools and parts to build a SpoutMake Spout a low cost beetle bot that can avoid obstacles. Spout is low cost and can be made without solder.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bqcVNzObJec.mp4/bqcVNzObJec.mp478yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9ed4e36c.jpgConnect the SPDT switchesConnect the SPDT switches from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xRw0CLvQkjo.mp4/xRw0CLvQkjo.mp457yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa2ac9619.jpgAttach the LED eyesAttach the LED eyes from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8XKFcz7zP5E.mp4/8XKFcz7zP5E.mp4536yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-4https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5099d33c.jpgWire the SPDT switchesWire the SPDT switches from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PI5WiM98S8U.mp4/PI5WiM98S8U.mp4376yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x17213762.jpgCreate the motor mountsCreate the motor mounts from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Q1XPg-2KB_A.mp4/Q1XPg-2KB_A.mp4378yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-6https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x67dd754d.jpgSecure and wire the motorsSecure and wire the motors from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gyXzJ3as26k.mp4/gyXzJ3as26k.mp4242yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-7https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7f36aa8f.jpgInstall on/off switchesInstall on/off switches from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_QdS8xjYL48.mp4/_QdS8xjYL48.mp4513yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-8https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6d4761cf.jpgConnect the LEDs to an on/off switchConnect the LEDs to an on/off switch from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZbN_ispEm3A.mp4/ZbN_ispEm3A.mp4275yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-9https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x631d9462.jpgAttach Spout's antennaeAttach Spout's antennae from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VIdvlSFDl2c.mp4/VIdvlSFDl2c.mp4115yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-10https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa39f8044.jpgAdd Spout's tailAdd Spout's tail from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mDttV5UmJ1Q.mp4/mDttV5UmJ1Q.mp4131yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/solderless-spout-11https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0b05c85e.jpgGive Spout some grippy feetGive Spout some grippy feet from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AwX4O87g1qk.mp4/AwX4O87g1qk.mp474yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/santa-rita-spider-botshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaab40dee.jpg6th graders learn to build a Spider robotVicki Lombardi's 6th grade students at Santa Rita Elementary in Los Altos School district learn how to build a Spider robot. Read more at: http://lasdilearn.blogspot.com/2013/02/third-graders-building-robots-mission.htmlhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WfMfs6naKkE.mp4/WfMfs6naKkE.mp4699yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/fun-with-a-spider-bothttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa2217895.jpgFun with Spider BotFun with Spider Bot from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6DE6PNg58tM.mp4/6DE6PNg58tM.mp428yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/1-spider-parts-and-toolshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1378551671.jpgSpider parts and toolsIn this video we review some of the parts and tools you will need to build a spider bot.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Hp46Y6j_Qdc.mp4/Hp46Y6j_Qdc.mp4133yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/2-hacking-spiders-click-n-stickhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1378412420.jpgSpider's click n' stickIn this video we show you how to hack a click n' stick tap light to make a body for Spiderhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7PgYb0c_3KE.mp4/7PgYb0c_3KE.mp4222yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/3-creating-the-battery-and-motor-mounts-for-spiderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1379095162.jpgBattery and motor mounts for SpiderIn this video we show you how to connect Spider's motors and batterieshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6crKuLMj_b4.mp4/6crKuLMj_b4.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/4-attach-spider-s-click-n-stick-base-to-the-batterieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1379116151.jpgClick n' stick base & batteriesIn this video we show you how to connect Spider's motors to his tap light base.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TDpQ5xL1EEE.mp4/TDpQ5xL1EEE.mp4150yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/5-attach-spider-s-motor-controller-and-wire-his-motorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1378993508.jpgSpider's motor controllerIn this video we show you how to connect and wire Spider's motor controller.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gW54YZzQsHE.mp4/gW54YZzQsHE.mp4208yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/6-connect-spider-s-power-switch-and-run-the-power-wires-to-the-motor-controllerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1378992591.jpgSpider's power switchSpider's power switch from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/k2_PdizIgN4.mp4/k2_PdizIgN4.mp4374yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/7-attach-and-adjust-the-spider-s-bezelhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1378994700.jpgSpider's bezelSpider's bezel from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xg2OHgS0ijk.mp4/xg2OHgS0ijk.mp473yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/8-attach-spider-s-wheelshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1379093212.jpgSpider's wheelsSpider's wheels from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kPrv93a5L0I.mp4/kPrv93a5L0I.mp4169yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/9-make-the-connnectors-for-spider-s-arduino-nanohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1379138063.jpgSpider's Arduino NanoSpider's Arduino Nano from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FfyNtrmmGEI.mp4/FfyNtrmmGEI.mp4340yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/10-spider-connect-the-power-and-signal-wires-from-the-motor-controller-to-the-arhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1397303333.jpgMotor controller connectionsMotor controller connections from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qGbRrM5hWq4.mp4/qGbRrM5hWq4.mp4125yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/10-attach-spider-s-led-eyeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1379081289.jpgSpider's LED eyesSpider's LED eyes from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nW0CVmMHovM.mp4/nW0CVmMHovM.mp4363yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/11-connect-spider-s-stablizer-barhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1378982910.jpgSpider's stabilizer barSpider's stabilizer bar from Electrical engineeringhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l3BoIj9_oRs.mp4/l3BoIj9_oRs.mp478yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/12-spiders-romancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1379797015.jpgSpider's romanceHappy Valentines Day from Khan Academy Projectshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ubXjr_dQ-y0.mp4/ubXjr_dQ-y0.mp444yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/15-ben-eater-s-spider-bothttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1401998447.jpgBen Eater's SpiderIn this video Karl talks to Ben Eater about his improvements to the Spider bot platform.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yBCB9CvVdpg.mp4/yBCB9CvVdpg.mp4195yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-classroomhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1077533640.jpgBit-zeeeeeeeeeeeBit-zee is a project designed to inspire students to explore math and science. It was created from everyday items (a hair dryer, tap light, alarm clock, digital camera, and a universal remote). See the following link for help with the code https://sites.google.com/site/khanacademyprojects/homehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CcziDRr5Myc.mp4/CcziDRr5Myc.mp471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-long-versionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1084192062.jpgBit-zeeeeeeeeeee (long version)Bit-zee goes to schoolhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KmmFBC0gNSg.mp4/KmmFBC0gNSg.mp4142yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-introhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1079212624.jpgIntroductionIn this video we discuss some of the key parts of Bit-zeehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mwP5OHJe1ak.mp4/mwP5OHJe1ak.mp4219yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-planning-and-propulsionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1118389351.jpgPlanning and propulsionThe video covers the first stages of idea generation for Bit-zee and how to make Bit-zee move.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Kq0Er6JBMmc.mp4/Kq0Er6JBMmc.mp4503yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-bitshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1118650171.jpgPartsIn this video we take a quick a look at some of the parts we used to make Bit-zee. Although we highly recommend you create your own Bit-zee using parts from products that people would otherwise throw away.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VnfpSf6YxuU.mp4/VnfpSf6YxuU.mp4226yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-chassis-timelapse-movhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1124617722.jpgChassis/frameIn this video we show you how to craft the chassis for the Bit-zee using a \$3 piece of Lexan and tap light housinghttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jo1bjsBbcc8.mp4/jo1bjsBbcc8.mp4399yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-wheel-mounts-and-fendershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1125966706.jpgWheel mounts and fendersIn this video we show you how to create Bit-zee's fenders out of hair dryer motor mounts and we also take you through how to mount the hair dryer motors in Bit-zee's frame.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bP__iEY9yTs.mp4/bP__iEY9yTs.mp4602yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-component-mounting-holeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1126273384.jpgComponent mounting holesIn this video we show you how and where to create the mounting holes in BIt-zee's Lexan base for the arduino, batteries, camera, on/off switch and wire routing.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YvUWkJcfp1w.mp4/YvUWkJcfp1w.mp4331yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-batterieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1126680590.jpgBatteries/powerIn this video we install 8 AA batteries in Bit-zee's frame using zip ties.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/L8NrBjd1aNo.mp4/L8NrBjd1aNo.mp4136yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/improving-the-battery-wireshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1131963985.jpgBattery wiresIn this video we upgrade Bit-zee' battery wires from 32 gauge to 18 gauge.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h8S-dOQe1-0.mp4/h8S-dOQe1-0.mp4197yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/connecting-bit-zee-s-power-wires-and-on-off-switchhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1132083657.jpgPower wires and on/off switchIn this video we show you how to switch on and off Bit-zee's electrical power.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ebGzJabI3mw.mp4/ebGzJabI3mw.mp4282yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/wiring-installing-bit-zee-s-motorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1126997117.jpgMotors/propulsionIn this video we re-wire Bit-zee's motors to include longer wires and then we re-attach them to his frame. This video shows more detail than the previous motor video and it is shot in real time. This video also shows how to route the wires.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iU1oIFPM1-I.mp4/iU1oIFPM1-I.mp4369yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/why-does-bit-zee-need-a-motor-controllerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1115746507.jpgMotor controller functionsThis video outlines in simple terms why a motor controller is needed and what it doeshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7CqigPmXyv8.mp4/7CqigPmXyv8.mp4329yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zees-motor-controllerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1115230216.jpgMotor controllerIn this video we take you step by step through building the L298 Motor driver. This controller allows you to use your Arduino to control the hair dryer motors used to move the Bit-zee bot.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/T4iRq8_ZmAA.mp4/T4iRq8_ZmAA.mp4602yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/attach-and-wire-bit-zee-s-motor-controllerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1132107561.jpgMotor controller connectionsIn this video we show you how to attach and wire the L-298 motor controller board to Bit-zee's frame.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CSXP02Cl3zM.mp4/CSXP02Cl3zM.mp4393yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/attaching-bit-zee-s-arduinohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1128334291.jpgArduino connectionsIn this video we show you how to connect Bit-zee's Arduino micro-controller to his frame.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o0XKRK3a3cs.mp4/o0XKRK3a3cs.mp4304yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/how-to-hotwire-a-digital-camerahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1128609901.jpgDigital camera connectionsThis video shows you how to "hotwire" a digital camera. This video outlines the first step in making our digital camera work in the Bit-zee robot. The required voltage for the camera was determined by adding the1.5 volt AAA batteries (there are three of them) together to get 4.5 volts (because the batteries are wired in series). Since new batteries usually have a voltage that exceeds their marked rating the camera can easily run on the 5 volts that the center terminal of our L298 motor controller provides.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bhMQYdoh8EQ.mp4/bhMQYdoh8EQ.mp4410yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/attach-bit-zee-s-digital-camerahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1131599025.jpgDigital camera connections IIIn this video we show you how to attach Bit-zee's camera and route the wireshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8GhjZn2W8ns.mp4/8GhjZn2W8ns.mp4205yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-5-volt-power-distribution-boardhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1132629473.jpg5 volt power distribution boardIn this video we hack apart a bread board to create a 5 volt power distribution strip. The 5 volts comes from the center pin in the motor controller and the negative or ground comes from the ground pin on the motor controller.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iqHZp79FhO8.mp4/iqHZp79FhO8.mp4323yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/hacking-and-attaching-a-digital-recorder-playerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1134600769.jpgDigital recorder/player connectionsIn this video we attach and wire a digital voice recorder to Bit-zee.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/efQjBTPhS_0.mp4/efQjBTPhS_0.mp4415yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/making-a-power-connector-for-the-arduinohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1135006386.jpgPower connector for the ArduinoIn this video we show you how to create a power connector for your arduino.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4HkbFUoX0iI.mp4/4HkbFUoX0iI.mp4151yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/attaching-bit-zee-s-prototype-boardhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1220108304.jpgPrototype boardIn this video we attach Bit-zee's bread boardhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DRz9B6SHWQ4.mp4/DRz9B6SHWQ4.mp4187yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/connecting-the-motor-controller-to-the-arduinohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1178339328.jpgMotor controller connection to ArduinoIn this video we show you how to determine which wire is which and how to connect them to your Arduino.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/C9ITaG1_XoA.mp4/C9ITaG1_XoA.mp4156yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/connecting-bit-zee-s-camera-to-the-arduinohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1220162268.jpgCamera connection to the ArduinoIn this video we wire Bit-zee's camera's shutter and power functions to some transistors on the bread board and then we connect the transistors to the Arduino.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/T2ZnxsBWU3E.mp4/T2ZnxsBWU3E.mp4225yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-bumper-switcheshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1220192283.jpgBumper switchesIn this video we create and wire Bit-zee's bumper switcheshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JEXhbd0JOWk.mp4/JEXhbd0JOWk.mp4588yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-eyeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1220997323.jpgLED eyesIn this video we create and wire Bit-zee's tri-color LED eyeshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lrIUaN_UKYs.mp4/lrIUaN_UKYs.mp4450yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-ir-sensorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1220977278.jpgIR sensorIn this video we connect, bend and wire Bit-zee's IR sensor. This sensor will allow Bit-zee to receive commands from a universal remote control.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KNtVlP9Htnk.mp4/KNtVlP9Htnk.mp493yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/bit-zee-s-shellhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1220940750.jpgChassis modificationsThis video shows how Bit-zee's shell was modified to allow space for the bumper switches.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/87-DnbQatO8.mp4/87-DnbQatO8.mp4181yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/camera-wiring-updatehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1220722985.jpgCamera wiring updateThis video shows you how to reduce the complexity of your Bit-zee while improving the speed of your Bit-zee digital camera.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KhyDlw99aSY.mp4/KhyDlw99aSY.mp4200yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-robots-anything-is-possiblehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9a7c4bb6.jpgAnything is possible!Anything robots can do, lego robots can do!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/McH0dsTOg2E.mp4/McH0dsTOg2E.mp497yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/discovery-lab-design-building-lego-robotshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2a5f0982.jpgDLab: Inspired by sumo robotsInspiration from Khan Academy's Discovery Labhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/odpzXKZDTt0.mp4/odpzXKZDTt0.mp4113yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/introduction-to-environmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1a9de490.jpgIntroduction to programming using lego NXTGet to know the NXT-G environmenthttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3quWEMobksw.mp4/3quWEMobksw.mp4187yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-nxt-light-guitarhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8cfdcf83.jpgDemo: light guitarLight guitar in action!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/43j2gGEP4JI.mp4/43j2gGEP4JI.mp429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-datawireshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x91ac81ad.jpgData wiresdata wires allow you to send values directly from input sensors to output deviceshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-1w9RXhCmsE.mp4/-1w9RXhCmsE.mp4154yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-mathblockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcc38753d.jpgMath blockMath blocks allow you to scale values (and much more!)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fJHFM2dOmiY.mp4/fJHFM2dOmiY.mp4134yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-nxt-coin-detectorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6c336042.jpgDemo: coin detectordemonstration of a simple coin detectorhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OxaG0VxaVXw.mp4/OxaG0VxaVXw.mp441yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-coin-detectorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x504fba13.jpgConstructionYou can get started with this simple design, then add your own complexity after!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uR5ZWegnTvA.mp4/uR5ZWegnTvA.mp439yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-rotationsensorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf198b676.jpgRotation sensorFamiliarize yourself with rotation sensor. Build a volume knobhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GcLSWBjp6UM.mp4/GcLSWBjp6UM.mp4212yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-switchlogichttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8e4bf02c.jpgSwitch statements & logicControl switch statments using logichttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ixKzDofqMrU.mp4/ixKzDofqMrU.mp4419yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-coinchallengehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc16acf70.jpgDesign review (calibration)Final step in the coin detector challengehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Qz0n0ZwdCpQ.mp4/Qz0n0ZwdCpQ.mp4211yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-sensorpollinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8ac891f1.jpgPolling sensorsCheck the real-time values of your sensorshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jSWLolne0Oc.mp4/jSWLolne0Oc.mp477yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-ant-bothttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfd58fb0a.jpgDemo: ant botdemonstration of a basic ant bothttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ksMisCPSs5g.mp4/ksMisCPSs5g.mp437yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-antbot-buildhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd839a468.jpgRobot constructionBasic construction to get startedhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EOiCa4i3oKo.mp4/EOiCa4i3oKo.mp431yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-moveblockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x86fbb9d4.jpgMove blockReady, set... start your engines!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_2pGxgq2D3s.mp4/_2pGxgq2D3s.mp4133yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-switchstatementshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x414f8ca0.jpgSwitch block (nested)We can combine switch blocks for more advanced behaviorhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MALIJQ3Q_zs.mp4/MALIJQ3Q_zs.mp4200yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-loopblockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0d4560e8.jpgLoop blockLoop block allows us to repeat behaviourshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Gwjlw3K2OrQ.mp4/Gwjlw3K2OrQ.mp4288yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-switchblockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf87cacc9.jpgSwitch blockControl robot behavior based on some conditionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8uLzMKrO1FU.mp4/8uLzMKrO1FU.mp4240yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/lego-variable-blockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0685d40a.jpgVariable block (counter)Store values using the variable block (build a counter)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YUQXdnZPdxE.mp4/YUQXdnZPdxE.mp4485yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-an-alarm-clock-radio-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037743580.jpgWhat is inside an alarm clock radio?In this video we explore what is inside an alarm clock, how it is made, and how it works.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xuQcB-oo-4U.mp4/xuQcB-oo-4U.mp4834yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-coffee-makerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037911217.jpgWhat is inside a coffee maker?In this video we explore what is inside a coffee maker, how it is made, and how it works.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XQTIKNXDAao.mp4/XQTIKNXDAao.mp4833yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-tap-lighthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1081270708.jpgWhat is inside a tap light?In this video we go inside a tap light to discover what is inside and how it works.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qLMsZKx_a8s.mp4/qLMsZKx_a8s.mp4362yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-hairdryer-1-of-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037778447.jpgWhat is inside a hair dryer? (1 of 2)In this video we explore ground fault interrupt circuits and how they keep us safe.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gFFvaLzhYew.mp4/gFFvaLzhYew.mp4369yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-of-a-hair-dryer-2-of-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037887285.jpgWhat is inside a hair dryer? (2 of 2)In this video we explore what is inside a hairdryer, how it is made, and how it works.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Vq7EOmvU1eQ.mp4/Vq7EOmvU1eQ.mp4705yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/compare-motorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1115489610.jpgCompare the hair dryer motor to the one you can buildIn this video we compare our hair dryer motor to the motor we built.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/V7P2dnrWDeQ.mp4/V7P2dnrWDeQ.mp4136yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-dvd-player-1-of-5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037870720.jpgWhat is inside a DVD player? (1 of 5)In this video we explore the housing and functions of a DVD player.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9R9vPcPyUwo.mp4/9R9vPcPyUwo.mp4230yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-dvd-player-2-of-5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037746947.jpgWhat is inside a DVD player? (2 of 5)In this video we explore the power supply inside a DVD player.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a16uKH2K7gM.mp4/a16uKH2K7gM.mp4312yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-dvd-player-3-of-5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037719891.jpgWhat is inside a DVD player? (3 of 5)In this video we explore the control board inside a DVD player.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8VOcnNekTjw.mp4/8VOcnNekTjw.mp4193yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-of-a-dvd-player-4-of-5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037852423.jpgWhat is inside a DVD player? (4 of 5)In this video we explore the DVD ROM components inside a DVD player.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/axP8LfkPvF0.mp4/axP8LfkPvF0.mp4504yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-dvd-player-5-of-5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037950087.jpgWhat is inside a DVD player? (5 of 5)In this video we explore the laser assembly inside a DVD player.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uQTG0x4qaYs.mp4/uQTG0x4qaYs.mp4173yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-of-a-universal-remote-control-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037941201.jpgWhat is inside a universal remote control?In this video we explore what is inside a universal remote control, how it is made, and how it works.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FH1L5NnuDXM.mp4/FH1L5NnuDXM.mp4443yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-digital-camera-1-of-2-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037927081.jpgWhat is inside a digital camera? (1 of 2)In this video we go inside the digital camera to discover what is inside and how it works.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PSy6zQsk8z0.mp4/PSy6zQsk8z0.mp4595yes https://puzzicle.org/science/electrical-engineering/v/what-is-inside-a-digital-camera-2-of-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1037746795.jpgWhat is inside a digital camera? (2 of 2)In this video we compare different revisions of the same digital camera.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DAvEI0rLrAw.mp4/DAvEI0rLrAw.mp4183yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/states-of-matter-teks6https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe90a4bd91e0ef894.jpgStates of matterMatter is anything that occupies mass and takes up space. Matter is made of particles, which have kinetic energy—they are in constant movement. There are three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. In solids, particles are packed tightly together. Solids have a fixed shape and volume. In liquids, the particles flow around each other. Liquids have a fixed volume but take the shape of their containers. In a gas, particles move freely. Gases have no fixed volume or shape. When the particles of a system gain or lose kinetic energy, a phase change occurs as one state of matter changes into another.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/We7Kd4D0S90.mp4/We7Kd4D0S90.mp4398yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/physical-properties-teks6https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd5da583fb6245116.jpgPhysical propertiesProperties are characteristics that help identify a substance. Physical properties may be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance, such as color, magnetism, melting point, and boiling point.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lDqjXjEcZmg.mp4/lDqjXjEcZmg.mp4297yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/mixtures-teks6https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5d5dec9f75df9473.jpgMixturesA mixture is a physical combination of two or more different substances. Mixtures can always be separated into their components using physical properties. There are two types of mixtures. Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform appearance throughout. They seem completely blended to the human eye. Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions. In a heterogeneous mixture, the different components have visible boundaries. Mixtures may include any phase of matter.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YP7Hn_6Wu5g.mp4/YP7Hn_6Wu5g.mp4389yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/densityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x43cf5ed6e84856b1.jpgDensityDensity is a measure of how much mass is packed into a given volume. This is determined by the mass and number of particles occupying a given space. The relative density of a substance may be used to predict whether it will float on another substance. For instance, anything with a greater density than water sinks in water, but anything with a lower density than water floats on water.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/w1P3q2GiTx4.mp4/w1P3q2GiTx4.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/physical-properties-of-elements-on-the-periodic-tablehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x07fc07be6a989954.jpgPhysical properties of elements on the periodic tablePhysical properties like luster, malleability, and ductility help distinguish the 118 building blocks called elements. These elements are grouped into three categories based on shared characteristics: metals, metalloids, and non-metals. The periodic table organizes these groups in repeating patterns, which helps predict how they behave.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P4wPD_4M-eo.mp4/P4wPD_4M-eo.mp4717yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/forceshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x29e69337b01c7bdd.jpgForcesA force is a push or a pull. Types of contact forces include the normal and friction forces. Types of non-contact forces include the gravitational, electric, and magnetic forces. When two or more forces act on an object in the same direction, their effects add. In opposite directions, their effects subtract. Adding and subtracting all of the individual forces this way gives the net force on the object. If the net force is zero, the forces are balanced. If not zero, the forces are unbalanced.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/emZftp_UBKs.mp4/emZftp_UBKs.mp4434yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/newtons-third-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8f479312e671ba2c.jpgNewton's third lawForces result from interactions between objects. Newton's third law states that two interacting objects exert equal and opposite forces on each other. Each object in the pair experiences one of the forces in the pair. The forces in the pair have equal strengths even if the two interacting objects have different masses or speeds. The forces in the pair don't balance each other because they act on two different objects.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9ViLDdSTrMU.mp4/9ViLDdSTrMU.mp4398yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/gravitational-forcehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x264e142a99c7058c.jpgGravitational forceObjects with mass exert gravitational forces on each other. Gravitational forces are always attractive. Gravity is a non-contact force that does not require objects be touching in order to act. Instead, the gravitational force can be modeled as acting through a gravitational field. The strength of the gravitational forces two objects exert on each other depends on the masses of both objects, as well as the distance between their centers of mass.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R0XFqHBZfHc.mp4/R0XFqHBZfHc.mp4489yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/electric-forcehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x40f522cabf560a2c.jpgElectric forceObjects with charge exert electric forces on each other. Like charges repel each other, and opposite charges attract each other. The electric force is a non-contact force that does not require objects be touching in order to act. Instead, the electric force acts through an electric field. The strength of the electric forces two objects exert on each other depends on the charges of both objects, as well as the distance between them.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nIGEp5x0Ab4.mp4/nIGEp5x0Ab4.mp4452yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/magnetic-forcehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x995b560d01434f04.jpgMagnetic forcePermanent magnets and electric currents produce magnetic fields. All magnets, no matter how small, have both a north and south pole. Like poles repel each other, and opposite poles attract each other. The magnetic force is a non-contact force that does not require objects be touching in order to act. Instead, the magnetic force acts through a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic forces two objects exert on each other depends on the strengths of the magnets, their orientations, and the distance between them.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/u-3cEw0uDC0.mp4/u-3cEw0uDC0.mp4424yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/ms-kinetic-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb6803ce85cfe656e.jpgKinetic energyKinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. How much kinetic energy an object has depends on two factors: the mass of the object, and the speed of the object. We can analyze data to determine how kinetic energy depends on these two factors separately. If we keep the object's speed constant and increase its mass, the object's kinetic energy increases in a linear pattern. If we keep the object's mass constant and increase its speed, the object's kinetic energy increases in a nonlinear pattern.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FtymZWAOeC0.mp4/FtymZWAOeC0.mp4413yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/ms-potential-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xee84b17773fb20e0.jpgPotential energyPotential energy is stored in a system of objects interacting through non-contact forces. Types include gravitational potential energy and electric potential energy. The amount of potential energy in a system depends on the distance between the interacting objects. When the distance between two attracting objects increases, the potential energy stored in the system increases. When the distance between two repelling objects increases, the potential energy stored in the system decreases.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5VVY0MSkrd0.mp4/5VVY0MSkrd0.mp4514yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/ms-conservation-of-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd2698daf274995a4.jpgConservation of energyIf a system is isolated so that no energy is enters or leaves the system, the total amount of energy in the system remains the same over time. Energy may convert between kinetic and potential, but the total amount is constant. If energy is transferred into or out of the system, the total energy of the system does change. Energy often transfers out of systems as sound and thermal energy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Tf4A93763Bw.mp4/Tf4A93763Bw.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/why-we-have-seasonshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7885cc4d9a9a2cb3.jpgWhy we have seasonsThere are many misconceptions about what causes the seasons. It's not the changing distance of Earth to the Sun, but Earth's axial tilt that causes the seasons. When the Northern Hemisphere is experiencing summer, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. This causes more direct sunlight to fall on the Northern Hemisphere. Six months later, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun. It receives less direct sunlight, and therefore experiences winter. The equinoxes occur midway between the points, when the length of day and night are equal.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2lSnnH12tJ4.mp4/2lSnnH12tJ4.mp4500yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/the-tideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x52465a05933eb88e.jpgThe tidesEarth's tides are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Earth. This net force creates a tidal bulge that moves across Earth's oceans, creating predictable cycles of low and high tide. Spring tides and neap tides are caused by particular configurations of the Earth-Sun-Moon system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8sSCXJMUhsQ.mp4/8sSCXJMUhsQ.mp4628yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/earth-s-major-systemshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9f3f1f332185c88e.jpgEarth's major systemsEarth's atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere work together to shape every place on the planet. Volcanic eruptions formed the Hawaiian Islands, while water, air, and living things slowly changed them. This series of interactions among Earth's major systems explains how landforms develop and how the planet supports life.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/w29jGmncSxI.mp4/w29jGmncSxI.mp4387yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/earth-s-layershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8ee3579d7d705805.jpgEarth's layersMuch like a peach, Earth is divided into layers. The thinnest layer is the crust, which composes all the continents and ocean basins. The crust is divided into several massive tectonic plates. Beneath the crust is the mantle, the largest layer. Next is Earth's outer core, a liquid layer of molten iron and nickel. This spins round the solid inner core, a dense sphere of iron and nickel. The movement of the outer core around the inner core creates Earth's magnetic field, which protects the planet from harmful solar radiation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZGoZz4H7IK0.mp4/ZGoZz4H7IK0.mp4461yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/the-rock-cyclehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x55c92bcf68129ba5.jpgThe rock cycleThe rock cycle describes how the three main rock types—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—change from one type to another. These changes occur through processes such as melting, solidification, and lithification. The rock cycle is driven by energy from Earth's interior and the sun.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rmH4W92eHVM.mp4/rmH4W92eHVM.mp4284yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/natural-resourceshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf7f7c489a296b4b0.jpgNatural resourcesHumans adapt and thrive using natural resources. Natural resources are things found in nature that can be used by humans. Renewable resources can be replaced over human lifetimes. Nonrenewable resources cannot. Both renewable and nonrenewable resources are unevenly distributed across Earth's surface.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sIM0PGv8h08.mp4/sIM0PGv8h08.mp4274yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/managing-natural-resourceshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc7f9bd5f1cb7fce8.jpgManaging natural resourcesResource management plays a key role in reducing global challenges such as energy poverty, malnutrition, and air and water pollution. Resource depletion happens when resources are used faster than nature can replace them. Managing water, energy, soil, and ecosystems helps ensure reliable electricity, nutritious food, and cleaner environments.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qeK8mQ904QI.mp4/qeK8mQ904QI.mp4581yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/protecting-natural-resourceshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xeb5b59ae9edea499.jpgProtecting natural resourcesCommunities can manage natural resources responsibly through conservation, efficiency, and technology. Through these strategies, people protect ecosystems, reduce waste, and use cleaner energy and smarter tools to improve air, water, and soil quality. Together, these strategies support healthier communities while ensuring resources remain available for future generations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DhgROZK_f2k.mp4/DhgROZK_f2k.mp4455yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ms-populations-communities-and-ecosystemshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7123c7531c31fad3.jpgPopulations, communities, and ecosystemsOrganisms, and populations of organisms, are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other living things and with nonliving factors.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xzINev2Bd8s.mp4/xzINev2Bd8s.mp4226yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/biotic-and-abiotic-factorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc4e85bf4ba66fb47.jpgBiotic and abiotic factorsUnderstand how living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors shape ecosystems and determine where organisms can survive. Explore examples such as plants, animals, water, sunlight, and temperature, and see how these factors interact, limit resources, and drive competition in ecosystems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rwCqIYc6FLc.mp4/rwCqIYc6FLc.mp4298yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/resources-and-population-growthhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbb137af384d620bc.jpgResources and population growthExplore how limited resources like food, water, and space shape population growth in ecosystems. As populations increase, competition for resources intensifies, slowing population growth or even causing declines. Locust swarms show how resource availability directly controls how large or small populations can become over time.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tWIPTF411HQ.mp4/tWIPTF411HQ.mp4343yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ecological-interactions-txhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0b8476b0f227f67f.jpgEcological interactionsEcological interactions explain how organisms share limited resources in ecosystems. Competition, predation, herbivory, and symbioses (such as mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism) all affect survival and population size. Different strategies (such as using resources in different ways) allow many species to live together in various ecosystems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wFntJ0V5oA4.mp4/wFntJ0V5oA4.mp4547yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ms-cells-and-organismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1f96d07dd278b2e7.jpgCells and organismsAll living things are made up of cells, which is the smallest unit that can be said to be alive. An organism may consist of one single cell (unicellular) or many different numbers and types of cells (multicellular).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Uiqro5TUyLA.mp4/Uiqro5TUyLA.mp4237yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/types-of-organismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcd08742ff591441c.jpgTypes of organismsThe basic characteristics of organisms help scientists classify and compare living things. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, unicellular and multicellular organisms, and autotrophs and heterotrophs reveal how life is organized and how organisms survive.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/59ox92_6lo8.mp4/59ox92_6lo8.mp4393yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/traits-and-fitnesshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe4b87b166b140906.jpgTraits and fitnessTraits explain both the similarities and differences among individuals of the same species. Inherited traits, acquired traits, and learned behaviors describe different ways an organism's characteristics are inherited or may develop over an organism's lifetime. Fitness and trait variation help explain how inherited traits influence survival, reproduction, and changes in populations over time.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2i6FWpoNRS0.mp4/2i6FWpoNRS0.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-6-science-tx/v/trait-variation-and-environmental-changehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6eb95697f91c33b2.jpgTrait variation and environmental changesTrait variation influences fitness by affecting how well organisms survive and reproduce in different environments. Whether inherited traits are advantageous or disadvantageous depends on the environment—and when the environment changes. As a result, how common or rare inherited traits are in a population can change over time.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uEDs_fudE7w.mp4/uEDs_fudE7w.mp4379yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-chemistry/v/physical-propertieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd1519358525f1c6f.jpgPhysical propertiesProperties are characteristics that define substances, helping us differentiate them. Physical properties, like color, density, and magnetism, can be observed or measured without changing the substance. These properties are further classified into intrinsic (independent of size, like color) and extrinsic (size-dependent, like mass). Understanding these helps identify and describe materials effectively.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UIoepmPCXOY.mp4/UIoepmPCXOY.mp4397yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/aqueous-solutionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfff3c8f110ecdbb9.jpgAqueous solutionsAqueous solutions are all around us, and even inside of us! Aqueous solutions are homogeneous mixtures that contain water as their main component. Learn about solutes, solvents, electrolytes, and why water is known as the universal solvent.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3mb7hfHZ48Q.mp4/3mb7hfHZ48Q.mp4344yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/speed-and-velocityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x30f09f7ea013b1c9.jpgSpeed and velocityAn object's average speed is the distance it travels, divided by the time taken to travel that distance. An object's motion can be analyzed by recording distance and time data in a table or graph. The slope of a distance vs. time graph is the object's speed. Velocity is speed with direction of motion included.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/W6Ar0ls6tVA.mp4/W6Ar0ls6tVA.mp4471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/ms-accelerationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8010c495193aa34f.jpgAccelerationAcceleration is change in velocity. If an object's speed and/or direction is changing, it is accelerating. If an object is speeding up, its velocity and acceleration are in the same direction. If an object is slowing down, its velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions. If neither an object's speed or direction are changing, it's moving at constant velocity and its acceleration is zero.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gWaI-mzn69c.mp4/gWaI-mzn69c.mp4453yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/newtons-first-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe3aac0348eac4a26.jpgNewton's first lawIf the forces acting on an object are balanced (the net force is zero), the object will not accelerate. It will remain at rest or moving with constant velocity. If the forces acting on object are unbalanced (the net force is not zero), the object will accelerate. Its speed and/or direction of motion will change.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Q0T2zjmvvA0.mp4/Q0T2zjmvvA0.mp4366yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/temperature-and-celsiushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf75a3926c1e26405.jpgTemperature and CelsiusTemperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles within a system, revealing how “hot” or “cold” it feels. Faster-moving particles mean higher temperatures, while slower ones mean lower. Scales like Fahrenheit and Celsius give standardized points for freezing, boiling, and body temperature, allowing easy temperature comparison across different systems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K0nXYm9DiEo.mp4/K0nXYm9DiEo.mp4459yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-chemistry/v/thermal-energy-and-heat-transferhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3150dc8d7d3a7ca9.jpgThermal energy and heat transferWhen a warmer object meets a cooler one, energy flows until they reach the same temperature, also known as thermal equilibrium. This transfer of energy between systems is what we call heat. Temperature measures the average kinetic energy or motion of these particles. All matter contains moving particles with kinetic energy, which contributes to its thermal energy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/n3boAYB7T3k.mp4/n3boAYB7T3k.mp4440yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/thermal-conduction-convection-and-radiationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0a625c68.jpgThermal conduction, convection, and radiationThere are three forms of thermal energy transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves molecules transferring kinetic energy to one another through collisions. Convection occurs when hot air rises, allowing cooler air to come in and be heated. Thermal radiation happens when accelerated charged particles release electromagnetic radiation, which can be felt as heat.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8GQvMt-ow4w.mp4/8GQvMt-ow4w.mp4550yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/the-solar-system-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc900489448d324ba.jpgThe solar system part 1The Sun is the star at the center of our solar system. There are eight major planets in orbit around the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Each has its own interesting features, including moons and rings.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1_z_zgRmYTk.mp4/1_z_zgRmYTk.mp4764yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/the-solar-system-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7ac83dd33f7f00eb.jpgThe solar system part 2There are many other objects in orbit around the Sun than the eight major planets. There are comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and dwarf planets such as Pluto and Eris. There's the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, the Kuiper belt past Nepyine, and the Oort cloud, a spherical shell of rocks and ice that surrounds the entire solar system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nBQpL8lhpTc.mp4/nBQpL8lhpTc.mp4646yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/gravity-and-the-solar-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdf37af1459b29891.jpgGravity and the solar systemEvidence suggests that our solar system was formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust, pulled together by gravity. This process formed the Sun and the objects that orbit around it. The shape of an orbit is called an ellipse. As an object completes an orbit, its distance to the Sun changes. The closer it is to the Sun, the faster it moves. Different objects orbit different distances from the Sun. The farther an object orbits from the Sun, the more time it takes to complete an orbit.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a0XHi4tCovg.mp4/a0XHi4tCovg.mp4703yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/earth-as-the-planet-for-lifehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbba8953afbad1fea.jpgEarth as the planet for lifeEarth is the perfect planet for life as we know it! It orbits the Sun in the habitable zone, where planetary temperatures allow water to exist as a liquid. Scientists believe this is important because life as we know it requires solution-based chemistry, and water is a very common and versatile solvent. Earth also has a breathable atmosphere that keeps the planet warm, an ozone layer to protect against UV light, and a magnetic field that shields the planet from the harmful solar wind.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wJ8oFmHnFj0.mp4/wJ8oFmHnFj0.mp4592yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/plate-tectonics-teks6https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa3ea3358fd04e26c.jpgPlate tectonicsIn the 1800s, scientists began noticing that some continents fit together like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. This led to speculations that the continents were once connected, but moved apart. Evidence began supporting this new theory of "continental drift." For instance, fossils and rock formations on one continent matched those on another continent. Soon scientists discovered that new crust was being formed under the ocean. This idea of sea-floor spreading led to the modern theory of plate tectonics. The crust and upper part of the mantle compose the lithosphere, which is broken into massive, moving plates. The lithosphere rests on the asthenosphere, the upper part of the mantle. The rock of the asthenosphere is plastic, and moves the upper plates on convection currents of heat from Earth's interior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/u5uZWNOyoVY.mp4/u5uZWNOyoVY.mp4614yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/tectonic-activityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x476cc1ad1ef43ae2.jpgTectonic activityA region's geological activity is often determined by the different plate boundaries below that region. Divergent boundaries occur when plates are moving away from each other. These regions are known for the creation of new crust. Convergent boundaries occur when plates are moving towards each other. The denser plate sinks beneath the less dense plate, creating a subduction zone. These regions are known for mountain formation, earthquakes, and volcanoes. Transform boundaries occur when plates slide alongside each other. These regions are known for earthquakes. Other interesting features include hot spots, where a magma plume leaks through the oceanic crust to form a chain of islands; and supervolcanoes, which occur when magma builds up below continental crust and violently erupts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mqjYuxcVmAs.mp4/mqjYuxcVmAs.mp4851yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/freshwater-use-and-conservationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb6bdf060ba321e77.jpgFreshwater use and conservationOnly about 2.5% of Earth's total water is freshwater, but it is essential for daily life, agriculture, and industry. Most freshwater is used to grow food, while growing populations and pollution put pressure on water availability. Because water resources be used faster than it can be replenished, conserving water and using it wisely helps protect this limited resource.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6N-W1guncoo.mp4/6N-W1guncoo.mp4268yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/watersheds-and-human-activityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe284559a011e83d4.jpgWatersheds and human activityHuman activities can affect the health of an entire watershed. Some harmful human activities (such as runoff from agriculture, urbanization, deforestation, and water diversions) can cause pollution, erosion, and low-oxygen zones. However, other beneficial human activities (such as sustainable farming, green infrastructure, reforestation, and water conservation) can protect water quality and ecosystems. The Chesapeake Bay shows how actions upstream can have far-reaching effects downstream.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/r5svsAvCl7I.mp4/r5svsAvCl7I.mp4471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/the-world-oceanhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf3d2f25af83c3614.jpgThe World OceanEarth's World Ocean is connected by currents and gyres that form a global ocean conveyor belt, moving heat, nutrients, and water around the planet. This circulation shapes climate and supports ecosystems. Human activities, such as pollution and resource use, disrupt ocean systems and impact marine life worldwide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZplA8A-bbWo.mp4/ZplA8A-bbWo.mp4326yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/ocean-systems-resources-and-human-activityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3e5542bcc17ddc8e.jpgOcean systems, resources, and human activityHumans depend on healthy ocean systems for food, oxygen, climate regulation, coastal protection, and global trade. However, some human activities may harm ocean systems. For example, shrimp farming can destroy mangrove forests, disrupting marine food webs and releasing stored carbon. Plastic pollution and ocean warming create additional threats, while mangrove restoration, sustainable aquaculture, and responsible seafood choices can help protect ocean ecosystems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DnSC0oDcPg4.mp4/DnSC0oDcPg4.mp4399yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/photosynthesis-in-ecosystems-mshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x57c61046f4a62a53.jpgPhotosynthesis in ecosystemsOxygen produced by photosynthesis is released and used by animals and plants in respiration. Animals depend (directly or indirectly) on food from photosynthetic organisms for growth and survival.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_1U6uMmUJZU.mp4/_1U6uMmUJZU.mp4104yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/trophic-levelshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xab9184e81cca28cf.jpgTrophic levelsExplore how energy flows and matter cycles through a kelp forest ecosystem. Food chains and trophic levels trace energy from kelp to sea urchins, sea otters, and orcas. The 10% rule and energy pyramids show why less energy is available at higher trophic levels. Decomposers recycle nutrients, helping sustain producers and the entire ecosystem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WlyT5gjPC1k.mp4/WlyT5gjPC1k.mp4440yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/matter-and-energy-in-food-webs-mshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x808a36041249a9a2.jpgMatter and energy in food websFood webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. Transfers of matter into and out of the physical environment occur at every level. Decomposers recycle nutrients from dead plant or animal matter back to the soil in terrestrial environments or to the water in aquatic environments. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qIgL05zOx5U.mp4/qIgL05zOx5U.mp4251yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/worked-example-analyzing-a-generic-food-webhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x03aee7ebf5585fb0.jpgWorked example: Analyzing a generic food webWe can analyze the arrows in a food web to identify producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vniXioPlsLA.mp4/vniXioPlsLA.mp4244yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/worked-example-analyzing-an-ocean-food-webhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x280d526825bc75d8.jpgWorked example: Analyzing an ocean food webWe can analyze the arrows in a food web to identify producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vGwhsG-4j-0.mp4/vGwhsG-4j-0.mp4233yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ms-organization-in-the-human-bodyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8b461f16365a5672.jpgOrganization in the human bodyIn multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. These subsystems are groups of cells that work together to form tissues, and organs that are specialized for particular body functions. Organs work together in organ systems to carry out specific functions for the organism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YE2peDF4Zqg.mp4/YE2peDF4Zqg.mp4254yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/taxonomy-and-the-kingdoms-of-lifehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb967bf3271ceb0b1.jpgTaxonomy and the kingdoms of lifeTaxonomy helps scientists group and name organisms based on shared and unique traits, even when common names are confusing. By comparing traits, scientists organize organisms into different levels of classification, from broad domains and kingdoms to specific species. These groups help scientists compare organisms and understand the different roles they play in ecosystems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DeI_-dk4DSY.mp4/DeI_-dk4DSY.mp4521yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-7-science-tx/v/taxonomy-and-scientific-nameshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd1370f30286b2799.jpgTaxonomy and scientific namesCommon names can be confusing and vary by language, so scientific names help scientists clearly identify organisms. Binomial nomenclature is a system that gives each species a two-part name: the genus and the specific name. Scientists use shared and unique traits to classify organisms and give each species its own scientific name.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kZPGOPh-xyk.mp4/kZPGOPh-xyk.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ms-sexual-and-asexual-reproductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb07dca5ce8d03dff.jpgSexual and asexual reproductionReproduction is the process by which organisms create new life. There are two main types: asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent, producing offspring identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents, resulting in genetically unique offspring.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IZ6EvH240iA.mp4/IZ6EvH240iA.mp4280yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/natural-selection-in-peppered-mothshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x515af666520a34ae.jpgNatural selection in peppered mothsExplore natural selection through the example of peppered moth color changes in London. Darker moths became more common during the Industrial Revolution due to pollution, providing better camouflage against predators. Following recent environmental changes, lighter moths are now becoming more common. This case study demonstrates how environmental shifts can influence the how traits can become more common or rare in a species over generations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/y4BHYYBif3Q.mp4/y4BHYYBif3Q.mp4197yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/physical-properties-of-waterhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa817220d6b4d45a0.jpgPhysical properties of waterWater is everywhere, shaping life and the world around us. Its unique properties reveal themselves in mesmerizing ways—like droplets on leaves or water striders gliding across ponds. By understanding water's properties, we've built innovative solutions, from waterproof materials to fog nets that collect water in arid regions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ltFNs994mGI.mp4/ltFNs994mGI.mp4106yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/cohesion-and-adhesion-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x483cdb7f41f1a9db.jpgCohesion and adhesionWater’s cohesive property explains why droplets form rounded shapes on surfaces. Water molecules attract each other like tiny magnets, which leads to the cohesive forces that hold them together. Adhesion, on the other hand, occurs when molecules cling to other substances, like water and glass forming a meniscus. Together, cohesion and adhesion shape water’s unique behavior on various surfaces.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jppj2KKJpk8.mp4/jppj2KKJpk8.mp4346yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/surface-tension-mshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd6ca115b2c11459c.jpgSurface tensionCohesion causes water particles to attract and hold together, leading to fascinating effects like surface tension. At the surface, water molecules pull inward, creating a "skin" that's stronger than the liquid below. This tension allows water striders to walk on water and paperclips to float, highlighting the unique behavior of water’s cohesive forces.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4ELxJ53mMHE.mp4/4ELxJ53mMHE.mp4313yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/properties-of-acids-and-baseshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4cb8a475f4259fde.jpgProperties of acids and basesAcids and bases have unique properties that play an important role in chemistry and everyday life. Acids release charged hydrogen atoms (H⁺) in water, making them sour and capable of corroding metals. Bases produce charged hydroxide particles (OH⁻), have a bitter taste, and are effective at removing grease and oils. When combined, they neutralize each other, forming salt and water in a reaction called neutralization.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/028VyNbK2bY.mp4/028VyNbK2bY.mp4422yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-chemistry/v/chemical-reactionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc65570854912c204.jpgChemical reactionsA chemical reaction is a process where substances, called reactants, rearrange their atoms to form new substances, known as products. No atoms are lost or gained—just rearranged. Evidence of a reaction includes color changes, gas production, or energy changes. In a closed system, the total mass of reactants and products remains the same.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a9RJZqG9qJo.mp4/a9RJZqG9qJo.mp4261yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/newtons-second-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x12e12397478d4f1a.jpgNewton's second lawIf the forces on an object are unbalanced (the net force is not zero), the object will accelerate. How much the object accelerates depends on two factors: the strength of the net force, and the mass of the object. We can conduct an experiment to determine how acceleration depends on these two factors separately. If we keep the object's mass constant and increase the net force, we find that the object accelerates more. If we keep the net force constant and increase the object's mass, we find that the object accelerates less.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l_rw0RfS5x4.mp4/l_rw0RfS5x4.mp4557yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/wave-propertieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xba4486405a484d6f.jpgWave propertiesA wave is a disturbance that travels across space. Waves transfer energy, not matter. A wave causes a change in some equilibrium level as it passes by. Waves that have a repeating pattern are called periodic waves. The frequency of a periodic wave is how many wave cycles are generated in some amount of time. Wavelength is the distance from the beginning of one wave cycle to the beginning of the next cycle. Amplitude is the maximum change from equilibrium caused by a wave. Waves intro by PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, CC BY 4.0. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/waves-introhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/t27NSviEsX8.mp4/t27NSviEsX8.mp4476yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/the-electromagnetic-spectrumhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3fb1615cb2a331fd.jpgThe electromagnetic spectrumLight is an electromagnetic wave. All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in vacuum. The frequency of a light wave corresponds to its color. The amplitude of a light wave corresponds to its brightness. Visible light is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which also includes radio, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. These different frequencies of electromagnetic waves have different applications.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iVbuCROYAz4.mp4/iVbuCROYAz4.mp4523yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/electromagnetic-waves-and-matterhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x34dc2333e53729a0.jpgElectromagnetic waves and matterElectromagnetic (light) waves travel along straight line paths. We can model these paths using rays. When a light ray encounters a boundary between different materials, the light can be reflected, absorbed, and/or transmitted. Most everyday objects don't emit their own visible light. We see these objects when visible light from a source reflects off of the object and into our eyes. Objects that absorb all colors of visible light appear black.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nXuPL8KD2SU.mp4/nXuPL8KD2SU.mp4456yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/anatomyofsunhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xac966339.jpgAnatomy of the SunThe Sun is the closest star to Earth. Learn what the Sun is made of, and how nuclear reactions inside the Sun release a huge amount of energy and drive solar storms.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JhpnZ8eR9wQ.mp4/JhpnZ8eR9wQ.mp4203yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/stars-and-galaxieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x865127ce234de95e.jpgStars and galaxiesLearn about Sun-like stars, red giants, supernovae, binary stars, and variable stars. Dive into the shapes of galaxies, including our own Milky Way Galaxy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BH4q7oSsFVU.mp4/BH4q7oSsFVU.mp4430yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/galaxies-and-gravityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa682c59dd8401cbf.jpgGalaxies and gravityEarth is part of the solar system, which is part of a galaxy, which is part of a galaxy group. All of these systems are held together by gravity, a force that pulls objects with mass toward each other.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tNGVqoOLl-k.mp4/tNGVqoOLl-k.mp4235yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/the-sun-s-energy-and-earth-s-weatherhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdbc64034978d95d1.jpgThe Sun's energy and Earth's weatherThe Sun powers Earth's weather by heating the atmosphere and hydrosphere unevenly. This energy drives the water cycle, creates wind through changes in air pressure, and fuels cloud formation and storms. Greenhouse gases help trap heat, keeping Earth warm enough for life while allowing weather systems to constantly shift and change.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JMaqaspDpr0.mp4/JMaqaspDpr0.mp4374yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/global-winds-and-currentshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x997e52a61c07fd57.jpgGlobal winds and currentsLarge-scale currents are found throughout Earth's atmosphere and oceans. In the atmosphere, air currents are caused by the uneven heating of Earth's surface. In the ocean, water currents are caused by winds or differences in density.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jjEfDULyEOg.mp4/jjEfDULyEOg.mp4356yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/weatherhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x790b0825f6ac93ab.jpgWeatherWeather is the state of the atmosphere at a given place or time. Changes in weather are caused by air masses interacting to form weather fronts, such as cold or warm fronts. Because weather is so complex, weather predictions are only probabilities and not definite outcomes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U5ikrkOGio0.mp4/U5ikrkOGio0.mp4243yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/makingofacloudhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x959f8849.jpgThe making of a cloudClouds affect us every day, no matter the weather. But what exactly are clouds and how do they form? And how can they help us predict severe storms, the availability of water, and our future climate?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UZEETyzql0Q.mp4/UZEETyzql0Q.mp4191yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/cloudsweatherhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcabfde3c.jpgClouds and weatherAlthough there is a direct connection between clouds and weather, they are not the same. This video explores the distinctions between the two and the atmospheric factors they have in common.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hJ6aeSv8xIU.mp4/hJ6aeSv8xIU.mp4202yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/severestormshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8278319a.jpgSevere stormsWe might prefer beautiful weather reports, but we really pay attention when severe storms are predicted. So how do Earth's most powerful storms develop, and how is this related to cloud formation?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xJ-bPlF6PNc.mp4/xJ-bPlF6PNc.mp4218yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/hurricaneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcd8ad559.jpgThe Coriolis effectIn the northern hemisphere, big storms spin counterclockwise as they travel, but in the southern hemisphere they spin clockwise. Why do storms spin in different directions depending on their location?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i2mec3vgeaI.mp4/i2mec3vgeaI.mp4186yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/tropical-cycloneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa7ae7bd5ac5e8c99.jpgTropical cyclonesTropical cyclones are powerful, rotating storms that form over warm ocean water. They build strength through rising moist air and heat released during condensation. The Coriolis effect causes them to spin—counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, clockwise in the Southern. These storms weaken over land or cool water but can still cause severe wind and flooding.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kRp-VcCaUS0.mp4/kRp-VcCaUS0.mp4341yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/natural-changes-in-climatehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc3746c0e581e7e9c.jpgNatural changes in climateEarth's climate has changed over time due to natural events and processes. Volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts, ocean currents, and greenhouse gases have all driven changes in climate—sometimes suddenly, sometimes slowly. Scientists use ice cores, tree rings, and other natural records to uncover how these forces shaped Earth's past climate across centuries and millennia.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KIcrEAEXXgk.mp4/KIcrEAEXXgk.mp4394yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/human-impacts-on-the-environmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xedef0f1abd037b80.jpgHuman impacts on the environmentHuman activities—such as land use, water use, and deforestation—often have negative impacts on the environment. These impacts worsen as the human population grows and consumes more resources. Science can help identify ways to reduce our impacts, but it is ultimately up to us to take action.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ThpzFgoGrKE.mp4/ThpzFgoGrKE.mp4308yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/the-carbon-cyclehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd62835c80eec4a66.jpgThe carbon cycleCarbon moves through the environment in a continuous cycle, shifting between reservoirs such as plants, animals, soil, air, water, and rocks. Key processes—photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion—drive this movement. While the biological carbon cycle happens quickly, the geological carbon cycle takes millions of years. Human actions can disrupt this cycle, contributing to climate change.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XynPVsE1fd4.mp4/XynPVsE1fd4.mp4284yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/disruptionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0186c5460abaeff7.jpgDisruptionsDisruptions are events that affect the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) parts of an ecosystem. Natural disruptions happen on their own, such as hurricanes or volcanic eruptions. Human-caused disruptions are caused by people, such as climate change, overfishing, and pollution. These events can change where organisms live, what they eat, and how energy moves through the food web.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6wl_XLQBtQ0.mp4/6wl_XLQBtQ0.mp4328yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ecosystem-dynamics-clarks-nutcrackers-and-the-white-bark-pinehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf61418144a8883a1.jpgEcosystem dynamics: Clark's nutcrackers and the white bark pineEcosystems are dynamic in nature; their characteristics can vary over time. Disruptions to any physical or biological component of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in all its populations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DopEBa4nYgA.mp4/DopEBa4nYgA.mp4289yes https://puzzicle.org/science/grade-8-science-tx/v/ecological-succession-ms-biohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x678379d3d25abc51.jpgEcological successionEcological succession is how ecosystems develop and change over time. Primary succession happens in areas where no life existed before, like bare rocks or a newly sunken ship. This process begins with small organisms that can tolerate harsh conditions, called early successional species. Secondary succession occurs after a disturbance in an existing ecosystem, as remaining organisms begin to grow and a new community gradually forms.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4J8lciSyPPc.mp4/4J8lciSyPPc.mp4432yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/biodiversity-and-ecosystem-health-a-hawaiian-islands-case-studyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9e2b7a7e769799d9.jpgBiodiversity and ecosystem health: a Hawaiian Islands case studyBiodiversity describes the variety of species found in Earth's terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems. The completeness or integrity of an ecosystem's biodiversity is often used as a measure of its health.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bmiVVgF9Hjw.mp4/bmiVVgF9Hjw.mp4292yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/cell-parts-and-their-functionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4b2d72dd936cde3a.jpgCell parts and their functionsWithin cells, special structures are responsible for particular functions. For example, mitochondria help release energy that the cell can use for other tasks, and the nucleus contains the genetic information. The cell membrane forms the boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell. In plant cells, chloroplasts enable photosynthesis and the cell wall provides structure.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TVxtlfUwIY0.mp4/TVxtlfUwIY0.mp4254yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/comparing-animal-and-plant-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf9dbab832723cb6f.jpgComparing animal and plant cellsPlant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane. Plants use cell walls to provide structure to the plant. Plant cells contain organelles called chloroplasts, while animal cells do not. Chloroplasts allow plants to make the food they need to live using photosynthesis.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HjC-eMiMDfo.mp4/HjC-eMiMDfo.mp4237yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/chromosomes-and-geneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x27a57f51d0f4114d.jpgChromosomes and genesGenes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/taH5kyoQG0Q.mp4/taH5kyoQG0Q.mp4204yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/genes-proteins-and-traitshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x051b91d6e86d5929.jpgGenes, proteins, and traitsGenes are specific stretches of nucleotides on a DNA molecule. Genes encode proteins, which are made up of amino acids. The order of nucleotides in a gene determines the order of amino acids in a protein. A protein’s amino acids determine its 3D shape and its functions in the cell, which, in turn, affect an organism’s traits.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tfZfLDRu39c.mp4/tfZfLDRu39c.mp4293yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/meet-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1081136975.jpgMeet the heart!The heart, nestled between the lungs and protected by the rib cage, serves as a powerful pump ensuring blood flow throughout the body. This systemic flow delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste. Additionally, the heart manages pulmonary flow, sending blood to the lungs for oxygenation before distributing it to the body. Lastly, the heart's own cells are nourished by coronary blood vessels, part of the systemic flow.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Vi1JK6IYVt8.mp4/Vi1JK6IYVt8.mp4609yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/flow-through-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1081230475.jpgFlow through the heartLearn how blood flows through the heart, and understand the difference between systemic and pulmonary blood flow. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7XaftdE_h60.mp4/7XaftdE_h60.mp4471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/two-circulations-in-the-bodyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1192377802.jpgTwo circulations in the bodyLearn the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems in the body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K57qjYYjgIY.mp4/K57qjYYjgIY.mp4745yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lub-dubhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1081112668.jpgLub dubEver wonder why the heart sounds the way that it does? Opening and closing of heart valves makes the heart rhythm come alive with its lub dub beats... Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-4kGMI-qQ3I.mp4/-4kGMI-qQ3I.mp4590yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/layers-of-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1081260395.jpgParts of the heartThe heart's structure and function is complex. Blood flows through the heart in a specific pattern, thanks to valves that keep it moving in the right direction. Certain muscles and cords help keep the valves functioning properly. The heart's two ventricles are separated by the interventricular septum. Heart wall muscle is made up of three layers: the endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bm65xCS5ivo.mp4/bm65xCS5ivo.mp4733yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-differencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036157588.jpgArteries vs. veins - what's the difference?Explore the roles of arteries and veins in the circulatory system. Uncover common misconceptions about oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, and learn the true distinction: arteries carry blood away from the heart, while veins transport blood towards the heart. Delve into the high-pressure nature of arteries and the low-pressure, high-volume characteristics of veins.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lXkfZYlnwl4.mp4/lXkfZYlnwl4.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veinshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7ac317cf.jpgArteries, arterioles, venules, and veinsLearn the differences between these blood vessels! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iqRTd1NY-pU.mp4/iqRTd1NY-pU.mp4463yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-blood-pressure-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1035877811.jpgWhat is blood pressure?Find out what a systolic and diastolic blood pressure mean. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J97G6BeYW0I.mp4/J97G6BeYW0I.mp4381yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/meet-the-lungshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1150539313.jpgMeet the lungs!Breathing in through the mouth or nose, air travels down the throat, through the Adam's apple or voice box, and into the lungs. The lungs, which look like an upside-down tree, direct air to tiny sacs called alveoli. Oxygen from the air enters the bloodstream, while waste carbon dioxide exits into the alveoli and is exhaled. This process is vital for human survival.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qGiPZf7njqY.mp4/qGiPZf7njqY.mp4576yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/people-and-plantshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1150475491.jpgPeople and plantsLearn more about photosynthesis and cellular respiration through a classic story: Jack and the Beanstalk. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lzWUG4H5QBo.mp4/lzWUG4H5QBo.mp4570yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-bronchial-treehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1159072701.jpgThe bronchial treeFollow the path of an oxygen molecule as it makes its way from your mouth down to an alveolus! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Z-yv3Yq4Aw4.mp4/Z-yv3Yq4Aw4.mp4767yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/inhaling-and-exhalinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1179650621.jpgInhaling and exhalingFind out exactly why air goes in and out of the lungs. Discover how changes in lung volume affect air pressure, leading to the movement of air molecules in and out of the lungs. This process, crucial for respiration, is explained using a simple jar analogy. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mykrnTh1tz8.mp4/mykrnTh1tz8.mp4779yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-does-lung-volume-changehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1179655597.jpgHow does lung volume change?Learn about how muscle contraction and lung recoil actually help the lungs change their volume with every breath! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dTsUyXXudvA.mp4/dTsUyXXudvA.mp4490yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/thermoregulation-in-the-lungshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc69180a5.jpgThermoregulation in the lungsDiscover how dogs and humans use their respiratory systems for thermoregulation. Learn why panting helps dogs cool down, and how humans also expel heat through breathing. Explore the concept of thermoregulation in the lungs and its role during exercise.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Iya-2bS14ho.mp4/Iya-2bS14ho.mp4293yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-s-inside-of-bloodhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228258123.jpgWhat's inside of blood?Spin down your blood and find out what it's made up of. This video provides a detailed look at the composition of blood, explaining the roles of plasma, white blood cells, and red blood cells. It also discusses the process of centrifugation, the concept of hematocrit, and the conditions of anemia and polycythemia. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5MOn8X-tyFw.mp4/5MOn8X-tyFw.mp4669yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/blood-typeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x20edc5f4.jpgBlood typesLearn about the unique properties of blood types and their importance in medical procedures like transfusions. Discover the role of A and B molecules in determining blood types, and how antibodies interact with these molecules. Understand why knowing your blood type is crucial for safe blood transfusions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Nnqp_3HMlDU.mp4/Nnqp_3HMlDU.mp4533yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hemoglobin-moves-o2-and-co2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228218407.jpgHemoglobin moves O2 and CO2Learn the two ways that oxygen moves from the lungs to the tissues, and the three ways that carbon dioxide returns from the tissues to the lungs. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QP8ImP6NCk8.mp4/QP8ImP6NCk8.mp4898yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/introduction-to-hemostasishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8e7d1133.jpgHemostasisHemostasis is the process which stops bleeding after an injury. Blood vessels are repaired by the creation of a platelet plug during primary hemostasis, and the platelet plug is further reinforced by the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin during secondary hemostasis.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rLIEeUP_e-Y.mp4/rLIEeUP_e-Y.mp4385yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/endocrine-gland-hormone-reviewhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaf2ad25b.jpgEndocrine gland hormone reviewWelcome to the Endocrine System. Get ready to learn about one of the most important ways that our body parts communicate! By Ryan Patton.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ER49EweKwW8.mp4/ER49EweKwW8.mp4699yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-glandhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x26e9c294.jpgThe hypothalamus and pituitary glandWhat makes the endocrine organs tick? Find out in this video about the hypothalamus and pituitary glands! Discover how the hypothalamus uses hormones to signal the pituitary gland, influencing the release of hormones that control bodily functions. Learn about the anterior and posterior pituitary, and the hormones they release, from growth hormone to prolactin.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9dS7bc_2bUE.mp4/9dS7bc_2bUE.mp4395yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/types-of-hormoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9ff1d77e.jpgTypes of hormonesThere are three major types of hormones. 1) Protein hormones (or polypeptide hormones) are made of chains of amino acids. An example is ADH (antidiuretic hormone) which decreases blood pressure. 2) Steroid hormones are derived from lipids. Reproductive hormones like testosterone and estrogen are steroid hormones. 3) Amine hormones are derived from amino acids. Epinephrine, which helps regulate the fight-or-flight response, is an amine hormone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KSclrkk_Ako.mp4/KSclrkk_Ako.mp4602yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/structure-of-the-nervous-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc550a5c4.jpgStructure of the nervous systemThe nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, made up of nerves and ganglia. Information travels in two directions: from the periphery to the central nervous system via afferent neurons, and from the central nervous system to the periphery via efferent neurons. This system connects the entire body back to the brain and spinal cord.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jmD0LBdAvlE.mp4/jmD0LBdAvlE.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/functions-of-the-nervous-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5b1e791e.jpgFunctions of the nervous systemThe nervous system performs essential functions, divided into basic and higher categories. Basic functions include motor control, sensory detection, and automatic responses like reflexes. Higher functions involve cognition, emotions, and consciousness. Understanding these functions helps in identifying neurological and psychiatric disorders.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qrK-FBdjGk4.mp4/qrK-FBdjGk4.mp4398yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/introduction-to-neural-cell-typeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcbff8238.jpgIntroduction to neural cell typesThis video provides an introduction to the cell types of the nervous system. Explore the world of neural cells, the building blocks of our nervous system. Uncover the roles and functions of neurons and glia, and how they work together to regulate our body's functions. Discover the structure of the nervous system, divided into the central and peripheral systems, and the unique types of cells found in each. By Matt Jensen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/L82bDTBMGUU.mp4/L82bDTBMGUU.mp4251yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/overview-of-neuron-functionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7a518014.jpgOverview of neuron functionThis video introduces the function and functional types of neurons. Neuron function involves processing and transmitting information. Key components include resting potential, action potentials, and the roles of dendrites, axons, and neurotransmitters. The nervous system contains different types of neurons, each with a unique role. By Matt Jensen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BY8DJeX_tGc.mp4/BY8DJeX_tGc.mp4479yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/synapse-structure https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/types-of-neurotransmittershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0adae408.jpgTypes of neurotransmittersThis video explores the diverse world of neurotransmitters, the molecules that transmit information between neurons. It categorizes neurotransmitters into amino acids, peptides, monoamines, and others, highlighting their structures and functions. Key neurotransmitters like glutamate, GABA, glycine, serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine are discussed, emphasizing their crucial roles in the nervous system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FXYX_ksRwIk.mp4/FXYX_ksRwIk.mp4526yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/types-of-neurotransmitter-receptorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x87ddf0ff.jpgTypes of neurotransmitter receptorsExplore the intricate world of neurotransmitter receptors in neurons. Learn how they can be excitatory or inhibitory, and how neurotransmitters can bind to multiple types of receptors. Discover the role of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, and how they influence neuron behavior, from rapid effects to long-lasting changes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yg44T2HcA2o.mp4/yg44T2HcA2o.mp4396yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/meet-the-gastrointestinal-tracthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9884099f.jpgMeet the gastrointestinal tract!The gastrointestinal tract is the path food takes from mouth to anus. It consists of the mouth (chewing, enzyme-assisted breakdown), esophagus (food propulsion), stomach (churning, storage), small intestine (nutrient absorption, hydrolysis), large intestine (absorbing water, ions, vitamins), rectum (storing waste), and anus (expelling waste). Each part plays a crucial role in digestion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Oh_Pt_UrtEE.mp4/Oh_Pt_UrtEE.mp4321yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/mouthhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6ec16651.jpgMouthDiscover the role of the mouth in digestion, from mastication to the creation of a food bolus. Learn about the tongue's intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, the enzymes involved in hydrolysis, and the glands that contribute to this process. Understand the importance of maintaining a neutral pH in the mouth for optimal oral health.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KyEk35-Uwh0.mp4/KyEk35-Uwh0.mp4450yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/esophagushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbb2d8ab9.jpgEsophagusExplore the esophagus, the tube connecting our mouth to our stomach. Understand its structure, divided into thirds, with skeletal muscle at the top, a mix in the middle, and smooth muscle at the bottom. Learn about the role of the esophagus in peristalsis, the wave-like propulsion of food, and the unique function of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wU9_daCwr_w.mp4/wU9_daCwr_w.mp4334yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/stomachhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x854eb5a2.jpgStomachhe human stomach is a marvel, capable of storing up to four liters of food and playing a crucial role in digestion. This process involves receiving a bolus of food, churning it, and breaking it down through hydrolysis, resulting in a product called chyme. The stomach's anatomy, including parietal cells, chief cells, and mucus cells, facilitates this complex process.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OzLoUCCASwM.mp4/OzLoUCCASwM.mp4358yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/small-intestine-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0370d7c8.jpgSmall intestine 1: StructureExplore the small intestine's role in digestion and nutrient absorption. Learn about the three parts: the duodenum, where most digestion occurs, the jejunum, where nutrients are absorbed, and the ileum, where important vitamins are absorbed. Discover the role of villi and microvilli in increasing surface area for digestion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UgnF1w-H8vw.mp4/UgnF1w-H8vw.mp4390yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/small-intestine-part-2-digestionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2192aa78.jpgSmall intestine 2: DigestionThis video explores the digestion process, focusing on the breakdown of four major macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, and fats. It highlights the role of various enzymes in this process, and how the pancreas and brush border contribute to digestion. The video also touches on temporary lactose intolerance due to stomach flu.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nLCNoT79_-o.mp4/nLCNoT79_-o.mp4405yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/small-intestine-part-3-absorptionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xafe158bf.jpgSmall intestine 3: AbsorptionThis video explains the absorption process of monomers in our body. It details how amino acids, sugars, nucleosides, and fats are transported into cells using primary and secondary active transport. The video also highlights the role of ATP and ion gradients in this process.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7zq3s3F5Do8.mp4/7zq3s3F5Do8.mp4295yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/liverhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb50aa618.jpgLiverThe liver, a unique organ with regenerative abilities, plays a crucial role in metabolism, nutrient storage, and detoxification. It breaks down nutrients (catabolism) and builds larger macromolecules (anabolism). It stores carbohydrates and fats as glycogen, lipoproteins, and triglycerides. The liver also detoxifies toxins using cytochrome P450 enzymes, impacting drug efficacy. Lastly, it produces bile essential for fat absorption.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rDjWrNRKfvg.mp4/rDjWrNRKfvg.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/biliary-treehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x890d5926.jpgBiliary treeThe biliary tree (also known as the biliary tract or biliary system) is comprised of the gallbladder, liver and bile ducts. These structures produce, store, and release bile to the small intestines, where it aids in the digestion of lipids.​https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jmfcACEGW-0.mp4/jmfcACEGW-0.mp4360yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/exocrine-pancreashttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x947fab36.jpgExocrine pancreasThe pancreas, often referred to as the 'lion of the abdomen', plays a crucial role in digestion. This organ, located in the retroperitoneum, releases powerful enzymes like amylase and lipase that break down starches and lipids. It also produces bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid and proteolytic enzymes to break down proteins.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BtqlMr1rUT8.mp4/BtqlMr1rUT8.mp4589yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/endocrine-pancreashttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x595c4214.jpgEndocrine pancreasThe endocrine pancreas, a key player in diabetes, releases hormones that travel throughout the body. It houses alpha, beta, and delta islet cells, each with unique roles. Alpha cells release glucagon, which breaks down glycogen into glucose. Beta cells release insulin, which builds glucose into glycogen and is crucial in diabetes management. Delta cells release somatostatin, inhibiting other hormones. Understanding these functions is essential for tackling diabetes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xNf--q0YMq8.mp4/xNf--q0YMq8.mp4410yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/colon-rectum-anushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa85063cd.jpgColon, rectum, and anusExplore the final part of the gastrointestinal tract, the large intestine, rectum, and anus. Understand their roles in absorbing water, inorganic ions, and aiding in digestion with the help of microorganisms. Learn about the implications of water absorption on conditions like diarrhea and constipation, and the importance of the rectum and anus in waste storage and expulsion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Lzr9GGjh6YQ.mp4/Lzr9GGjh6YQ.mp4585yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/anatomy-of-a-muscle-cell-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc5597198.jpgAnatomy of a skeletal muscle cellMuscles work on a macro level, starting with tendons that attach muscles to bones. Within muscles, there are layers of connective tissue called the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. These layers cover muscle subunits, individual muscle cells, and myofibrils respectively. The smallest unit of contraction is the sarcomere, where actin and myosin filaments interact to cause muscle contraction. This process is initiated by an action potential from an axon fiber.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/L-_MvjcH0xk.mp4/L-_MvjcH0xk.mp4762yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neuromuscular-junctionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x71e0e24c.jpgNeuromuscular junction, motor end-plateHow do neurons talk directly to muscle cells? Learn about how a neuronal message is translated into a muscular action at the neuromuscular junction. By Raja Narayan.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lRJd56BCidg.mp4/lRJd56BCidg.mp4540yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/three-types-of-musclehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1097595603.jpgThree types of muscleOur bodies are equipped with three types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscles, attached to bones and tendons, help us move voluntarily and quickly. Cardiac muscles, found only in the heart, work involuntarily and at a moderate speed to keep our heart beating. Smooth muscles, found in hollow organs and blood vessels, work slowly and involuntarily to control functions like digestion and blood flow. Each muscle type has a unique cellular structure.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bwOE1MEginA.mp4/bwOE1MEginA.mp4689yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/type-1-and-2-muscle-fibershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbb0cbe62.jpgType 1 and type 2 muscle fibersType 1 and type 2 muscle fibers differ in a few key ways. Type 1 (“slow twitch”) fibers contain more mitochondria, which means they can produce more energy and are better for long, aerobic activities. Type 2 (“fast twitch”) fibers, on the other hand, are suited for short, fast bursts of activity that don't require as much oxygen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l5yMz2lFgx0.mp4/l5yMz2lFgx0.mp4549yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/skeletal-structure-and-functionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5e2ec71a.jpgSkeletal structure and functionSkeletons support and protect our bodies. Bugs have exoskeletons outside their bodies, while humans have endoskeletons inside. Our bones are in axial (skull, ribcage, spine) and appendicular (arms, legs) groups. Bone marrow makes blood cells; more specifically, red marrow makes blood and yellow marrow stores fat.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-lrKDRAbP38.mp4/-lrKDRAbP38.mp4412yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/microscopic-structure-of-bone-haversian-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2354d3d6.jpgMicroscopic structure of bone - the Haversian systemIn this video we will explore the microscopic structure of bone or the Harvesian system in depth. Discover the difference between spongy and compact bone, learn about the function of osteons, and delve into the role of haversian canals, lacunae, and volkmann canals in bone health.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IKHVpABUSDs.mp4/IKHVpABUSDs.mp4249yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/welcome-to-the-reproductive-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x765c2a69.jpgWelcome to the reproductive systemHumans reproduce and bear offspring through the reproductive system, which includes pregnancy, fetal development, and birth. Males have testes that produce sperm and a penis for delivery. Females have ovaries that produce eggs, a uterus for baby development, and breasts for milk production. Hormones regulate these organs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jRYEqOOrjH8.mp4/jRYEqOOrjH8.mp4398yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6d80ffca.jpgAnatomy of the male reproductive systemExplore the male reproductive system with a focus on the testes' role in sperm production and testosterone creation. Discover the importance of temperature regulation for sperm production, the journey of sperm from the epididymis to the urethra, and the role of accessory glands in supporting sperm's journey.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_ce-IVjQYws.mp4/_ce-IVjQYws.mp4603yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/transport-of-sperm-via-erection-and-ejaculationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5701261a.jpgTransport of sperm via erection and ejaculationThis video explores the journey of sperm from the male reproductive system to the female reproductive system. It details the two-step process of erection and ejaculation, explaining the role of the brain and blood vessels in achieving an erection. The video also delves into the anatomy of the penis and the process of ejaculation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XLoLvz0r550.mp4/XLoLvz0r550.mp4657yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/spermatogenesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc50a9018.jpgSpermatogenesisDiscover the vital role of the testes in the male reproductive system. Learn about the production of sperm and testosterone, the journey of sperm through the seminiferous tubules, and the process of spermatogenesis. Explore the importance of the sertoli and leydig cells, and the unique function of the epididymis.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QUJ-xnv53UM.mp4/QUJ-xnv53UM.mp4628yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/testosteronehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb4562311.jpgTestosteroneExplore the role of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, in the human body. Learn how it's produced in the testes and travels via the bloodstream to influence various biological functions. Understand its impact on secondary sex characteristics, behavior, and red blood cell production. Discover the self-regulating feedback loop that maintains testosterone homeostasis.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/k4e70nG3T8U.mp4/k4e70nG3T8U.mp4580yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/basics-of-egg-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x692b7bba.jpgBasics of egg developmentThe female reproductive cycle involves the maturation of eggs within the ovaries, a process initiated during gestation and activated at puberty. This cycle includes oogenesis, ovulation, and the secretion of female sex hormones. The video also explains the stages of egg development, from oogonia to primary oocytes, secondary oocytes, and finally, the ovum.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Msrym4oGVSk.mp4/Msrym4oGVSk.mp4439yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-ovarian-cyclehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf4dafb4e.jpgThe ovarian cycleExplore the ovarian cycle's intricate process, where each month, a woman's eggs mature, potentially leading to pregnancy. Understand the role of follicles, granulosa cells, and hormones in this 28-day cycle. Discover how the ovarian cycle contributes to the menstrual cycle and the changes that occur during menopause.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VYSFNwTUkG0.mp4/VYSFNwTUkG0.mp4645yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/meet-the-placentahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1192840523.jpgMeet the placenta!Learn how the needs of the fetus are met by the placenta, which is a special organ that belongs to both the mother and the fetus! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bQioHx12JuY.mp4/bQioHx12JuY.mp4753yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/reproductive-cycle-graph-follicular-phasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2accaf63.jpgReproductive cycle graph - Follicular phaseUnderstand the complex interactions of hormones in the female reproductive cycle. This video explains the ovarian cycle, detailing how FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone, and Inhibin work together to control follicle growth, ovulation, and endometrium changes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gmKAuceSf-s.mp4/gmKAuceSf-s.mp4519yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/reproductive-cycle-graph-luteal-phasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdcc4fd4d.jpgReproductive cycle graph - Luteal phaseExplore the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle, where the corpus luteum plays a vital role. Discover how hormones like progesterone prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy and learn what happens when fertilization does or doesn't occur.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uA7Xny276sk.mp4/uA7Xny276sk.mp4545yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/estrogenhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2cd75462.jpgEstrogenExplore the vital role of estrogen in both males and females. Learn about its production primarily in the ovaries, its transportation via the bloodstream, and its impact on gene expression. Understand estrogen's effects on the reproductive tract, cholesterol levels, and bone strength, highlighting its importance in overall health.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eK7Gp6AWnuY.mp4/eK7Gp6AWnuY.mp4441yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/breast-anatomy-and-lactationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2ba850e1.jpgBreast anatomy and lactationLactation is the process where milk, rich in nutrients and antibodies, is produced and ejected from the mammary glands in female breasts. This video explores the anatomy of the female breast, the role of hormones in milk production, and the neural pathways involved in lactation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bflHwVKgRNE.mp4/bflHwVKgRNE.mp4447yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cytotoxic-t-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/24022.jpgCytotoxic T cellsThis video explores the immune system's response to threats, focusing on the role of antigen presenting cells and cytotoxic T cells. It explains how cytotoxic T cells get activated by MHC-I/antigen complexes and then proceed to identify and destroy pathogens or malfunctioning cells, providing a crucial line of defense in our bodies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oqI4skjr6lQ.mp4/oqI4skjr6lQ.mp4606yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/clonal-selectionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa3c5171b.jpgClonal selectionClonal selection is a process by which the body produces B and T cells to respond to infections. These cells each have unique receptors that allow them to identify specific pathogens. When the body encounters an infection, the B and T cells that can recognize the invader multiply rapidly to create an army of cells to fight it.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EsQyCHs4IBY.mp4/EsQyCHs4IBY.mp4589yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/self-versus-non-selfhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x71bee542.jpgSelf vs. non-self immunityThe immune system's main job is to fight off harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. This is achieved through a two-step process. First, B cells and T cells that react to our own proteins are eliminated during their development. Second, even if some of these cells escape, they need a matching T cell to activate them. This system isn't perfect, and when it fails, it can lead to autoimmune diseases.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/afM6_VFaIss.mp4/afM6_VFaIss.mp4869yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-white-blood-cells-move-aroundhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe563beb3.jpgHow white blood cells move aroundThis video describes the protective function of white blood cells, with a focus on how and where they act. Explore how different white blood cells, including neutrophils and B and T cells circulate, respond to infections, and communicate via chemical signals. Uncover the role of macrophages in alerting the body to bacterial invaders and the journey of immune cells through blood and lymphatic vessels, and learn about the process of antigen presentation and the production of antibodies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LXFQG4Ugreo.mp4/LXFQG4Ugreo.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/rn-blood-cell-lineageshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcf8c6f8f.jpgBlood cell lineagesDiscover the origins of blood cells in the bone marrow and the role of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell in creating all 10 types of blood cells. Explore the myeloid and lymphoid lineages, and learn how these precursor cells contribute to our immune system and overall health. Uncover the surprising connections between different types of blood cells.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/97nFwkRiNCc.mp4/97nFwkRiNCc.mp4500yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/meet-the-kidneyshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa816dcfa.jpgMeet the kidneys!The kidneys play a vital role in filtering blood and producing urine. Understand how these fist-sized organs receive oxygenated blood, hold onto essential nutrients, and expel waste products. Discover the unique dual capillary system, the vasa recta and peritubular capillaries, that make this process possible.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mcQQGGShmLs.mp4/mcQQGGShmLs.mp4384yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-do-our-kidneys-workhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xebe4fd0a.jpgKidney function and anatomyKidneys are important organs that filter our blood and produce urine to maintain balance (homeostasis) in our body. Blood enters the kidneys through renal arteries and exits through renal veins. The nephron, the smallest functional unit of the kidney, handles filtration and collection. This process helps regulate pH, blood pressure, and waste removal.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ctGkLYuUCvU.mp4/ctGkLYuUCvU.mp4478yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/glomerular-filtration-in-the-nephronhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbf40106d.jpgGlomerular filtration in the nephronThis video explores the renal system, focusing on the nephron's role in kidney function. It details the glomerulus's filtration process, the afferent and efferent arterioles' roles, and the function of Bowman's Capsule. The video also explains why fluid leaks out in the glomerulus but not in other arterioles.Leave feedbackhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wWsdcfGta4k.mp4/wWsdcfGta4k.mp4438yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/changing-glomerular-filtration-ratehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcba65aa4.jpgChanging glomerular filtration rateGet to know the renal system's glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. Learn how the diameter of arterioles influences the filtration rate and how substances like ions, amino acids, and glucose move through fenestrations into Bowman's space. Discover the impact of renal artery stenosis on filtration and the function of podocytes and tubule cells.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/x0pFo1RxTzM.mp4/x0pFo1RxTzM.mp4265yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/countercurrent-multiplication-in-the-kidneyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbdffddb5.jpgCountercurrent multiplication in the kidneyExplore the workings of the nephron, a key component of the renal system. Learn about the process of glomerular filtration, the role of the proximal convoluted tubule, the function of the loop of Henle, and the importance of the distal convoluted tubule. The video also highlights the concept of countercurrent multiplication, providing a comprehensive understanding of renal physiology.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Vqce2dtg45U.mp4/Vqce2dtg45U.mp4653yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/urinationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7815c894.jpgUrinationMicturition (peeing) starts with urine flowing from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters. The bladder expands using transitional epithelium. Urine exits through the urethra, controlled by internal and external urethral sphincters. Ureters prevent backflow, thereby reducing infection risk.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rheO1tVyB0U.mp4/rheO1tVyB0U.mp4573yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/meet-the-skinhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbcdaefeb.jpgMeet the skin! (Overview)The integumentary system, including skin and appendages like nails and hair, serves as our body's largest organ. It's not just a barrier, but also an immune defender, a sensory conductor, and a thermoregulator. This system plays a crucial role in protecting us from external threats and maintaining our body's balance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4zKjzl0futI.mp4/4zKjzl0futI.mp4316yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-skinhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x23a3b3fe.jpgWhat is skin? (Epidermis)Discover the intricate layers of the skin, from the topmost epidermis to the deepest hypodermis. Learn about the unique characteristics of each layer, including the role of keratinocytes, melanocytes, and the production of keratin. Uncover the mystery behind skin color and the importance of the skin's water-tight capabilities.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TjYbFdSY0LA.mp4/TjYbFdSY0LA.mp4668yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-lies-beneath-the-epidermis-dermis-and-hypodermishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x19e6aeea.jpgWhat lies beneath the epidermis? (Dermis and Hypodermis)Explore the complex layers of skin, from the epidermis to the hypodermis. Understand the different types of tissues, their functions, and how they contribute to our sensory experiences. Learn about the role of connective tissue, the importance of blood vessels, and the function of nerve endings. Discover how this knowledge aids in diagnosing conditions like burns.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Vn-tOBUvnD8.mp4/Vn-tOBUvnD8.mp4607yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/where-do-our-nails-and-hair-come-fromhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb8babf76.jpgWhere do our nails and hair come from?This video explores the structure and growth of nails and hair, integral parts of the integumentary system. It delves into the role of the epidermis and dermis in nail and hair formation, the function of keratin, and the intriguing role of the arrector pili muscle in creating goosebumps.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RD0waXH62AI.mp4/RD0waXH62AI.mp4518yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/whats-in-sweat-holocrine-apocrine-and-merocrine-glandshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf641d7d7.jpgWhat's in sweat? (Holocrine, Apocrine, Merocrine Glands)There are three types of sweat glands in the human body: holocrine, apocrine, and merocrine. Each type of gland has a different way of releasing secretions, is found in different parts of the body, and serves different functions. Functions of sweat glands include lubricating the skin, slowing bacterial growth, emotional sweating, and helping the body cool down.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A44_Sqifi0U.mp4/A44_Sqifi0U.mp4386yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/overview-of-sensation-and-meissners-corpuscleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x98d6edc4.jpgOverview of Sensation and Meissner's CorpuscleThe integumentary system (skin) is able to perceive the environment through the use of mechanoreceptors. These include the Meissner's Corpuscle, which detects light touch in non-hairy skin. The structure of the Meissner's Corpuscle enables it to respond to a force by generating an action potential that is transmitted to the central nervous system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0-pHx5rKKqI.mp4/0-pHx5rKKqI.mp4483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pacinians-corpuscle-and-merkels-diskhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1e0f9664.jpgPacinian's Corpuscle and Merkel's DiskExplore the unique functions of Pacinian's Corpuscle and Merkel's Disk, two key mechanoreceptors in our skin. Discover how Pacinian's Corpuscle, the onion-layered receptor, responds to deep touch, while Merkel's Disk, a specialized keratinocyte, perceives sustained light touch.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IW8OnV8J2Qw.mp4/IW8OnV8J2Qw.mp4438yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ruffinis-ending-and-hair-follicle-receptor-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3c61aa8e.jpgRuffini's Ending and Hair Follicle ReceptorExplore the role of Ruffini's Ending and Hair Follicle Receptors in our skin's sensory system. Learn how these mechanoreceptors detect sustained touch and light touch on hairy skin, respectively. Understand the role of collagen and the reticular dermis in these processes, essential for our tactile perception.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/k9cj_rZO448.mp4/k9cj_rZO448.mp4452yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pain-and-temperature-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7f17449b.jpgPain and temperatureOur bodies sense pain and temperature through a special receptor called TrpV1. This receptor, found in cells all over our bodies, changes shape with heat or pain signals. It also reacts to capsaicin, the spicy molecule in jalapenos. These signals are sent to our brain through fast, medium, and slow nerve fibers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/D-oAsFIHqbY.mp4/D-oAsFIHqbY.mp4562yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/thermoregulation-by-muscleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7926b1ce.jpgThermoregulation mechanismsWhy do we shiver when it's cold? How do our muscles make sure we don't freeze or have a heat stroke? Learn how the skin, brain, blood vessels, and muscles work together to maintain our core body temperature. By Raja Narayan.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HfXqyPS5bRo.mp4/HfXqyPS5bRo.mp4503yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/why-do-we-need-a-lymphatic-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd0841695.jpgWhy we need a lymphatic systemFind out why we need the lymphatic system, and how it interacts with our blood vessels. When the cardiovascular system pumps blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells via capillaries, high pressure forces some fluid out, forming lymph. The lymphatic system, a separate plumbing system, collects this lymph and returns it to the blood, ensuring a sustainable circulation. The video also explains the role of osmotic pressure in this process. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_GinTV94hUk.mp4/_GinTV94hUk.mp4572yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lymphatic-vessels-move-fluidhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb6494b98.jpgHow lymphatic vessels move fluidFind out how the body's mysterious second circulatory system works, and how it can move fluid even when it has no heart of its own. The lymphatic system cleverly returns fluid to the circulatory system without a pump. It reenters at the low-pressure end of the venous system, uses one-way valves to prevent backflow, and relies on body movement and smooth muscle contractions for propulsion. This ingenious system ensures efficient fluid circulation. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CLneY6SoPi0.mp4/CLneY6SoPi0.mp4445yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lymphatic-system-immunityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6b3d6ec8.jpgThe lymphatic system's role in immunityLearn about how B and T cells reside in lymph nodes. Find out how that enables them to get a preview of what they need to be prepared to fight. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kjLwVqxwaIM.mp4/kjLwVqxwaIM.mp4583yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lipid-and-protein-transport-lymphatic-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xefd7202b.jpgLipid and protein transport in the lymphatic systemLearn about a third function of the lymphatic system. See how it finds a sneaky way to get fats and proteins into your bloodstream. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EHUlWm0kFTA.mp4/EHUlWm0kFTA.mp4423yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-lymphhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcefa425b.jpgWhat is actually in lymphLearn about the differences between lymph and blood. Find out what is actually in lymph, and how it might be different across your body. By Patrick van Nieuwenhuizen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2Bq2xopLew8.mp4/2Bq2xopLew8.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/thermoregulation-in-the-circulatory-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0c625f6c.jpgThermoregulation in the circulatory systemExplore how the body maintains its core temperature during exercise. Discover the role of skin acting as insulation and how blood vessels, through vasodilation and vasoconstriction, regulate heat loss. Understand why maintaining a body temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit is crucial for optimal chemical reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/C_LiAEjuIIc.mp4/C_LiAEjuIIc.mp4422yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-cells-up-closehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1097394824.jpgHeart cells up close!Get a close-up view of the cardiac cells and see what makes them different from the other (skeletal and smooth) muscle cells. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/__afuK1CMpQ.mp4/__afuK1CMpQ.mp4840yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/calcium-puts-myosin-to-workhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1101443158.jpgCalcium puts myosin to workSee how calcium binds Troponin-C and allows mosin to do some work. Explore this phenomenon through the workings of heart cells, focusing on the role of proteins like actin and myosin in cell contraction. You'll see the importance of calcium and troponin in facilitating myosin's interaction with actin, leading to muscle contraction. Finally, learn about 'inotropy', which enhances this process.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vv6WBeqw2Nc.mp4/vv6WBeqw2Nc.mp4603yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sympathetic-nerves-affect-myosin-activityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1101414195.jpgSympathetic nerves affect myosin activityCheck out how the amount of Myosin that is tugging on your heart can change depending on your activity level! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xAL0tbYU8QU.mp4/xAL0tbYU8QU.mp4722yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/why-doesn-t-the-heart-riphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1117437512.jpgWhy doesn't the heart rip?Understand LaPlace's law to see the effect that pressure, radius, and wall thickness each have on the "wall stress" in the left ventricle. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cuwMrVoG2V8.mp4/cuwMrVoG2V8.mp4626yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/membrane-potentials-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1077809718.jpgMembrane potentials - part 1Find out how a cell that is permeable to one ion can become charged (either positive or negative) if there is permeability and a concentration gradient. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PtKAeihnbv0.mp4/PtKAeihnbv0.mp4502yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/membrane-potentials-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1077988383.jpgMembrane potentials - part 2Continue to explore how a cell that is permeable to one ion can become charged (either positive or negative) if there is permeability and a concentration gradient. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eROhIFBGKuU.mp4/eROhIFBGKuU.mp4525yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/permeability-and-membrane-potentialshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1078024276.jpgPermeability and membrane potentialsFind out why a cell that is permeable to multiple ions has a membrane potential that is influenced by the ion with the highest permeability. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/920PtNX-WCE.mp4/920PtNX-WCE.mp4762yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/action-potentials-in-pacemaker-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1077916714.jpgAction potentials in pacemaker cellsFind out how the pacemaker cells use the movement of sodium, calcium, and potassium to get your heart beating! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OQpFFiLdE0E.mp4/OQpFFiLdE0E.mp4940yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/action-potentials-in-cardiac-myocyteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1078059064.jpgAction potentials in cardiac myocytesSee how muscle cells in the heart contract by allowing Calcium to flow inside and bringing along some positive charge with it! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rIVCuC-Etc0.mp4/rIVCuC-Etc0.mp4731yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/reseting-cardiac-concentration-gradientshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1089536367.jpgResetting cardiac concentration gradientsWatch as the heart cells use energy to reset the concentration gradients for all of the ions after the action potential has gone through. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/j2iY1cT2gEE.mp4/j2iY1cT2gEE.mp4898yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/electrical-system-of-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1078012364.jpgElectrical system of the heartSee where the pacemaker cells start the electrical wave of depolarization, and how it gets all the way to the ventricles of the heart. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7K2icszdxQc.mp4/7K2icszdxQc.mp4583yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/depolarization-waves-flowing-through-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1077956571.jpgDepolarization waves flowing through the heartGet a clearer idea of what a "Depolarization Wave" means and how it goes from cell to cell through the entire heart! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/s5smas8uum4.mp4/s5smas8uum4.mp4704yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/a-race-to-keep-pacehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1084652257.jpgA race to keep pace!Find out how the various pacemaker cells in the heart actually race against the clock to try to keep pace for the heart, and how the heart has not one but two back up systems! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_yR9DBHMFXE.mp4/_yR9DBHMFXE.mp4805yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/thinking-about-heartbeatshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1089349882.jpgThinking about heartbeatsFind out what happens when things move very slowly through the AV Node! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7TafYJLjhY4.mp4/7TafYJLjhY4.mp4570yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/new-perspective-on-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1084416478.jpgNew perspective on the heartTake a look at the heart in cross section, looking down at it from the top! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8zrJxuVW3u4.mp4/8zrJxuVW3u4.mp4532yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/learn-how-a-stethoscope-can-help-determine-blood-pressurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036248186.jpgLearn how a stethoscope can help determine blood pressureLearn how Dr. Korotkoff cleverly used a stethoscope to determine blood pressure, and that we still use his trick today! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A8xO92u0VFs.mp4/A8xO92u0VFs.mp4327yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/resistance-in-a-tubehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036250178.jpgResistance in a tubeDiscover the physics behind fluid resistance! Learn how Dr. Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille's 19th-century equations shed light on why it's harder to blow air through a straw than a tube. Explore how this principle applies to blood flow in our bodies, impacting resistance in our blood vessels. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8X7yEzgurP8.mp4/8X7yEzgurP8.mp4534yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/adding-up-resistance-in-series-and-in-parallelhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036040971.jpgAdding up resistance in series and in parallelLearn about how resistance can be added up in series and in parallel (similar to electrical circuits!). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/E-q9JpkGc-8.mp4/E-q9JpkGc-8.mp4633yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/adding-up-resistance-problemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036034566.jpgAdding up resistance problemHere's a chance to see if you can combine what you know to add up resistance in series AND in parallel. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5lXw5_4R2B4.mp4/5lXw5_4R2B4.mp4203yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/flow-and-perfusionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1192925086.jpgFlow and perfusionLearn the difference between blood flow (Volume/time) and perfusion (Volume/time/amount of tissue). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ePwN6rHhNyU.mp4/ePwN6rHhNyU.mp4631yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036166642.jpgPutting it all together: Pressure, flow, and resistanceSee how pressure, flow, and resistance relate to one another and how they each affect the human body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/F2uzWHppVrk.mp4/F2uzWHppVrk.mp4710yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/blood-pressure-changes-over-timehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036127574.jpgBlood pressure changes over timeSee how increasing resistance in the blood vessels can cause blood pressure to rise over time. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fy_muPF0390.mp4/fy_muPF0390.mp4685yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/regulation-of-blood-pressure-with-baroreceptorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036230273.jpgRegulation of blood pressure with baroreceptorsLearn about how the arteries use nerve impulses to help regulate blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ajLgwCygHsc.mp4/ajLgwCygHsc.mp4729yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/layers-of-a-blood-vesselhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036278079.jpgLayers of a blood vesselRemember the 3 key layers of a blood vessel (Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica externa) and how arteries, veins, and capillaries are all different from one another. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VMwa6yC3r-s.mp4/VMwa6yC3r-s.mp4611yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/three-types-of-capillarieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6451892a.jpgThree types of capillariesLearn the differences between continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous capillaries, and how they affect the movement of molecules. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hSkIG4MdKqU.mp4/hSkIG4MdKqU.mp4557yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pre-capillary-sphinctershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x02c66e8b.jpgPre-capillary sphinctersPrecapillary sphincters are segments of smooth muscle that help direct bloodflow into capillaries. Because there is a limited amount of blood in the body, these sphinters are important in directing blood to the tissues that need it the most, and reducing the flow to inactive tissues.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yeX0uDpPBj4.mp4/yeX0uDpPBj4.mp4260yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/compliance-and-elastancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036209223.jpgCompliance and elastanceLearn about compliance (and elastance) of arteries, veins, and lead pipes! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cGhKJYfXW-c.mp4/cGhKJYfXW-c.mp4597yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/bernoulli-s-equation-of-total-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036241270.jpgBernoulli's equation of total energyLearn how total energy of a fluid helps explain why fluids can move from low pressure to high pressure! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gYpokkRFvO8.mp4/gYpokkRFvO8.mp4418yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/stored-elastic-energy-in-large-and-middle-sized-arterieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036286076.jpgStored elastic energy in large and middle sized arteriesSee how arteries behave like sling shots, shooting blood (not rocks) onwards! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QcK7n-EqnQU.mp4/QcK7n-EqnQU.mp4381yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/compliance-decreased-blood-pressurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036183638.jpgCompliance - decreased blood pressureFind out how compliance allows arteries to store elastic energy (and lower pressure). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RsYgjO5BiHU.mp4/RsYgjO5BiHU.mp4595yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/compliance-increased-blood-flowhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036051470.jpgCompliance - increased blood flowLearn how compliant arteries allows for a "Constant Pressure System" like a modern water gun! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LcyEXlCIkmA.mp4/LcyEXlCIkmA.mp4414yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/parts-of-a-nephronhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036126972.jpgParts of a nephronLearn about the 5 major parts of the kidney's nephron. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_vBJkK4eocA.mp4/_vBJkK4eocA.mp4549yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/general-overview-of-the-raas-system-cells-and-hormoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1047183569.jpgGeneral overview of the RAAS system: Cells and hormonesLearn the important cells and hormones that are working together to control your blood pressure! The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is a crucial mechanism for blood pressure control in the body. Learn how juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys release renin in response to low blood pressure, triggering a cascade of hormones that ultimately raise blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BVUeCLt68Ik.mp4/BVUeCLt68Ik.mp4849yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/renin-production-in-the-kidneyshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1047335429.jpgRenin production in the kidneysThe juxtaglomerular apparatus plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation. This complex structure consists of various cells including macula densa, endothelial, smooth muscle, juxtaglomerular, and mesangial cells. Understanding the triggers for renin release from this apparatus provides insight into how our bodies maintain blood pressure levels. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AtlhAhONHyM.mp4/AtlhAhONHyM.mp4849yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/activating-angiotensin-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1047465049.jpgActivating angiotensin 2See how Renin and ACE work to cut Angiotensinogen down to size as you learn about vital role of the kidney and liver in regulating blood pressure. Explore the production of angiotensinogen by liver cells and renin by kidney cells. The interaction between these two hormones results in the formation of angiotensin 1 and 2, which are key players in blood pressure control. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cUVS0AlRyw8.mp4/cUVS0AlRyw8.mp4620yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/angiotensin-2-raises-blood-pressurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1047330622.jpgAngiotensin 2 raises blood pressureSee how Angiotensin 2 effects 4 target "organs" to increase blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Oges5YqDLHY.mp4/Oges5YqDLHY.mp4640yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/aldosterone-raises-blood-pressure-and-lowers-potassiumhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1047114997.jpgAldosterone raises blood pressure and lowers potassiumSee how Aldosterone effects the principal cells of the kidney to raise BP and lower potassium. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/64_ZfIemRGM.mp4/64_ZfIemRGM.mp4798yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/aldosterone-removes-acid-from-the-bloodhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1047406243.jpgAldosterone removes acid from the bloodSee how Aldosterone acts on the alpha-intercalated cell to remove protons (acid) from the blood. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7HTy-6NLWGM.mp4/7HTy-6NLWGM.mp4680yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/adh-secretionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1047456036.jpgADH secretionLearn the key triggers for ADH secretion. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8dQdfbE8kFU.mp4/8dQdfbE8kFU.mp4905yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/adh-effects-on-blood-pressurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1047327652.jpgADH effects on blood pressureSee how ADH acts on blood vessels and the kidney to raise blood pressure. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ot1We4_EfRE.mp4/Ot1We4_EfRE.mp4573yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/aldosterone-and-adhhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1058371798.jpgAldosterone and ADHFind out how Aldosterone and ADH cause changes in volume and osmolarity. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Z0XPMFL45oo.mp4/Z0XPMFL45oo.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/changing-the-av-node-delay-chronotropic-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1087764117.jpgChanging the AV node delay - chronotropic effectFind out exactly how your autonomic nervous system has a chronotropic effect (i.e. timing) that changes the delay between the contraction of the atria and the ventricles! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cmQtbpYihAI.mp4/cmQtbpYihAI.mp4734yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/changing-the-heart-rate-chronotropic-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1087636641.jpgChanging the heart rate - chronotropic effectFind out exactly how your autonomic nervous system has a chronotropic effect (i.e. timing) that changes speed of your heartbeat! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3HvIKsQb6es.mp4/3HvIKsQb6es.mp4722yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/increasing-ventricular-contractility-inotropic-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1089555286.jpgIncreasing ventricular contractility - inotropic effectFind out how the sympathetic nerves increase the heart's force of contraction and speed of relaxation! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0eu-3FIRRz8.mp4/0eu-3FIRRz8.mp4625yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/autonomic-nervous-system-effects-on-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1097662116.jpgAutonomic nervous system effects on the heartCarefully go through each of the four major effects that the sympathetic and parasympathetic system has on your heart: Chronotropy, Dromotropy, Inotropy, and Lusitropy. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KiouveG278Y.mp4/KiouveG278Y.mp4376yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/getting-a-new-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1097434701.jpgGetting a new heartThink through the result of getting a new heart, and how the heart can still maintain homeostasis when the nerves are no longer around. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dqmaxkxInZ4.mp4/dqmaxkxInZ4.mp4446yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-preloadhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1133168259.jpgWhat is preload?Some say Preload = End-Diastolic Pressure, others say Preload = End-Diastolic Volume, so which one is it? Watch and find out! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DLD23lPv8eo.mp4/DLD23lPv8eo.mp4813yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preload-and-pressurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1150515528.jpgPreload and pressureFind out how left ventricular end-diastolic pressure helps you make an educated guess about preload. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S-4pFl3mjr8.mp4/S-4pFl3mjr8.mp4743yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preload-stretches-out-the-heart-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1150565196.jpgPreload stretches out the heart cellsFind out why stretching a heart cell in diastole affects how forcefully it contracts in systole. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SCo1m7OEqac.mp4/SCo1m7OEqac.mp4761yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/frank-starling-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1150572205.jpgFrank-Starling mechanismCarefully follow 5 different preload scenarios to see how each one will have a different effect on how actin and myosin line up. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5SO58NndlPI.mp4/5SO58NndlPI.mp4858yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sarcomere-length-tension-relationshiphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1150353015.jpgSarcomere length-tension relationshipFind out why the length of a sarcomere (in diastole) affects the amount of force that it can generate (in systole), and how that would look on a graph. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uVFqEi5j1v0.mp4/uVFqEi5j1v0.mp4530yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/active-contraction-vs-passive-recoilhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1150546387.jpgActive contraction vs. passive recoilGo through the similarities and differences between the sarcomere and a slingshot! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ijret8P3kWM.mp4/Ijret8P3kWM.mp4451yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-afterloadhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1150537387.jpgWhat is afterload?Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yOf3kDD3WIA.mp4/yOf3kDD3WIA.mp4628yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/increasing-the-heart-s-force-of-contractionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1159114411.jpgIncreasing the heart's force of contractionFind out exactly how stretch increases force of contraction in end-diastole, whereas more calcium increased force of contraction in end-systole. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FttqXKdw_Xk.mp4/FttqXKdw_Xk.mp4870yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pressure-in-the-left-heart-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1117408699.jpgPressure in the left heart - part 1Watch the pressure in the left heart go up and down with every heart beat! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XTF0-54yJMk.mp4/XTF0-54yJMk.mp4899yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pressure-in-the-left-heart-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1117388594.jpgPressure in the left heart - part 2Watch the pressure in the left heart go up and down with every heart beat! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QM4f1vos6Vk.mp4/QM4f1vos6Vk.mp4764yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pressure-in-the-left-heart-part-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1117447604.jpgPressure in the left heart - part 3Watch the pressure in the left heart go up and down with every heart beat! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/E5PndKebh70.mp4/E5PndKebh70.mp4782yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/left-ventricular-pressure-vs-timehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1133156250.jpgLeft ventricular pressure vs. timeEver wonder exactly how the left ventricle's pressure changes over time? Find out in this color-coded video! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SrL6TQbWKJE.mp4/SrL6TQbWKJE.mp4651yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/left-ventricular-volume-vs-timehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1133212041.jpgLeft ventricular volume vs. timeLeft ventricular volume changes over time in a way that makes a curious looking graph. Learn more in this video! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cJLbnWBU09E.mp4/cJLbnWBU09E.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/drawing-a-pressure-volume-loophttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1133106461.jpgDrawing a pressure-volume loopUse the left ventricular pressure and volume information to put together a cool new graph. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R7_irilQ_-A.mp4/R7_irilQ_-A.mp4544yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/understanding-the-pressure-volume-loophttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1133142260.jpgUnderstanding the pressure-volume loopFigure out how all of those physiology terms: end-systolic, end-diastolic, pulse pressure, stroke volume, and ejection fraction, can be easily figured out using the pressure-volume loop. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AnwPH5yU8rY.mp4/AnwPH5yU8rY.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/end-diastolic-pressure-volume-relationship-edpvrhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1133137366.jpgEnd diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR)Find out what happens when the left ventricle is not allowed to contract, and instead you simply add and take away blood from it. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h72iwhmB6zc.mp4/h72iwhmB6zc.mp4598yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/end-systolic-pressure-volume-relationship-espvrhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1132944890.jpgEnd systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR)Find out what happens when the left ventricle is not allowed to relax, and instead you simply add and take away blood from it. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/byj5VLuLS6c.mp4/byj5VLuLS6c.mp4623yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/reimagine-the-pressure-volume-relationshiphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1159115460.jpgReimagine the pressure volume relationshipUnderstand what is happening at the cellular level to cause two identical left ventricular volumes to have such different pressures! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BdlkhDHbN98.mp4/BdlkhDHbN98.mp4818yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-contractilityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1179431919.jpgWhat is contractility?Contractility tells us how many myosin heads are working at the end of systole; a number that goes up or down with the level of sympathetic nerve stimulation. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gmHH0wIXsog.mp4/gmHH0wIXsog.mp4825yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/getting-ea-arterial-elastance-from-the-pv-loophttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1179656720.jpgGetting Ea (arterial elastance) from the PV loopFind out how to use the PV loop to draw the Ea (Arterial Elastance) line, and what it represents. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NG7nbAcAFNc.mp4/NG7nbAcAFNc.mp4681yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/arterial-elastance-ea-and-afterloadhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1179661500.jpgArterial elastance (Ea) and afterloadFirst, learn the difference between arterial elastance (Ea) and afterload. Then, understand how Ea is affected by changes in afterload, and in turn, how the PV loop can shift. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BGIkU1yzBNM.mp4/BGIkU1yzBNM.mp4573yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/arterial-elastance-ea-and-preloadhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1179525912.jpgArterial elastance (Ea) and preloadUnderstand how Ea is affected by changes in preload, and in turn, how the PV loop can shift. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/At8jOJ_rpzA.mp4/At8jOJ_rpzA.mp4463yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/stroke-work-in-pv-loops-and-boxeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1179692608.jpgStroke work in PV loops and boxesWatch how PV loops can be "morphed" into PV boxes to make drawing them and thinking about them much simpler. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aFV9dk5PsPA.mp4/aFV9dk5PsPA.mp4413yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/contractility-ea-and-preload-effects-on-pv-boxeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1179760355.jpgContractility, Ea, and preload effects on PV boxesSee how contractility, Ea (arterial elastance), and preload each have an effect on PV Boxes. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JRrm8TfBj1c.mp4/JRrm8TfBj1c.mp4791yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/umbilical-vessels-and-the-ductus-venosushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1192637761.jpgUmbilical vessels and the ductus venosusWatch as fetal blood goes through umbilical vessels and takes a shortcut through the Ductus Venosus to make it back to the heart. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XDF2QyQtd_Q.mp4/XDF2QyQtd_Q.mp4753yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypoxic-pulmonary-vasoconstrictionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1192980081.jpgHypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictionWatch how blood gets diverted away from alveoli with low oxygen levels. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SJ1gu_WRx5o.mp4/SJ1gu_WRx5o.mp4554yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228485319.jpgForamen ovale and ductus arteriosusWatch how the fetal heart allows blood to simply bypass the lungs altogether using the Foramen Ovale and the Ductus Arteriosus! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cgccQVcFLi4.mp4/cgccQVcFLi4.mp4853yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/fetal-hemoglobin-and-hematocrithttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228367762.jpgFetal hemoglobin and hematocritAlthough mom controls the oxygen source, the fetus has a couple of clever tricks to get the most oxygen possible! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SqE5S1qS7ZU.mp4/SqE5S1qS7ZU.mp4872yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/double-bohr-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228525134.jpgDouble Bohr effectLearn how there are two distinct Bohr effects happening at the same time in the placenta. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SL3I_RYjyZo.mp4/SL3I_RYjyZo.mp4634yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/fetal-circulation-right-before-birthhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228306858.jpgFetal circulation right before birthWatch how the blood flows through the fetal circulation and compare it to what happens in the baby's body. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-IRkisEtzsk.mp4/-IRkisEtzsk.mp4713yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/baby-circulation-right-after-birthhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228326727.jpgBaby circulation right after birthWatch how the blood flows through the baby's circulation and compare it to what happens in the fetus. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jFn0dyU5wUw.mp4/jFn0dyU5wUw.mp4805yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/fetal-structures-in-an-adulthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228408237.jpgFetal structures in an adultFind out what happens to those nifty fetal structures once we get older. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Oga0K4reWoY.mp4/Oga0K4reWoY.mp4497yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-disease-and-heart-attackshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/184533578.jpgIntroductory heart disease terminologyBasics of heart disease, heart attacks, heart failure, angina, cardiac arrest. Special thanks to Edward J Perper, MD for help in clarifying certain aspects of this video. Licensed under CC-BY-SAhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vYnreB1duro.mp4/vYnreB1duro.mp4741yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/stenosis-ischemia-and-heart-failurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/53625899.jpgStenosis, ischemia and heart failureClarifying a bunch of medical terms around heart diseasehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3858MaULDdI.mp4/3858MaULDdI.mp4473yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/thrombo-emboli-and-thromboembolismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/53625898.jpgThromboemboli and thromboembolismsClarifying difference between a thrombus and an embolus (and between thrombosis and embolism)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h0207xMD6b8.mp4/h0207xMD6b8.mp4304yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-coronary-artery-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x221265d4.jpgWhat is coronary artery disease?What is coronary artery disease? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EATkbpqlxvc.mp4/EATkbpqlxvc.mp4819yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/risk-factors-for-coronary-artery-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8e8e24e8.jpgRisk factors for coronary artery diseaseRisk factors for coronary artery disease from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RrXJsf9x_sY.mp4/RrXJsf9x_sY.mp4754yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/atherosclerosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc3abc709.jpgAtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/g3kDdg8r6NY.mp4/g3kDdg8r6NY.mp4825yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-attack-myocardial-infarction-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x56611428.jpgHeart attack (myocardial infarction) pathophysiologyHeart attack (myocardial infarction) pathophysiology from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/T_b9U5gn_Zk.mp4/T_b9U5gn_Zk.mp4709yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-attack-myocardial-infarct-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc6edda86.jpgHeart attack (myocardial infarct) diagnosisHeart attack (myocardial infarct) diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kO8-RPIkuLE.mp4/kO8-RPIkuLE.mp4645yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-attack-myocardial-infarct-medicationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5b27bfe4.jpgHeart attack (myocardial infarct) medicationsHeart attack (myocardial infarct) medications from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Pfg9FY1Fguc.mp4/Pfg9FY1Fguc.mp4334yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-attack-myocardial-infarction-interventions-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe17fbbdf.jpgHeart attack (myocardial infarction) interventions and treatmentHeart attack (myocardial infarction) interventions and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dLtFP6t99yo.mp4/dLtFP6t99yo.mp4444yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/healing-after-a-heart-attack-myocardial-infarctionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3e29b0ff.jpgHealing after a heart attack (myocardial infarction)Healing after a heart attack (myocardial infarction) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9lIxelNVmNU.mp4/9lIxelNVmNU.mp4463yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/complications-after-a-heart-attack-myocardial-infarctionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4e523752.jpgComplications after a heart attack (myocardial infarction)Complications after a heart attack (myocardial infarction) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/m1DOnLhVuX4.mp4/m1DOnLhVuX4.mp4548yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/arteriosclerosis-arteriolosclerosis-and-atherosclerosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1035851899.jpgArteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and atherosclerosisLearn the difference between Arteriosclerosis, Arteriolosclerosis, and Atherosclerosis! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_T60pBGcoQU.mp4/_T60pBGcoQU.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/atherosclerosis-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036107435.jpgAtherosclerosis - part 1See how Atherosclerosis (Fat in the blood vessel wall) hardens the arterial wall and makes it harder for blood to flow through. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1qifvZnpKjU.mp4/1qifvZnpKjU.mp4774yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/atherosclerosis-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036111765.jpgAtherosclerosis - part 2See how Atherosclerosis (Fat in the blood vessel wall) hardens the arterial wall and makes it harder for blood to flow through. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/N-mAEwzCwMM.mp4/N-mAEwzCwMM.mp4539yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/arteriolosclerosis-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036118431.jpgArteriolosclerosis - part 1See how hyaline arteriolosclerosis (Protein in the arterial wall) causes hardening of the blood vessels. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1JudNLK1-Ck.mp4/1JudNLK1-Ck.mp4674yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/arteriolosclerosis-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036220302.jpgArteriolosclerosis - part 2See how hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis (Protein in the arterial wall) makes it difficult for blood to go through blood vessels. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EOnlvbWjFOE.mp4/EOnlvbWjFOE.mp4311yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cerebral-blood-supply-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xac42ab4d.jpgCerebral blood supply: Part 1Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hfG8J_X1D5Q.mp4/hfG8J_X1D5Q.mp4623yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cerebral-blood-supply-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf3f001d8.jpgCerebral blood supply: Part 2Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kVulo3qDcUo.mp4/kVulo3qDcUo.mp4272yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-a-strokehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x66f0de58.jpgWhat is a stroke?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QIAI6KOwKII.mp4/QIAI6KOwKII.mp4688yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/risk-factors-for-strokehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x19793179.jpgRisk factors for strokeVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QskZ-o0egF8.mp4/QskZ-o0egF8.mp4701yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ischemic-strokehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf171afc3.jpgIschemic strokeVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qCvV11R2lgg.mp4/qCvV11R2lgg.mp4502yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hemorrhagic-strokeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x890fc9db.jpgHemorrhagic strokesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TJeUOPc9pgs.mp4/TJeUOPc9pgs.mp4448yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ischemic-core-and-penumbrahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x705027ed.jpgIschemic core and penumbraVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lmiXf-jilGE.mp4/lmiXf-jilGE.mp4297yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-ischemic-cascade-in-strokehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9baa9fdd.jpgThe ischemic cascade in strokeVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/57pvSMQ0E5M.mp4/57pvSMQ0E5M.mp4395yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/blood-brain-barrier-and-vasogenic-edemahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4b8a13bb.jpgBlood brain barrier and vasogenic edemaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QjJT87nY1WI.mp4/QjJT87nY1WI.mp4362yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/post-stroke-inflammationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd1b2182f.jpgPost stroke inflammationVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GdfP-loRfm0.mp4/GdfP-loRfm0.mp4360yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-do-you-know-if-someone-is-having-a-stroke-think-fasthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1f8d3007.jpgHow do you know if someone is having a stroke: Think FAST!Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bL7yQRbYJCo.mp4/bL7yQRbYJCo.mp4273yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/common-stroke-signs-and-symptomshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x99ebf60a.jpgCommon stroke signs and symptomsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kVGb778WcMU.mp4/kVGb778WcMU.mp4506yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-strokes-by-history-and-physical-examhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x867d1836.jpgDiagnosing strokes by history and physical examVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yTMZsxSBv_0.mp4/yTMZsxSBv_0.mp4292yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-strokes-with-imaging-ct-mri-and-angiographyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcb64b77e.jpgDiagnosing strokes with imaging CT, MRI, and AngiographyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xC55TgPmfZ0.mp4/xC55TgPmfZ0.mp4570yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-strokes-with-lab-testshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xef708355.jpgDiagnosing strokes with lab testsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AgPpM4jqkxU.mp4/AgPpM4jqkxU.mp4380yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/acute-treatment-of-stroke-with-medicationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2a2f4afd.jpgAcute treatment of stroke with medicationsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LvoONWiXJ5I.mp4/LvoONWiXJ5I.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatment-of-stroke-with-interventionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x368e7861.jpgTreatment of stroke with interventionsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BYE5lxTzNVM.mp4/BYE5lxTzNVM.mp4434yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preventing-further-strokeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe6b2f95a.jpgPreventing further strokesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FVedgkn0o70.mp4/FVedgkn0o70.mp4534yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-hypertension-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x52bdc6d3.jpgIntro to hypertension (Pressure, flow, and resistance)Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l5TsKWd-fO8.mp4/l5TsKWd-fO8.mp4273yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036138448.jpgIntro to hypertension (systolic and diastolic blood pressure)Learn the categories of hypertension for systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FBoYigdnLKQ.mp4/FBoYigdnLKQ.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/stages-of-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x53ee6e80.jpgStages of hypertensionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SYcsZ6J3xZ4.mp4/SYcsZ6J3xZ4.mp4374yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypertension-symptoms-and-categorieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036249138.jpgHypertension types and causesLearn the most common symptoms (or lack thereof!) and the two major categories of hypertension. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8aeivxR1GDc.mp4/8aeivxR1GDc.mp4507yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/primary-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4a5bef03.jpgPrimary hypertensionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qyUHnh73Sng.mp4/qyUHnh73Sng.mp4351yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/secondary-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x73c3b5c8.jpgSecondary hypertensionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zTb4TklMVcY.mp4/zTb4TklMVcY.mp4341yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypertension-effects-on-the-blood-vesselshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036124747.jpgHypertension effects on the blood vesselsLearn about how hypertension can cause damage to the large/middle sized arteries as well as the small arteries and arterioles. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PYkaoQc-fLU.mp4/PYkaoQc-fLU.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypertension-and-blood-vessel-damagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe17e1b75.jpgHypertension and blood vessel damageVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a3XcYsXQYaM.mp4/a3XcYsXQYaM.mp4276yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypertension-effects-on-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036215201.jpgHypertension effects on the heartLearn 2 major heart problems that hypertension can cause. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0fWuPR1AsJ4.mp4/0fWuPR1AsJ4.mp4439yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypertension-and-heart-damagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0be78424.jpgHypertension and heart damageVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SHjxi0bRiLA.mp4/SHjxi0bRiLA.mp4262yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/complications-of-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x23e5e79d.jpgComplications of hypertensionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fMG6a6c6Jd4.mp4/fMG6a6c6Jd4.mp4326yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypertensive-crisishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf939a492.jpgHypertensive crisisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ePWrbBJgssw.mp4/ePWrbBJgssw.mp4249yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosis-of-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa24c87b8.jpgDiagnosis of hypertensionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_7Jmj6MriKg.mp4/_7Jmj6MriKg.mp4311yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatment-of-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0bd0746e.jpgTreatment of hypertensionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/913Pj5AxmHQ.mp4/913Pj5AxmHQ.mp4327yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/4-lifestyle-changes-to-help-manage-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036191424.jpg4 lifestyle changes to help manage hypertensionRemember that a good diet, exercise, losing weight, and quitting smoking can lower blood pressure! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Y2B6j7poiKI.mp4/Y2B6j7poiKI.mp4395yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-heart-failurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe3ef82e5.jpgWhat is heart failure?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2aiRpr5UCZs.mp4/2aiRpr5UCZs.mp4517yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/systolic-heart-failure-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xca053ff7.jpgSystolic heart failure pathophysiologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FL3Q5Q6IdAY.mp4/FL3Q5Q6IdAY.mp4451yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diastolic-heart-failure-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7576b6a6.jpgDiastolic heart failure pathophysiologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rGAIHFB9FL0.mp4/rGAIHFB9FL0.mp4525yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/compensation-and-decompensation-in-heart-failurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x37ba0114.jpgCompensation and decompensation in heart failureVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/x8aBKMYqGPY.mp4/x8aBKMYqGPY.mp4471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/symptoms-of-left-sided-heart-failurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd58bf313.jpgSymptoms of left sided heart failureVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CYr4n5KJ-yw.mp4/CYr4n5KJ-yw.mp4297yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/symptoms-of-right-sided-heart-failurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x91adf38c.jpgSymptoms of right sided heart failureVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pLba3OzsfDU.mp4/pLba3OzsfDU.mp4262yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-failure-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x98208158.jpgHeart failure diagnosisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AScf1Z40lng.mp4/AScf1Z40lng.mp4376yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-failure-treatment-early-stageshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdbb6de08.jpgHeart failure treatment - Early stagesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PJgRZA5mE0s.mp4/PJgRZA5mE0s.mp4270yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-failure-treatment-late-stageshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x41aabd1a.jpgHeart failure treatment - Late stagesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JDo9LNMOLtE.mp4/JDo9LNMOLtE.mp4243yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/heart-failure-treatment-devices-and-surgeryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf5b79426.jpgHeart failure treatment - Devices and surgeryVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1q06qHX1K-I.mp4/1q06qHX1K-I.mp4305yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-aortic-dissectionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x86c2425a.jpgWhat is an aortic dissection?What is an aortic dissection? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PRl8TLUleZg.mp4/PRl8TLUleZg.mp4819yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/thoracic-aortic-aneurysmshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfb3b518b.jpgThoracic aortic aneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xHUsdE880so.mp4/xHUsdE880so.mp4891yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/abdominal-aortic-aneurysmshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc4f95b99.jpgAbdominal aortic aneurysmsAbdominal aortic aneurysms from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P1paaFPcdak.mp4/P1paaFPcdak.mp4768yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/aortic-dissection-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x35318c31.jpgAortic dissection treatmentAortic dissection treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JfZ38uHaTEk.mp4/JfZ38uHaTEk.mp4543yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/aneurysm-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x91f8fd5d.jpgAneurysm treatmentAneurysm treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VdQ6lAhKGTc.mp4/VdQ6lAhKGTc.mp4714yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-myocarditis-and-pericarditishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa70d6eb8.jpgWhat is myocarditis and pericarditis?What is myocarditis and pericarditis? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xL98lBuAn1A.mp4/xL98lBuAn1A.mp4406yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/causes-of-myocarditishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x48ea3e50.jpgCauses of myocarditisCauses of myocarditis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ewif2XGL2a8.mp4/Ewif2XGL2a8.mp4531yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/causes-of-pericarditishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x39727935.jpgCauses of pericarditisCauses of pericarditis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ij_ERo1Ashc.mp4/Ij_ERo1Ashc.mp4611yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosis-of-myocarditis-and-pericarditis-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3d99d06f.jpgDiagnosis of myocarditis and pericarditis (part 1)Diagnosis of myocarditis and pericarditis (part 1) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OwDXViQn6tw.mp4/OwDXViQn6tw.mp4768yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosis-of-myocarditis-and-pericarditis-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf79296dd.jpgDiagnosis of myocarditis and pericarditis (part 2)Diagnosis of myocarditis and pericarditis (part 2) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R1y2m2OB1x0.mp4/R1y2m2OB1x0.mp4823yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatment-of-myocarditis-and-pericarditishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1634be12.jpgMyocarditis and pericarditis treatmentMyocarditis and pericarditis treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NpuvcuzXn9w.mp4/NpuvcuzXn9w.mp4638yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-cardiomyopathyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb595eb1f.jpgWhat is cardiomyopathy?What is cardiomyopathy? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SXYeQDrH36Y.mp4/SXYeQDrH36Y.mp4634yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cardiomyopathy-signs-and-symptomshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4d3d3ac5.jpgCardiomyopathy signs and symptomsCardiomyopathy signs and symptoms from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iL6aM2xFixU.mp4/iL6aM2xFixU.mp4793yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/dilated-cardiomyopathy-pathophysiology-and-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5a7a03c4.jpgDilated cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and diagnosisDilated cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ou3a7Htbrvw.mp4/ou3a7Htbrvw.mp4607yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypertrophic-cardiomyopathy-pathophysiology-and-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa9eadb1b.jpgHypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and diagnosisHypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VtqrKxJmBn4.mp4/VtqrKxJmBn4.mp4793yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/restrictive-cardiomyopathy-pathophysiology-and-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3094b9da.jpgRestrictive cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and diagnosisRestrictive cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CRfgLoV25tA.mp4/CRfgLoV25tA.mp4590yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cardiomyopathy-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x10f7ae29.jpgCardiomyopathy treatmentCardiomyopathy treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ithdrJuSj3A.mp4/ithdrJuSj3A.mp4457yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/electrical-conduction-in-heart-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9cae2691.jpgElectrical conduction in heart cellsElectrical conduction in heart cells from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TQwe0Y4Ynjs.mp4/TQwe0Y4Ynjs.mp4466yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/normal-sinus-rhythm-on-ecghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaba776f0.jpgNormal sinus rhythm on an EKGNormal sinus rhythm on an EKG from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lRHq7sMRWpU.mp4/lRHq7sMRWpU.mp4533yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/supraventricular-tachycardiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9a40aecd.jpgSupraventricular tachycardia (SVT)Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eCrQDI1OAeU.mp4/eCrQDI1OAeU.mp4399yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/atrial-fibrillationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb9718cdc.jpgAtrial fibrillation (Afib)Atrial fibrillation (Afib) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0FufW_MZMa4.mp4/0FufW_MZMa4.mp4238yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/atrial-flutterhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8cd4127f.jpgAtrial flutter (AFL)Atrial flutter (AFL) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0URl8p39wQo.mp4/0URl8p39wQo.mp4236yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/multifocal-atrial-tachycardiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd501900f.jpgMultifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5brsc8IbWSk.mp4/5brsc8IbWSk.mp4380yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/avrt-avnrthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb14601d0.jpgAtrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) & AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) & AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tRuvXP-H164.mp4/tRuvXP-H164.mp4643yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ventricular-tachycardiashttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x450b243f.jpgVentricular tachycardia (Vtach)Ventricular tachycardia (Vtach) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/C1smdOKd4Ds.mp4/C1smdOKd4Ds.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/torsades-de-pointeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6fcf483c.jpgTorsades de pointesTorsades de pointes from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/niTxSf60wDs.mp4/niTxSf60wDs.mp4600yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ventricular-fibrillationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf42958f2.jpgWhat is ventricle fibrillation (Vfib)?Ventricular fibrillation (also referred to as VF or v-fib) is a fatal cardiac rhythm that occurs when the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) lose the ability to contract and circulate blood to the rest of the body. V-fib results in an ineffective, erratic heartbeat as blood stops flowing through the body and essential organs experience a dangerous loss of blood supply. Individuals with v-fib typically lose consciousness very rapidly and will have no traceable pulse, so immediate medical assistance, including CPR and the use of a defibrillator, is crucial.​​​​​https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BSf_YIyZzi8.mp4/BSf_YIyZzi8.mp4529yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pulseless-electrical-activity-asystolehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2bc11ae9.jpgPulseless electrical activity (PEA) and asystolePulseless electrical activity (PEA) and asystole from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_HXl3mu1IoM.mp4/_HXl3mu1IoM.mp4645yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/electrocardioversionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xec67ec4f.jpgElectrocardioversionElectrocardioversion from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/el6nuUsff84.mp4/el6nuUsff84.mp4424yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pacemakershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8ba1d867.jpgPacemakersPacemakers from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/b3xMC6zdrvM.mp4/b3xMC6zdrvM.mp4457yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/antiarrhythmicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd53a96f0.jpgAntiarrhythmicsAntiarrhythmics from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5xSEZszGDtI.mp4/5xSEZszGDtI.mp4728yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ablationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x39a0c7dd.jpgAblationAblation from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vbslqfcBpnU.mp4/vbslqfcBpnU.mp4423yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-valvular-heart-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xead4cc55.jpgWhat is valvular heart disease?What is valvular heart disease? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Wyxz0fgp6-A.mp4/Wyxz0fgp6-A.mp4641yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/valvular-heart-disease-causeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3932133b.jpgValvular heart disease causesValvular heart disease causes from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R4qy9beFpHw.mp4/R4qy9beFpHw.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-to-identify-murmurshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcf2aa2d0.jpgHow to identify murmursHow to identify murmurs from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sGHV5_ieDP4.mp4/sGHV5_ieDP4.mp4542yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/systolic-murmurs-diastolic-murmurs-and-extra-heart-sounds-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8106743a.jpgSystolic murmurs, diastolic murmurs, and extra heart sounds - Part 1Systolic murmurs, diastolic murmurs, and extra heart sounds - Part 1 from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6YY3OOPmUDA.mp4/6YY3OOPmUDA.mp4727yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/systolic-murmurs-diastolic-murmurs-and-extra-heart-sounds-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6a5247b5.jpgSystolic murmurs, diastolic murmurs, and extra heart sounds - Part 2Systolic murmurs, diastolic murmurs, and extra heart sounds - Part 2 from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZUHpAaVpiY8.mp4/ZUHpAaVpiY8.mp4879yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/aortic-stenosis-and-aortic-regurgitationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0693030b.jpgAortic stenosis and aortic regurgitationAortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3t1n5szXriQ.mp4/3t1n5szXriQ.mp4727yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/mitral-valve-regurgitation-and-mitral-valve-prolapsehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3ea51c9d.jpgMitral valve regurgitation and mitral valve prolapseMitral valve regurgitation and mitral valve prolapse from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Bjnw_jwDt1Q.mp4/Bjnw_jwDt1Q.mp4660yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/mitral-stenosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0957c542.jpgMitral stenosisMitral stenosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0k0iKKF2-Do.mp4/0k0iKKF2-Do.mp4551yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/valvular-heart-disease-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x665cc3fc.jpgValvular heart disease diagnosis and treatmentValvular heart disease diagnosis and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8HSeHRGihkY.mp4/8HSeHRGihkY.mp4586yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-acyanotic-heart-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x84f351ba.jpgWhat is acyanotic heart disease?Acyanotic heart disease is a group of heart conditions where blood with oxygen mixes with blood with little oxygen in the heart. This mixing is not enough to cause cyanosis, a symptom of not enough oxygen being delivered to tissues of the body, hence the name acyanotic heart disease.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rbWaiXa9A1k.mp4/rbWaiXa9A1k.mp4334yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/acyanotic-heart-disasee-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd97d69be.jpgAcyanotic heart disease diagnosisHow do we know a patient has an acyanotic heart disease? Learn how health care professionals use a variety of tools to diagnosis these conditions, such as stethoscopes, chest x-rays, echocardiogram, and electrocardiograms (ECG or EKG).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tOUys6vlTvE.mp4/tOUys6vlTvE.mp4478yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-eisenmenger-syndromehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0cf228a7.jpgWhat is Eisenmenger syndrome?Eisenmenger's syndrome is when blood in the heart shunts from right-to-left due to increased pressure in the right ventricle. This increased pressure is usually caused by extra blood flowing through the blood vessels of the lungs, originally caused by left-to-right shunting of blood from a hole in the heart wall.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qJCoXVdPowo.mp4/qJCoXVdPowo.mp4601yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/atrial-septal-defecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6a510446.jpgAtrial septal defectAn atrial septal defect is a hole between the two atriums of the heart. Normally this hole is present at birth but closes within a few days of life. Failure of this hole to close is called an atrial septal defect, and usually is asymptomatic (no obvious symptoms are present).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UNWxKDvBFik.mp4/UNWxKDvBFik.mp4621yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/rn-ventricular-septal-defecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x22bf1bc9.jpgVentricular septal defectAn ventricular septal defect is a hole between the two ventricles of the heart. Normally this hole is present at birth but closes within a few days of life. Failure of this hole to close is called a ventricular septal defect, and usually is asymptomatic (no obvious symptoms are present).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lZSi0xifXwc.mp4/lZSi0xifXwc.mp4382yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/patent-ductus-arteriosushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x947323ac.jpgPatent ductus arteriosusPatent ductus arteriosus is a medical condition where a blood vessel called the ductus arteriosus does not permanently close after birth. Learn why the ductus arteriosus does not close, why patients with this condition have a wide pulse pressure, and how the disease is treated with surgery and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U2fGKvbir24.mp4/U2fGKvbir24.mp4594yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-cyanotic-heart-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8ef614e6.jpgWhat is cyanotic heart diseaseWhat is cyanotic heart disease from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/E2qP4TsHGGQ.mp4/E2qP4TsHGGQ.mp4432yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/shunting-in-the-hearthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf2b62153.jpgShunting in the heartShunting in the heart from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gm7lIcBkXFc.mp4/gm7lIcBkXFc.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/einsenmenger-coarctation-of-aortahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe947035a.jpgEinsenmenger coarctation of aortaEinsenmenger coarctation of aorta from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R0OM94TaZOo.mp4/R0OM94TaZOo.mp4282yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tetralogy-of-fallothttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x20f0b6aa.jpgTetralogy of fallotTetralogy of fallot from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Be3tuYMgA9I.mp4/Be3tuYMgA9I.mp4669yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/truncus-arteriosushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5f5a0485.jpgTruncus arteriosusTruncus arteriosus from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HrMgmnZ_4gs.mp4/HrMgmnZ_4gs.mp4203yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/total-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-returnhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf512ab3d.jpgTotal anomalous pulmonary venous returnTotal anomalous pulmonary venous return from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/607Buvyc0VI.mp4/607Buvyc0VI.mp4220yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tricuspid-atresiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x36b7249d.jpgTricuspid atresiaTricuspid atresia from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BE0nxWUAg-A.mp4/BE0nxWUAg-A.mp4289yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/transposition-of-great-arterieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9d677e74.jpgTransposition of great arteriesTransposition of great arteries from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ons-gYLeNjU.mp4/ons-gYLeNjU.mp4318yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ebsteins-anomolyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3749b01f.jpgEbstein's anomalyEbstein's anomaly from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rQSclv1Ah5s.mp4/rQSclv1Ah5s.mp4367yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome-and-norwood-glenn-fontanhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc7df254e.jpgHypoplastic left heart syndrome and norwood glenn fontanHypoplastic left heart syndrome and norwood glenn fontan from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4GUm8ybncWY.mp4/4GUm8ybncWY.mp4636yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cyanotic-heart-diseases-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0a98ab7a.jpgCyanotic heart diseases - Diagnosis and treatmentCyanotic heart diseases - Diagnosis and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oeyCaB_sj-0.mp4/oeyCaB_sj-0.mp4228yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5eb6c03b.jpgWhat is shock?What is shock? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AvtS_IrlbYk.mp4/AvtS_IrlbYk.mp4436yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/shock-hemodynamicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd1ddf33e.jpgShock - hemodynamicsShock - hemodynamics from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/j_s5p0mLZ7s.mp4/j_s5p0mLZ7s.mp4460yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/shock-oxygen-delivery-and-metabolismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7e3f12ec.jpgShock - oxygen delivery and metabolismShock - oxygen delivery and metabolism from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iRjCDGpjJ3I.mp4/iRjCDGpjJ3I.mp4548yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/shock-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6aaf4c04.jpgShock - diagnosis and treatmentShock - diagnosis and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_eBq2hRETmA.mp4/_eBq2hRETmA.mp4679yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cardiogenic-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdf9dea7e.jpgCardiogenic shockCardiogenic shock from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-0zm323sehQ.mp4/-0zm323sehQ.mp4650yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sepsis-sirs-modshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xea18a85a.jpgSepsis: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)Sepsis: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/emOgJCoUy6Q.mp4/emOgJCoUy6Q.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/septic-shock-pathophysiology-and-symptomshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5578b14a.jpgSeptic shock - pathophysiology and symptomsSeptic shock - pathophysiology and symptoms from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-bt-H5VQl5E.mp4/-bt-H5VQl5E.mp4600yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/septic-shock-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4e45e31c.jpgSeptic shock: Diagnosis and treatmentSeptic shock: Diagnosis and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ExJC8AoAczE.mp4/ExJC8AoAczE.mp4472yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypovolemic-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x57602ead.jpgHypovolemic shockHypovolemic shock from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wbfDqHk-ryM.mp4/wbfDqHk-ryM.mp4578yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neurogenic-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3c240739.jpgNeurogenic shockNeurogenic shock from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-Y3CbsxhlQE.mp4/-Y3CbsxhlQE.mp4499yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/obstructive-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x726728d4.jpgObstructive shockObstructive shock from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iEVciE2j6ZA.mp4/iEVciE2j6ZA.mp4677yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/anaphylactic-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xff9b0304.jpgAnaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shock from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sX97LcDpgzo.mp4/sX97LcDpgzo.mp4510yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/dissociative-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1883374a.jpgDissociative shockDissociative shock from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Phu1yteO-HU.mp4/Phu1yteO-HU.mp4739yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/differentiating-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2835caa2.jpgDifferentiating shockDifferentiating shock from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CYoxfm0kcsQ.mp4/CYoxfm0kcsQ.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-vasculitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x38860951.jpgWhat is vasculitis?Vasculitis is a group of medical conditions which cause damage to the blood vessels through inflammation. Depending on which blood vessels are affected, vasculitis can be classified as large vessel, medium vessel, or small vessel vasculitis. Learn about the signs and symptoms of vasculitis such as purpura, bloody stool and urine, and bruits.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qMaVLzWnS80.mp4/qMaVLzWnS80.mp4406yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/vasculitis-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb0b35346.jpgVasculitis pathophysiologyVasculitis occurs when antibodies (part of the immune system of the body) accidentally mistake the proteins on blood vessels to be foreign (don’t belong in the body). The immune system attacks the blood vessel cells and damages them. Learn how fibrinoid necrosis occurs to the blood vessels, and how the build up of fibrin impairs blood flow.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cf_i8LicBEY.mp4/cf_i8LicBEY.mp4357yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/temporal-arteritishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x49b30160.jpgTemporal arteritisTemporal arteritis (otherwise known as giant-cell arteritis) is a type of vasculitis that affects medium to large arteries in the head. Patients with temporal arteritis can have symptoms like migraines and sudden vision problems. Learn how health care professionals diagnosis temporal arteritis by examining blood work (such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, granulomas) and taking samples (biopsies) of vascular tissue.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UtIFoMuyh_4.mp4/UtIFoMuyh_4.mp4617yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/takayasu-arteritishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6c67f968.jpgTakayasu arteritisTakayasu arteritis (also known as the pulseless disease) is a type of vasculitis that affects large arteries and leads to significant narrowing of the vasculature. Patients with takayasu arteritis can have symptoms like weak or absent pulses in extremities, widely varying blood pressures, and dizziness. Learn how health care professionals diagnosis takayasu arteritis by examining blood work (such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate, granulomas), and taking samples (biopsies) of vascular tissue,https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VdaTuNbyDHg.mp4/VdaTuNbyDHg.mp4436yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/polyarteritis-nodosahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9d92e453.jpgPolyarteritis nodosaPolyarteritis nodosa is a type of vasculitis that affects small to medium arteries and leads to significant narrowing of the vasculature. Patients with polyarteritis nodosa can have symptoms like bloody diarrhea, skin lesions, and impaired motor function caused by neuropathy. Learn how health care professionals diagnose and treat polyarteritis nodosa by examining arteriograms and prescribing steroids.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4bilImPrYE0.mp4/4bilImPrYE0.mp4705yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/kawasaki-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbef79b5c.jpgWhat is Kawasaki disease?Kawasaki disease (also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) is a type of vasculitis that affects medium arteries. Patients with Kawasaki disease can have symptoms like rashes on the palms of hands, soles of feet, in the eyes, and on the tongue (called strawberry tongue).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MK-dN5WVVrk.mp4/MK-dN5WVVrk.mp4342yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/kawasaki-disease-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x271e8772.jpgKawasaki disease: diagnosis and treatmentKawasaki disease is diagnosed off the presence of symptoms rather than the results of tests. Symptoms include: conjunctivitis, rash, adenopathy, strawberry tongue, and rash on palms and soles of hands and feet. Four of these symptoms must be present, in addition to a fever which has lasted more than 5 days to confirm a diagnosis. Learn about atypical Kawasaki disease, and how health professional treat the disease using intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) and acetylsalicylic acid.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6RpVjF4N8nY.mp4/6RpVjF4N8nY.mp4751yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/buerger-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x71621334.jpgBuerger diseaseBuerger disease (also known as the thromboangiitis obliterans) is a type of vasculitis that affects small and medium blood vessels and has been linked strongly to smoking. Buerger disease is characterised by poor blood flow through blood vessels due to inflammation and blood clotting. Symptoms typically include pain (claudication), increased sensitivity to cold, diminished pulses, and cyanosis. Gangrene is often a complication which may require amputation of the affected area. Learn how health care professionals diagnose Buerger disease using ultrasound and angiography.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i9z6x1LbdW8.mp4/i9z6x1LbdW8.mp4274yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/churg-strauss-syndromehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb29e0e12.jpgChurg-Strauss syndromeChurg-Strauss syndrome (also known as eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis) is a type of vasculitis that affects small and medium blood vessels. Symptoms of this disease are similar to seasonal allergies, such as runny nose, cough, sneezing. Health professionals diagnosis Churg-Strauss syndrome by examining eosinophil levels and pANCA antibody levels, in addition to the presence of granulomas from a tissue sample (biopsy).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dE7aS-HPwKo.mp4/dE7aS-HPwKo.mp4245yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/henoch-schonlein-purpurahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2302bda2.jpgHenoch-Schonlein purpuraHenoch-Schonlein purpura (also known as anaphylactoid purpura) is a type of vasculitis that affects small blood vessels and characterized by elevated immunoglobulin A (IgA). Symptoms of this disease include skin lesions, joint pain, blood in urine (hematuria), and abdominal pain. Health professionals diagnosis Henoch-Schonlein purpura through blood tests (elevated IgA). This disease is often treated with steroids.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pZcNmGtp5SA.mp4/pZcNmGtp5SA.mp4364yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/alveolar-gas-equation-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8fbef923.jpgAlveolar gas equation - part 1Find out how to calculate exactly how much oxygen is deep down inside your lungs! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zZX9jJqSlQs.mp4/zZX9jJqSlQs.mp4479yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/alveolar-gas-equation-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x074ad05b.jpgAlveolar gas equation - part 2Find out how to calculate exactly how much oxygen is deep down inside your lungs! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xH5Y3Kmx82w.mp4/xH5Y3Kmx82w.mp4426yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/henry-s-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x33409079.jpgHenry's lawExplore the relationship between partial pressure of a gas and the concentration of the gas molecule within a liquid. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Wiuat7KdMmA.mp4/Wiuat7KdMmA.mp4519yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/o2-and-co2-solubilityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xeab45ce1.jpgO2 and CO2 solubilityGet an intuition for why carbon dioxide is so much more soluble than oxygen when it goes into water. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OCD4Dr3kmmA.mp4/OCD4Dr3kmmA.mp4465yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/graham-s-law-of-diffusionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x934cb9f8.jpgGraham's law of diffusionGraham's law of diffusion (also known as Graham's law of effusion) states that the rate of effusion a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. Often, it is used to compare the effusion rates of two gases. This is represented by the formula: $\frac{\text{rate of effusion A}}{\text{rate of effusion B}} = \sqrt{\frac{M_{B}}{M_{A}}}$ where $M$ refers to molar mass.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/g6QuuoTs2Oo.mp4/g6QuuoTs2Oo.mp4537yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/fick-s-law-of-diffusionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0f010548.jpgFick's law of diffusionFick's law describes the movement of particles over time. There are a few strategies for maximizing particle movement, such as minimizing the distance the particles have to travel, using smaller molecules, increasing pressure, and increasing surface area. Fick's law can be expressed as an equation, but it is sometimes written in different forms.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Cg4KlmI_acs.mp4/Cg4KlmI_acs.mp4742yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/oxygen-movement-from-alveoli-to-capillarieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x536c7d31.jpgOxygen movement from alveoli to capillariesWatch as a molecule of oxygen makes its way from the alveoli (gas layer) through various liquid layers in order to end up in the blood. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nRpwdwm06Ic.mp4/nRpwdwm06Ic.mp4706yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/peripheral-chemoreceptorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8b9eb0eb.jpgPeripheral chemoreceptorsPeripheral chemoreceptors are extensions of the peripheral nervous system that respond to changes in blood molecule concentrations (such as oxygen or carbon dioxide) and help maintain cardiorespiratory homeostasis. They are generally located in the carotid and aortic bodies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cJXY3Cywrnc.mp4/cJXY3Cywrnc.mp4666yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/central-chemoreceptorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x03a3321c.jpgCentral chemoreceptorsFind out how the your body uses special cells that are central to the brain (inside the brain) to sense levels of CO2 and pH. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lVacrVMmJX8.mp4/lVacrVMmJX8.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-respiratory-centerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x775cfe3b.jpgThe respiratory centerFind out how the respiratory center collects information from all over the body and then helps regulate your breathing. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_BFDgTci0ck.mp4/_BFDgTci0ck.mp4563yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sneeze-cough-and-hiccuphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb6078c7d.jpgSneeze, cough, and hiccupLearn how our brain receives information from mechanoreceptors and then responds by controlling muscles in a well-coordinated system, and how all of this can lead to a sneeze, a cough, or even a hiccup! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/V2vR5_B6C5I.mp4/V2vR5_B6C5I.mp4520yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/types-of-pulmonary-diseaseshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa1ed35d5.jpgTypes of pulmonary diseasesLearn what the main classifications of lung diseases are: obstructive, restrictive, ventilation, and perfusion. Discover the classification of common diseases like asthma, emphysema, and pneumonia.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-oHlcuS7AeU.mp4/-oHlcuS7AeU.mp4711yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/respiratory-distresshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6acd3776.jpgRespiratory distressHow can you tell someone is having troubles breathing? Increased work of breathing, the feeling of shortness of breath, and cyanosis are all common symptoms of respiratory distress. Learn what these symptoms look like and why they occur.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vO63j9m5grE.mp4/vO63j9m5grE.mp4439yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-asthmahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd1b3a606.jpgWhat is asthma?What is asthma? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uX1RzoE_9BI.mp4/uX1RzoE_9BI.mp4612yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/asthma-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2585cbb7.jpgAsthma pathophysiologyAsthma pathophysiology from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZKvatbn4a_I.mp4/ZKvatbn4a_I.mp4466yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/asthma-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5805eb61.jpgAsthma diagnosisAsthma diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QsqnJHggDaY.mp4/QsqnJHggDaY.mp4594yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/asthma-severityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1bfa7631.jpgAsthma severityAsthma severity from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FckjcoZDxbE.mp4/FckjcoZDxbE.mp4161yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/asthma-shortterm-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x110c3789.jpgAsthma shortterm treatmentsAsthma shortterm treatments from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aUUi1DrghQc.mp4/aUUi1DrghQc.mp4309yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/asthma-longterm-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe4b7fb20.jpgAsthma longterm treatmentAsthma longterm treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lEXuBpu8jys.mp4/lEXuBpu8jys.mp4401yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-emphysemahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2ef42ceb.jpgWhat is emphysema?Emphysema is a chronic medical condition (most often caused by smoking and air pollution) where lung tissue is damaged and traps air inside the lung. Learn how shortness of breath, persistent cough, and wheezing are common symptoms of this condition and why they occur in emphysema.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/laBUtu_QEEE.mp4/laBUtu_QEEE.mp4655yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/emphysema-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd834c716.jpgEmphysema pathophysiologySmoking and air pollution cause the alveoli in the lungs stiff and less stretchy, making it difficult for air to escape during exhalation. Learn how the destruction of the protein elastin is key to the progression of emphysema, and how the over production of elastase occurs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OiSTT4z4zJI.mp4/OiSTT4z4zJI.mp4340yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/emphysema-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xebf788f4.jpgEmphysema diagnosisHow do we know a patient has emphysema? Learn how the lungs in chest x-rays look hyperinflated, how spirometry can reveal decreased lung function, and what all those blood tests mean.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/prL5WuhGPLI.mp4/prL5WuhGPLI.mp4447yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/dlcohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x79f98264.jpgDiffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO)Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is a medical test that determines how much oxygen travels from the alveoli of the lungs to the blood stream. Learn what DLCO is, how DLCO a good measure of lung disease severity, and why we use carbon monoxide instead of oxygen or carbon dioxide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oOkNS-vvnhQ.mp4/oOkNS-vvnhQ.mp4603yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/centriacinar-panacinar-emphysemahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5edcd88c.jpgCentriacinar emphysema vs panacinar emphysemaCentriacinar and panacinar are different classifications of disease emphysema based on the location of the damaged lung tissue. Learn how inflammation can give rise to centriacinar emphysema, and how a deficiency in alpha-1-antitrypsin can lead to panacinar emphysema.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/36dg_h4gwNk.mp4/36dg_h4gwNk.mp4283yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/emphysema-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x900a1024.jpgEmphysema treatmentThe best way to prevent and manage emphysema is to stop smoking. Learn how drugs such as bronchodilators, antibiotics, and steroids can be used to manage the symptoms of emphysema.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EIm1BSVCpno.mp4/EIm1BSVCpno.mp4621yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/rn-what-is-chronic-bronchitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6c8172ca.jpgWhat is chronic bronchitis?What is chronic bronchitis? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/B5e7RMaz4IQ.mp4/B5e7RMaz4IQ.mp4497yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/rn-chronic-bronchitis-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x842ae588.jpgChronic bronchitis pathophysiologyChronic bronchitis pathophysiology from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A1XyF5clLbI.mp4/A1XyF5clLbI.mp4447yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/chronic-bronchitis-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb2de5e82.jpgChronic bronchitis treatmentChronic bronchitis treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iG7dJTInT7E.mp4/iG7dJTInT7E.mp4670yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-cystic-fibrosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0b6640c4.jpgWhat is cystic fibrosis?What is cystic fibrosis? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ucbxYIVztz8.mp4/ucbxYIVztz8.mp4540yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cystic-fibrosis-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6d185d1c.jpgCystic fibrosis pathophysiologyCystic fibrosis pathophysiology from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cu6rfyEMFiQ.mp4/cu6rfyEMFiQ.mp4371yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cystic-fibrosis-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2a009823.jpgCystic fibrosis diagnosisCystic fibrosis diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J0tYHmuig-U.mp4/J0tYHmuig-U.mp4273yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cystic-fibrosis-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x043ac475.jpgCystic fibrosis treatmentsCystic fibrosis treatments from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Icakt3gQDtE.mp4/Icakt3gQDtE.mp4359yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cystic-fibrosis-complicationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2e959b1c.jpgCystic fibrosis complicationsCystic fibrosis complications from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0mdS4GH7Lkw.mp4/0mdS4GH7Lkw.mp4457yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/occupational-asthma-and-mesotheliomahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5e4e6c48.jpgOccupational asthma and mesotheliomaOccupational asthma and mesothelioma from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AgQMgxkYk44.mp4/AgQMgxkYk44.mp4390yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/asbestosis-silicosis-sick-building-syndromehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x651585fa.jpgAsbestosis, silicosis, sick building syndromeAsbestosis, silicosis, sick building syndrome from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/w1_EEi8-EaI.mp4/w1_EEi8-EaI.mp4413yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-pulmonary-hypertensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb238d715.jpgWhat is pulmonary hypertension?What is pulmonary hypertension? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KtkR_NTte4M.mp4/KtkR_NTte4M.mp4243yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pulmonary-hypertension-symptoms-and-causeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4c13a486.jpgPulmonary hypertension symptoms and causesPulmonary hypertension symptoms and causes from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZVl1M3D2B80.mp4/ZVl1M3D2B80.mp4417yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypoxic-vasoconstrictionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x19726bc9.jpgHypoxic vasoconstrictionHypoxic vasoconstriction from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vZ9vwiGHXgY.mp4/vZ9vwiGHXgY.mp4473yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pulmonary-hypertension-diagnosis-swan-ganz-catheterizationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe82523a9.jpgPulmonary hypertension diagnosis Swan Ganz catheterizationPulmonary hypertension diagnosis Swan Ganz catheterization from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NZlJJ4a40Ww.mp4/NZlJJ4a40Ww.mp4176yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pulmonary-hypertension-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3fb3eca3.jpgPulmonary hypertension diagnosisPulmonary hypertension diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U7fKAYqfpC8.mp4/U7fKAYqfpC8.mp4264yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pulmonary-hypertension-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc9c2a5e7.jpgPulmonary hypertension treatmentPulmonary hypertension treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RSMtgI8yyfg.mp4/RSMtgI8yyfg.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-pneumoniahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5f142e16.jpgWhat is pneumonia?Pneumonia is a medical condition where lung tissue becomes inflamed, usually caused by a virus or bacteria. Learn how shortness of breath, cough, and fever are common symptoms of this condition and why they occur in pneumonia.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dzJNabJAPaE.mp4/dzJNabJAPaE.mp4590yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/streptococcus-pneumoniae-and-flu-vaccineshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x65173286.jpgStreptococcus pneumoniae and flu vaccinesWhy do we need a new flu vaccine every year? Learn about the pneumonia and flu vaccines and how they help your body fight off infection.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CNqYNgSYnKM.mp4/CNqYNgSYnKM.mp4407yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lung-abscesshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x15d69db0.jpgPulmonary abscessPulmonary abscesses occur when part of the lung tissue dies (caused by damage or infection) and gets trapped in a layer of hard tissue in the lung. Learn what causes abscesses, how they are diagnosed, and how health professionals treat them.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/X1h5kr55SZg.mp4/X1h5kr55SZg.mp4635yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pneumonia-vs-pneumonitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa3e99595.jpgPneumonia vs. pneumonitisPneumonitis is a term used to describe inflammation of the lung tissues without the presence of an infection, whereas pneumonia is inflammation caused by an infection. Learn what the symptoms of pneumonitis are, and why pneumonitis is more common with bird handlers, farmers, and people who regularly use humidifiers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/q2SYtugUdpI.mp4/q2SYtugUdpI.mp4535yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-pleural-effusionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x38620935.jpgWhat is a pleural effusion?Pleural effusions are when excess fluid get caught between two layers of tissue (the visceral and parietal pleurae) surrounding the lungs. This fluid can build up over time, taking up space in the lung and impairing a person’s ability to breath. Learn about the signs and symptoms of pleural effusions such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and dry coughing.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IDLCwhijNG4.mp4/IDLCwhijNG4.mp4387yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pleural-effusion-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x749dedfd.jpgPleural effusion diagnosis and treatmentHow do we know a patient has a pleural effusion? Health professionals use x-rays, and computed tomography (CT scans) to look for extra fluid inside the body. Learn how pleural effusions are treated using techniques such as a thoracentesis, pleurodesis, and pleuroperitoneal shunts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XaqsqtWiJMw.mp4/XaqsqtWiJMw.mp4789yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/transudate-vs-exudatehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x73951981.jpgTransudate vs exudateIn a pleural effusion, different fluids can enter the pleural cavity. Transudate is fluid pushed through the capillary due to high pressure within the capillary. Exudate is fluid that leaks around the cells of the capillaries caused by inflammation. Learn why transudative fluid does not contain proteins, why exudate does contain proteins, and how health professionals can differentiate between the two using Light’s criteria.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qCdNab2WLiw.mp4/qCdNab2WLiw.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/vein-artery-nerve-bundlehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfea39199.jpgNeurovascular bundleThe neurovascular bundles located underneath the ribs are small collections of blood vessels (veins and arteries) and nerves which supply the tissues of the chest wall. When procedures such as a thoracentesis are performed, health professionals must avoid hitting this bundle. If they do, the patient may have significant bleeding, hypotension, shock, and decreased respiratory function.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9Y-7wohhcSU.mp4/9Y-7wohhcSU.mp4366yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-lung-cancerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x920189c6.jpgWhat is lung cancer?Lung cancer is a disease where cells in the lungs multiply uncontrollably. The extra cells take up space in the lungs and impair gas exchange and the lung’s ability to expel dirt. Learn how smoking, radon gas, and air pollution increase the risk of lung cancer.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MhavOq8O0Ho.mp4/MhavOq8O0Ho.mp4476yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lung-cancer-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaacacdbf.jpgLung cancer diagnosisHow do we know a patient has lung cancer? Learn how health professionals use x-rays, computed tomography (CT scans), positron emission tomography (PET scans), and blood results to confirm lung cancer in patients.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JS3wsNY17LY.mp4/JS3wsNY17LY.mp4352yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lung-cancer-typeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd3bc0185.jpgLung cancer typesThere are several different types of lung cancer, such as small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and carcinoid . Learn how each type of lung cancer occurs, and how common they are amongst other lung cancers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QKUOYpsbROk.mp4/QKUOYpsbROk.mp4345yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lung-cancer-complicationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x72f2595e.jpgLung cancer complicationsLearn how the mass of a tumor, the spread of cancer cells, the immune system’s response, and the hormones released from cancer cells contribute to the complications of lung cancer.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TkZ5IywDBnQ.mp4/TkZ5IywDBnQ.mp4482yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lung-cancer-metastasishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2debdc5f.jpgLung cancer metastasisMetastasis is the spread of cancer cells from one area of the body (such as an organ) to another. As cancerous cells multiply, some cells may find their way into the circulating blood or lymphatic systems, where they’re transported around the rest of the body. They may eventually land in another organ where they continue to multiply and spread.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1jLifFl9HLA.mp4/1jLifFl9HLA.mp4290yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lung-cancer-stageshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc2622da8.jpgLung cancer stagingHealth professionals use special terminology referred to as stages to concisely communicate the progression of cancer disease. Learn how cancer is classified based off the size of the tumor, the involvement of lymph nodes, and whether metastasis has occurred.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rAxbnfKXcoE.mp4/rAxbnfKXcoE.mp4366yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/lung-cancer-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x95d53ece.jpgLung cancer treatmentLung cancer is treated using a combination of treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, and a variety of surgical procedures (such as wedge resections, pneumonectomies, and segmental resections). Learn about the complications and side effects of treatment options and why they occur.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/trRl8QXtdMI.mp4/trRl8QXtdMI.mp4492yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-a-urihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6c0e0dd2.jpgWhat is an upper respiratory infection (URI)?What is an upper respiratory infection (URI)? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GoRhRJXp0j8.mp4/GoRhRJXp0j8.mp4954yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-allergic-rhinitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xedfc9f96.jpgWhat is allergic rhinitis?What is allergic rhinitis? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RFC3RP2jvxE.mp4/RFC3RP2jvxE.mp4531yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/allergic-rhinitis-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3aa4a901.jpgAllergic rhinitis diagnosis and treatmentAllergic rhinitis diagnosis and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Sh9uYq05zPk.mp4/Sh9uYq05zPk.mp4631yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/nasal-polypshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd906e722.jpgNasal polypsNasal polyps from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QmEwoBLCqZY.mp4/QmEwoBLCqZY.mp4424yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-sinusitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6aae64b2.jpgWhat is sinusitis?What is sinusitis? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RywHs4kKxjA.mp4/RywHs4kKxjA.mp4547yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sinusitis-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa2243b1a.jpgSinusitis diagnosis and treatmentSinusitis diagnosis and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DGRnSnPSOqg.mp4/DGRnSnPSOqg.mp4532yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tonsillitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x37fc9527.jpgTonsillitisTonsillitis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_DNM039pUXE.mp4/_DNM039pUXE.mp4550yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pharyngitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6816e15a.jpgPharyngitisPharyngitis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/v6-Ijv3wOAM.mp4/v6-Ijv3wOAM.mp4406yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tonsillopharyngitis-complications-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcc3f4633.jpgTonsillopharyngitis - Complications, diagnosis, and treatmentTonsillopharyngitis - Complications, diagnosis, and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EHEecXYsJ9w.mp4/EHEecXYsJ9w.mp4629yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-a-tonsillectomyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4f9280df.jpgWhat is a tonsillectomy?What is a tonsillectomy? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fzF2AgL35qE.mp4/fzF2AgL35qE.mp4473yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-epiglottitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbeec702c.jpgWhat is epiglottitis?What is epiglottitis? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Tz-9z064euU.mp4/Tz-9z064euU.mp4422yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/epiglottitis-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc7637767.jpgEpiglottitis diagnosis and treatmentEpiglottitis diagnosis and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_Md5nli5OII.mp4/_Md5nli5OII.mp4661yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hib-vaccinehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xad6b576a.jpgHib vaccineHib vaccine from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TDQAd2N2Cls.mp4/TDQAd2N2Cls.mp4542yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-laryngitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x00e7bc89.jpgWhat is laryngitis ?What is laryngitis ? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/puqe3_HkDZA.mp4/puqe3_HkDZA.mp4418yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/laryngitis-diagnosis-treatment-and-preventionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4365a3b3.jpgLaryngitis diagnosis, treatment, and preventionLaryngitis diagnosis, treatment, and prevention from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/M-9t4RrhKJE.mp4/M-9t4RrhKJE.mp4331yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/laryngomalaciahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x17410a65.jpgLaryngomalaciaLaryngomalacia from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kOTdVMM9Lwg.mp4/kOTdVMM9Lwg.mp4291yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/vocal-cord-growthshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa49e36fa.jpgVocal cord growthsVocal cord growths from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/t1-VVUmP0rY.mp4/t1-VVUmP0rY.mp4311yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-bronchiolitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4db9007c.jpgWhat is bronchiolitis?What is bronchiolitis? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/65y1SKgRtOc.mp4/65y1SKgRtOc.mp4505yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/bronchiolitis-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9bb435b9.jpgBronchiolitis pathophysiologyBronchiolitis pathophysiology from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9EZuhlSNUv0.mp4/9EZuhlSNUv0.mp4466yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/bronchiolitis-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbdc2d0e0.jpgBronchiolitis diagnosisBronchiolitis diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mObmS7E75t8.mp4/mObmS7E75t8.mp4737yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/bronchiolitis-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x05186a89.jpgBronchiolitis treatmentBronchiolitis treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qjhlt6G-Azo.mp4/qjhlt6G-Azo.mp4665yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-life-and-times-of-rbcs-and-plateletshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf7e04c5d.jpgLife and times of RBCs and plateletsExplore the life cycle of red blood cells and platelets in the human body. Discover how these cells are produced in the bone marrow, their lifespan, and the role of the spleen in their breakdown. Learn about the hormones erythropoietin and thrombopoietin that regulate this process.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UBlem4dGLGU.mp4/UBlem4dGLGU.mp4635yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hematopoiesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb7a9aa5b.jpgHematopoiesisHematopoiesis is the process of creating new blood cells in the body. All blood cells start off as hematopoietic stem cells, and then specialize (differentiate) into myeloid cells (erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, or eosinophils) or lymphoid cells (T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XVWOlKdpF_I.mp4/XVWOlKdpF_I.mp4608yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/oxygen-contenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228242255.jpgOxygen contentLearn how oxygen content (CaO2) is related to Hemoglobin concentration (Hb), oxygen saturation (SaO2), and the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2). Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a19T5CX2b-g.mp4/a19T5CX2b-g.mp4673yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/bohr-effect-vs-haldane-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1228432957.jpgBohr effect vs. Haldane effectExplore the intriguing interplay between oxygen, carbon dioxide, and protons in our body's hemoglobin transport system. Understand the Bohr and Haldane effects, two crucial strategies that increase oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. Take a close look at how some friendly competition for Hemoglobin allows the body to more efficiently move oxygen and carbon Dioxide around. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dHi9ctwDUnc.mp4/dHi9ctwDUnc.mp4833yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/primary-hemostasishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x558fa32f.jpgPrimary hemostasisDuring primary hemostasis, a platelet plug is formed to rapidly stop the initial bleeding after injury. Learn about the different steps involved in primary hemostasis: vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion, activation and degranulation, platelet aggregation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SffnpNxGWb8.mp4/SffnpNxGWb8.mp4651yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/secondary-hemostasishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d1ae7b8.jpgSecondary hemostasisSecondary hemostasis is the process where the platelet plug initially created in primary hemostasis is reinforced by the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/y0sk8LG4mWQ.mp4/y0sk8LG4mWQ.mp4237yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-do-we-make-blood-clotshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5780b274.jpgHow do we make blood clots?Uncover the body's strategy for blood clotting to halt excessive blood loss. Learn about the crucial roles of endothelial cells, platelets, and fibrin in creating a platelet plug. Understand the chemical interactions between collagen and platelets, and the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, facilitated by tissue factor. Get a clearer picture of this essential process through the coagulation cascade.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RQpBj8ebbNY.mp4/RQpBj8ebbNY.mp4705yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/coagulation-cascadehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6000b8a4.jpgCoagulation cascadeThis video explains the body's clotting process, focusing on the role of fibrinogen and fibrin in forming a solid plug at the site of a blood vessel injury. It further delves into the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade, highlighting the importance of thrombin in both the clot formation and the negative feedback mechanisms.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FNVvQ788wzk.mp4/FNVvQ788wzk.mp4879yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/anticoagulationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcb4849fe.jpgAnticoagulation and thrombolysisAnticoagulation is the process that prevents clots from forming. Thrombolysis is the process of breaking down clots after they’ve been formed. Learn how the antithrombin III interacts with heparin-like molecules and how plasmin breaks down fibrin.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VxEIsPOdOLw.mp4/VxEIsPOdOLw.mp4625yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/rn-anemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc4fcb753.jpgWhat is anemia?What is anemia? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ty6TfxCYPQI.mp4/Ty6TfxCYPQI.mp4494yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/rn-anemia-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d20386e.jpgAnemia pathophysiologyAnemia pathophysiology from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LtlodYLm8fc.mp4/LtlodYLm8fc.mp4619yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/rn-microcytic-normocytic-macrocytic-anemiashttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe5403c9d.jpgMicrocytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemiasMicrocytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3AMENlm4pOw.mp4/3AMENlm4pOw.mp4357yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-leukemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x301360c2.jpgWhat is leukemia?Leukemia is a collection of cancers which create a large amount of immature blood cells. These immature blood cells take up space in the bone marrow, preventing the bone marrow from making healthy blood cells such as platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Learn about the symptoms of this disease which include prolonged bleeding, frequent infections, and bone pain.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IB3iJUuxt1c.mp4/IB3iJUuxt1c.mp4459yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/leukemia-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3ea29b42.jpgLeukemia pathophysiologySometimes an immature blast cell have two gene mutations which prevent it from maturing into a specialized blood cell and cause it to multiply out of control. These immature blast cells crowd the bone marrow and impair the ability of the bones to make healthy blood cells. This leads to a decrease in platelets, red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e1XCEJUqOQE.mp4/e1XCEJUqOQE.mp4609yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/leukemia-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaff601c9.jpgLeukemia diagnosisOften health care professionals conduct a variety of blood tests to determine if someone has leukemia. Leukemia patients often have decreased levels of platelets, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit, and hemoglobin. Other tests such as bone marrow aspirations can reveal an increase in immature blast cells. Learn how health professionals classify leukemia by staining sample tissue with a dye and by looking for chromosome translocation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hTzI6x4fmGI.mp4/hTzI6x4fmGI.mp4597yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/leukemia-classificationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6817687e.jpgLeukemia classificationsLearn how leukemia can be classified as an acute or chronic and myeloid or lymphoid disease.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/frUCL0snbPk.mp4/frUCL0snbPk.mp4382yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/acute-leukemiashttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x18ac2227.jpgAcute leukemiaAcute leukemias affect specialized blood cells at the most immature stage in their growth. Acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) are the most common cancer in children and is often associated with people who have down syndrome. Learn about B-cell ALL and T-cell ALL, as well as the different acute myeloid leukemias.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lCRePFf4zNs.mp4/lCRePFf4zNs.mp4582yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/chronic-leukemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x82136b61.jpgChronic leukemiaChronic leukemias affect specialized blood cells that are partially through the process of maturation. Chronic lymphoblastic leukemias (CLL) often cause an enlargement of the liver and spleen. Involvement of the lymph nodes in CLL is often called small lymphocytic lymphoma. Learn how small lymphocytic lymphoma can transition to diffuse B cell lymphoma.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5u2pDR634Fw.mp4/5u2pDR634Fw.mp4483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/myelodysplastic-syndromehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa78c8eb4.jpgMyelodysplastic syndromeMyelodysplastic syndrome is sometimes referred to as “pre-leukemia” or a condition that occurs before leukemia (although most patients will never develop leukemia). In myelodysplastic syndrome, the gene mutation preventing the maturation of the blast cell is present, however the second gene mutation leading to uncontrolled cell replication is absent. Learn how health professionals look at blood test results and bone marrow aspirates to diagnosis this disease.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7j6HcztlLdw.mp4/7j6HcztlLdw.mp4498yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatment-of-leukemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x200f6c35.jpgLeukemia treatmentThere are three main solutions to treat leukemia. Chemotherapy is a collection of drugs which target cells that rapidly multiply (a key characteristic in cancer). Radiation is often used on patients who are at a high risk of the leukemia entering the brain. For resistant leukemias, bone marrow transplantation is considered.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hH9AETxy6QI.mp4/hH9AETxy6QI.mp4356yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-iron-deficiencyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x16e2a2c6.jpgWhat is iron deficiency?What is iron deficiency? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U1Ls9Vh-3m8.mp4/U1Ls9Vh-3m8.mp4756yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/microcytic-anemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xad6df5ea.jpgMicrocytic anemiaMicrocytic anemia from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4_410pxikS0.mp4/4_410pxikS0.mp4582yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/iron-deficency-anemia-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x492c99e0.jpgIron deficency anemia diagnosisIron deficency anemia diagnosis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2duGAcN0nqw.mp4/2duGAcN0nqw.mp4594yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/anemia-of-chronic-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x97673226.jpgAnemia of chronic diseaseAnemia of chronic disease from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EkFUb3L040E.mp4/EkFUb3L040E.mp4379yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/chronic-disease-vs-iron-deficiency-anemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc1bce465.jpgChronic disease vs iron deficiency anemiaChronic disease vs iron deficiency anemia from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tVNRn4srPUI.mp4/tVNRn4srPUI.mp4329yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/iron-deficiency-and-anemia-of-chronic-disease-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x395f8547.jpgIron deficiency and anemia of chronic disease treatmentIron deficiency and anemia of chronic disease treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/X3QUqRd18jc.mp4/X3QUqRd18jc.mp4373yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-are-plasma-cell-dyscrasiashttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2a45f7ca.jpgWhat are plasma cell dyscrasias?What are plasma cell dyscrasias? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/t3MxJEbJN3k.mp4/t3MxJEbJN3k.mp4474yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x04ad24c2.jpgWhat is Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)?What is Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K25N7ZfSaO0.mp4/K25N7ZfSaO0.mp4695yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-multiple-myelomahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbdb0c7ab.jpgWhat is multiple myeloma?What is multiple myeloma? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jdytgW5wKa4.mp4/jdytgW5wKa4.mp4611yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-waldenstrom-macroglobulinemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xce97ca61.jpgWhat is waldenstrom macroglobulinemia?What is waldenstrom macroglobulinemia? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Hod_JfGJPj4.mp4/Hod_JfGJPj4.mp4372yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-are-myeloproliferative-disordershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5aa31ada.jpgWhat are myeloproliferative disorders?Learn about 4 different cancers that involve the bone marrow and produce a large number of cells in the blood stream. By Raja Narayan. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eLsegxXzaiE.mp4/eLsegxXzaiE.mp4615yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-polycythemia-verahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc27514f7.jpgWhat is polycythemia vera?Learn to recognize the symptoms of polycythemia vera as well as how to diagnosis and treat it. By Raja Narayan. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vOPuAPCioE4.mp4/vOPuAPCioE4.mp4635yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-essential-thrombocythemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa5808cfb.jpgWhat is essential thrombocythemia?Learn what is essential thrombocythemia as well as how to identify its signs and symptoms, diagnose it, and treat it. By Raja Narayan. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1POB_czE16k.mp4/1POB_czE16k.mp4577yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-chronic-myelogenous-leukemiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x93f538b1.jpgWhat is chronic myelogenous leukemia?Learn what is chronic myelogenous leukemia as well as how to identify its signs and symptoms, diagnose it, and treat it. By Raja Narayan. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ST6mSB-RvE0.mp4/ST6mSB-RvE0.mp4590yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-primary-myelofibrosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5ac104fb.jpgWhat is primary myelofibrosis?Learn what is primary myelofibrosis as well as how to identify its signs and symptoms, diagnose it, and treat it. By Raja Narayan. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-YEtWOxweRg.mp4/-YEtWOxweRg.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/terpenes-to-steroids1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9f41189c.jpgFrom terpenes to steroids part 1: TerpenesSteroids have to come from somewhere, right? Let's learn about the carbon building blocks with which steroids are made. By Ryan Patton.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ywfxY9UDRo4.mp4/ywfxY9UDRo4.mp4469yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/terpenes-to-steroids2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xada599e1.jpgFrom terpenes to steroids part 2: Squalene, cholesterol, and steroidsAfter learning about terpenes, lets see how are body uses them to eventually make all the steroid hormones of our body. By Ryan Patton.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/x9wyOYnot7E.mp4/x9wyOYnot7E.mp4269yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/endocrine-system-and-influence-on-behavior-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6f7ced67.jpgEndocrine system and influence on behavior - Part 1The endocrine system, a network of glands producing hormones, works with the nervous system to control the body's internal environment. Hormones, classified as proteins, steroids, or tyrosine derivatives, can function as autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signals. Key endocrine organs include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, gonads, and pancreas.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cQKPvT-aEqk.mp4/cQKPvT-aEqk.mp4631yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/endocrine-system-and-influence-on-behavior-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbb5f4355.jpgEndocrine system and influence on behavior - Part 2The endocrine system uses tiny amounts of hormones to regulate body functions. These hormones travel through the blood, affecting areas with the right receptors. The system maintains balance through metabolism and secretion, guided by feedback loops. This hormonal regulation plays a key role in behavior and psychological responses, linking physiology and psychology.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2dZpQJSSSAs.mp4/2dZpQJSSSAs.mp4421yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-diabetes-mellitushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x35df36cb.jpgWhat is diabetes mellitus?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ulxyWZf7BWc.mp4/ulxyWZf7BWc.mp4508yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/breaking-down-diabeteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x38e3fb6b.jpgBreaking down diabetesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dpBA1lH39L8.mp4/dpBA1lH39L8.mp4417yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/types-of-diabeteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdea85e83.jpgTypes of diabetesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/c9LwwQK5588.mp4/c9LwwQK5588.mp4358yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pathophysiology-type-i-diabeteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x902f4eb6.jpgPathophysiology - Type I diabetesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3B73j1tKkpI.mp4/3B73j1tKkpI.mp4666yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pathophysiology-type-ii-diabeteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb81fa1e3.jpgPathophysiology - Type II diabetesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RlLrvnnTDDU.mp4/RlLrvnnTDDU.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-diabeteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5d757900.jpgDiagnosing diabetesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iUlYRyvQAIE.mp4/iUlYRyvQAIE.mp4503yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treating-type-i-diabeteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x073cc344.jpgTreating type I diabetesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ImZO2ytl9P4.mp4/ImZO2ytl9P4.mp4529yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treating-type-ii-diabetes-pharmacologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0926aef3.jpgTreating type II diabetes - PharmacologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IMLVbEzM0DI.mp4/IMLVbEzM0DI.mp4557yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treating-type-ii-diabetes-a-practical-approachhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x428415f6.jpgTreating type II diabetes - A practical approachVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hFZPl_t2GLU.mp4/hFZPl_t2GLU.mp4143yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/acute-complications-of-diabetes-diabetic-ketoacidosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa97d83af.jpgAcute complications of diabetes - Diabetic ketoacidosisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tpjVmLIUWCo.mp4/tpjVmLIUWCo.mp4686yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/acute-complications-of-diabetes-hyperosmolar-hyperglycemic-nonketotic-statehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbb889919.jpgAcute complications of diabetes - Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic stateVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iKKF5yuxvg8.mp4/iKKF5yuxvg8.mp4625yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diabetic-nephropathy-mechanismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd2e6c5c3.jpgDiabetic nephropathy - MechanismsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/F4Lt0AjMxEY.mp4/F4Lt0AjMxEY.mp4583yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diabetic-nephropathy-clinical-presentation-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf7677f8c.jpgDiabetic nephropathy - Clinical presentation & treatmentVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Pr_-cUA_PY8.mp4/Pr_-cUA_PY8.mp4605yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diabetic-retinopathyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2230b549.jpgDiabetic retinopathyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VIrkurR446s.mp4/VIrkurR446s.mp4801yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cerebral-cortexhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xff5c3e85.jpgCerebral cortexExplore the cerebral cortex, the brain's outer layer of gray matter. Learn about its structure, including ridges (gyri), small grooves (sulci), and large grooves (fissures). Discover the four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. Delve into the cortex's complex functions, from sensory processing to motor control.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mGxomKWfJXs.mp4/mGxomKWfJXs.mp4502yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/motor-unithttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa9b71784.jpgMotor unitThe motor unit, made up of lower motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells, plays a vital role in muscle contraction. Lower motor neurons, located in the spinal cord and brain stem, send signals to skeletal muscles via neuromuscular junctions. Abnormalities in these motor units can lead to muscle atrophy, fasciculations, hypotonia, and hyporeflexia.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vXb0ZvkFkS8.mp4/vXb0ZvkFkS8.mp4576yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/upper-motor-neuronshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4125f8d9.jpgUpper motor neuronsUpper motor neurons control lower motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Located in the cerebral cortex, these neurons follow specific pathways and their dysfunction can impact reflexes and muscle tone. Understanding their role is key to unraveling the complexities of our nervous system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aASSUcUSBro.mp4/aASSUcUSBro.mp4821yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/peripheral-somatosensationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa82be47f.jpgPeripheral somatosensationUncover the intriguing aspects of somatosensation in the peripheral nervous system. Discover the five key senses: position sense, vibration sense, touch, pain, and temperature. Learn about the unique roles of mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, and thermoreceptors, and their vital part in sending sensory information to our brain.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oOIqk5hXBt4.mp4/oOIqk5hXBt4.mp4568yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/somatosensory-tractshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfef2f16a.jpgSomatosensory tractsThe somatosensory tracts (also referred to as the somatosensory system or somatosensory pathways) process information about somatic sensations such as pain, temperature, touch, position, and vibration. This information is received through receptors inside or at the surface of the body. It is then processed by one of a number of complex systems of neurons and pathways, depending on what information has been received.​​​https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vrmKqH8d1RM.mp4/vrmKqH8d1RM.mp4427yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/muscle-stretch-reflexhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xedf571fd.jpgMuscle stretch reflexThe muscle stretch reflex is a crucial nervous system response that protects muscles from rapid stretching. The reflex involves afferent and efferent parts, both of which are necessary for it to work. This reflex is the reason for the knee-jerk reaction when the doctor taps just below the kneecap.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ya-3XHBWDqs.mp4/Ya-3XHBWDqs.mp4574yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/autonomic-nervous-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb67fb1c0.jpgAutonomic nervous systemThe autonomic nervous system, a part of our overall nervous system, regulates smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle, and gland cells autonomously. It consists of two subsystems: the sympathetic nervous system for fight or flight responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system for rest and digestion. These systems influence our bodies in various circumstances.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jA1NyCE4M2g.mp4/jA1NyCE4M2g.mp4684yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/astrocyteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8c4fa549.jpgAstrocytesThis video describes the structure and function of astrocytes. Astrocytes, often called star cells, are the workhorses of the central nervous system. They provide structural support, form a protective glial scar after injury, maintain homeostasis, contribute to the blood-brain barrier, and clear out synapses. These versatile cells play a crucial role in keeping our nervous system functioning optimally. By Matt Jensen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rfepM3L7Pqc.mp4/rfepM3L7Pqc.mp4446yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/microgliahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5fc44899.jpgMicrogliaThis video describes the structure and function of microglia. Microglia, the smallest glial cells in our central nervous system, play a crucial role in maintaining brain health. Originating from the mesoderm, they transform from resting to active states to combat inflammation. Active microglia act like macrophages, eliminating foreign cells and debris through cytotoxic factors and phagocytosis, and presenting antigens to immune cells. By Matt Jensen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mw-rwhpAQe4.mp4/mw-rwhpAQe4.mp4327yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ependymal-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x57d1f66b.jpgEpendymal cellsThis video describes the structure and function of ependymal cells. Ependymal cells, glial cells of the central nervous system, form a barrier between cerebral spinal fluid and interstitial fluid. These cells, shaped like cubes, have microvilli and cilia that help move the fluid around. They also play a key role in secreting cerebral spinal fluid, making them crucial to brain and spinal cord function. By Matt Jensen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PpvexFbd8e8.mp4/PpvexFbd8e8.mp4220yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/oligodendrocyteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0d5e3691.jpgOligodendrocytesOligodendrocytes are glia cells in the central nervous system that serve multiple functions. Most importantly, they create the myelin sheath around neuron axons, which allows for faster and more efficient communication between neurons. Oligodendrocytes also interact with other cells to exchange substances and may have additional, less-understood functions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jMXf2lgddOg.mp4/jMXf2lgddOg.mp4176yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/schwann-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbe97865f.jpgSchwann cellsThis video describes the structure and function of Schwann cells. Schwann cells are a type of cell that support nerve cells. They wrap around a part of the nerve cell called the axon, which helps messages move quickly and keeps the axon healthy. Some Schwann cells also provide support to smaller nerve cells without wrapping around them. They play a key role in our nervous system. By Matt Jensen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XmL7RHouyUo.mp4/XmL7RHouyUo.mp4175yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/overview-of-neuron-structurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x34e8d04e.jpgOverview of neuron structure (types of neurons)This video introduces the structure and structural types of neurons. Explore the structure of neurons, their types, and functions. Uncover the roles of dendrites, axons, and the soma. Learn about the axon hillock, axon terminals, and the myelin sheath. Discover the different structural types of neurons: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar. By Matt Jensen.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1h4kW8RX-6k.mp4/1h4kW8RX-6k.mp4424yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neurotransmitter-releasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf45480de.jpgNeurotransmitter releaseLearn about the role of voltage gated calcium channels in triggering synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters. See how the frequency and duration of action potentials influence the amount and duration of neurotransmitter presence in the synaptic cleft.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ac-Npt3vgCE.mp4/Ac-Npt3vgCE.mp4260yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neurotransmitter-removalhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x305db132.jpgNeurotransmitter removalExplore the process of neurotransmitter removal from the synapse. Learn how action potentials trigger neurotransmitter release, and why high-frequency firing can lead to neurotransmitter buildup. Discover the roles of diffusion, enzymes, re-uptake pumps, and astrocyte endfeet in maintaining synaptic function and facilitating neuron-to-target cell communication.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FO10z7FX13c.mp4/FO10z7FX13c.mp4227yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neuroplasticityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3d2e6106.jpgNeuroplasticityNeuroplasticity, the brain's ability to adapt and change, plays a critical role in memory formation, learning, and recovery from injury. This process involves changes in synapses and neurons, leading to potentiation or depression of information flow. It's most active during development, but continues throughout life, with research ongoing to understand its complexities.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J8wW1t1JqUc.mp4/J8wW1t1JqUc.mp4580yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neuron-resting-potential-descriptionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1066c8b0.jpgNeuron resting potential descriptionExplore the neuron resting membrane potential, a stable charge separation across the cell membrane. Discover the roles of anions and cations, and how their concentration differences create this potential. Uncover how neurons use these electrochemical driving forces to perform their functions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4htSVI5E9AQ.mp4/4htSVI5E9AQ.mp4435yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neuron-resting-potential-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4bfcc978.jpgNeuron resting potential mechanismThis video explores the creation of neuron resting potential and its relation to ion concentration differences. It highlights the role of organic anions, sodium potassium pump, and leak channels. The concept of equilibrium potential is explained, along with the impact of ion concentrations on neuron function.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l3ngsl7FhTc.mp4/l3ngsl7FhTc.mp4796yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neuron-graded-potential-descriptionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5358cfa6.jpgNeuron graded potential descriptionExplore how neurons process information through graded potentials. These transient changes in membrane potential occur in response to stimuli, influencing the neuron's behavior. Discover the role of excitatory and inhibitory inputs, and how temporal and spatial summation contribute to complex information processing.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AQr0rNyUnFM.mp4/AQr0rNyUnFM.mp4588yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neuron-graded-potential-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8404c066.jpgNeuron graded potential mechanismThis video explains neuron graded potentials, detailing how they are created and why they decay over time and distance. It highlights the role of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels in generating excitatory and inhibitory potentials, providing a clear understanding of neuron function.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NaAwVrOEyss.mp4/NaAwVrOEyss.mp4611yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neuron-action-potential-descriptionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf5a47394.jpgNeuron action potential descriptionNeuron action potentials play a crucial role in transmitting information over long distances. The all-or-none property of action potentials and the speed-enhancing function of myelin sheaths are key aspects of this process. The distinction between graded potentials and action potentials is also vital, each contributing uniquely to neural signaling.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h2H6POZowiU.mp4/h2H6POZowiU.mp4414yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x62bebb4e.jpgNeuron action potential mechanismSee how action potentials in neurons are generated and conducted. Explore the role of voltage-gated ion channels and how they open when the membrane potential crosses a threshold value, as well as the influx of sodium ions and efflux of potassium ions during an action potential, and the refractory period that follows.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MZz4OUOyFvg.mp4/MZz4OUOyFvg.mp4563yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/effects-of-axon-diameter-and-myelinationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x810b045c.jpgEffects of axon diameter and myelinationExplore how axon diameter and myelination impact the speed of action potential conduction. Larger diameter axons conduct faster due to less resistance, and myelinated axons speed up conduction by reducing membrane capacitance. This knowledge helps us understand neuron efficiency and the rapid communication within our nervous system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_Lj_F9GADa4.mp4/_Lj_F9GADa4.mp4646yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/action-potential-patternshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2db717e3.jpgAction potential patternsLearn about three main patterns of action potentials in neurons: No Action Potentials Until Excitation: Some neurons don't fire any action potentials until they receive sufficient excitatory inputs. Once excited, they fire a series or 'train' of action potentials. When the excitation ends, they return to a resting state with no action potentials. Regular Firing Rate Neurons: Other neurons fire action potentials at a regular rate, even without any input. Excitatory input increases their firing rate, while inhibitory input decreases it. Once the input ends, they return to their regular firing rate. Burst Firing Neurons: Some neurons fire bursts of action potentials regularly, even without input. Excitatory input can increase the frequency of these bursts or change the spacing between them. Inhibitory input can slow down the frequency of these bursts. These patterns help neurons transmit different types of information within the nervous system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jM-gvSqsP5A.mp4/jM-gvSqsP5A.mp4305yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/perceptual-organizationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5a99dfd1.jpgVisual cuesPerception is organized through depth, form, motion, and constancy. Depth perception uses binocular vision, retinal disparity, and convergence. Form perception uses monocular cues like relative size, interposition, relative height, and shading. Motion perception uses motion parallax. Constancy includes size, shape, and color constancy. These elements help us understand and interact with our surroundings. Would you like to dive deeper into any of these points?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PQyQadCqLAI.mp4/PQyQadCqLAI.mp4482yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sensory-adaptinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6e5730e4.jpgSensory adaptationSensory adaptation refers to the way our senses adjust to different stimuli. Various senses—including hearing, touch, smell, proprioception, and sight—can adapt in response to changes in the environment. Adaptations can allow these senses to continue to function in adverse or overstimulating conditions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8shz0KfqkMo.mp4/8shz0KfqkMo.mp4401yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/webers-law-and-thresholdshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x514724cb.jpgWeber's law and thresholdsWeber's law explains how we perceive changes in stimuli like weight or sound. It states that the ratio of the smallest noticeable change in a stimulus (delta I) to the original intensity of the stimulus (I) is a constant (K). This relationship predicts a linear increase in the noticeable difference as the intensity of the stimulus increases.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/O_nY1TM2RZM.mp4/O_nY1TM2RZM.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/somatosensation-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe595adb5.jpgSomatosensationSomatosensation helps us understand our environment. It involves thermoception (temperature), mechanoception (pressure), nociception (pain), and proprioception (body position). Intensity is determined by neuron firing speed, while timing and location are encoded by different neuron types and dermatomes respectively. This knowledge is crucial for medical students studying sensory systems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FssCS9RhFt0.mp4/FssCS9RhFt0.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/signal-detection-theory-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7dcb9bac.jpgSignal detection theory - part 1Signal Detection Theory explores decision-making under uncertainty. It originated in radar technology and now applies to psychology. The theory investigates how strong a signal must be for detection. It considers two variables: D Prime (signal strength) and C (strategy). Strategies can be conservative (saying "no" unless certain) or liberal (often saying "yes").https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BHkw9_GWPJA.mp4/BHkw9_GWPJA.mp4392yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/signal-detection-theory-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5029ccec.jpgSignal detection theory - part 2Signal detection theory explores how we distinguish signals from noise. The video discusses two key variables: d-prime, the difference between noise and signal distributions, and C, the individual's strategy. Different strategies (B, D, C, and beta) are used to set thresholds for signal detection. Ideal observers use the C strategy, while others may be more liberal or conservative.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UHEiWws8t-g.mp4/UHEiWws8t-g.mp4303yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/bottom-up-versus-top-down-processinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x69d7084f.jpgBottom-up vs. top-down processingBottom-up and top-down processing are two different ways of making sense of stimuli. In bottom-up processing, we allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas. In top-down processing, we use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aJy5_p_LAhQ.mp4/aJy5_p_LAhQ.mp4267yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/gestalt-principleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1d7a1b97.jpgGestalt principlesThe Gestalt principles explain how our brains perceive patterns and organize information. These principles include the law of similarity, law of Pragnanz, law of proximity, law of continuity, and law of closure. Each law provides insight into how we group similar items, simplify complex shapes, group close objects, follow the smoothest path, and see incomplete figures as whole.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/20N53khArXA.mp4/20N53khArXA.mp4488yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/vision-structure-of-the-eyehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x59ee3a84.jpgThe structure of the eyeThe eye's structure includes the sclera, cornea, conjunctiva, aqueous humour, lens, ciliary body, iris, pupil, vitreous humour, retina, optic nerve, choroid, fovea, and macula. These parts work together to capture light and convert it into images. The cornea and lens bend light, the iris controls light intake, and the retina transforms light into neural signals for the brain.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cTZl2qnzifc.mp4/cTZl2qnzifc.mp4628yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/vision-summaryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9ad8d29e.jpgVisual sensory informationOur sense of sight relies on light and special cells called photoreceptors. Light, an electromagnetic wave, interacts with rods and cones in our eyes. Rods, sensitive to light, help with night vision. Cones, fewer in number, enable color vision. This interaction triggers a process called the phototransduction cascade, leading to visual perception.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3m-464MqBJY.mp4/3m-464MqBJY.mp4482yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/phototransduction-cascadehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x37026cd3.jpgThe phototransduction cascadeThe phototransduction cascade is a process where light entering the eye triggers a molecular reaction. This reaction involves the rod cells in the retina, which convert light into neural impulses. Key players include proteins like rhodopsin and molecules like retinal, which change shape when hit by light. This sets off a chain of events, ultimately leading to the brain recognizing light.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CqN-XIPhMpo.mp4/CqN-XIPhMpo.mp4596yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/photoreceptors-rods-coneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0e9ec663.jpgPhotoreceptors (rods vs cones)Rods and cones are two types of photoreceptors in the eye. Both are specialized nerves that convert light into neural impulses, but they differ in number, location, and function. Rods are more numerous, located in the periphery of the eye, and good for detecting light in general. Cones are concentrated near the fovea, responsible for color vision, and able to adapt quickly to changes in light.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_ElAuQyw4uA.mp4/_ElAuQyw4uA.mp4306yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/photoreceptor-distribution-foveahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x198511a9.jpgPhotoreceptor distribution in the foveaThe human eye has a unique layout of rods and cones. Rods, mostly found in the eye's periphery, detect light and dark. Cones, concentrated in the fovea, recognize color. The fovea's design allows light to directly hit cones, enhancing resolution. The blind spot lacks photoreceptors as the optic nerve exits here.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UXIfzc1UH-g.mp4/UXIfzc1UH-g.mp4343yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/visual-field-processinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9cf82bf8.jpgVisual field processingVisual processing in our brain helps us understand what we see. The right side of our brain controls the left visual field, and the left side controls the right visual field. This happens through the optic chiasm, where information from our eyes converges before being sent to the brain.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aobWzlXIooQ.mp4/aobWzlXIooQ.mp4250yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/feature-detection-and-parallel-processinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf27124b4.jpgFeature detection and parallel processingFeature detection involves breaking down an object into color, form, and motion. Our eyes use red, green, and blue cones to detect color. The parvo pathway in our brain helps us see stationary objects in detail and color. For moving objects, we use the magno pathway, which sees motion but not color or detail. This simultaneous processing of information is called parallel processing.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0ugcw7wOZBg.mp4/0ugcw7wOZBg.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/auditory-structure-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbb654a81.jpgAuditory structure - part 1Our sense of sound, or audition, relies on sound waves and hair cells in the cochlea. When sound waves enter the ear, they cause the eardrum and tiny bones to vibrate. These vibrations push fluid in the cochlea, stimulating hair cells to send signals to the brain. This process lets us interpret sound.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6GB_kcdVMQo.mp4/6GB_kcdVMQo.mp4687yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/auditory-structure-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x15ccf217.jpgAuditory structure - part 2The cochlea, a snail-like structure in the ear, transforms soundwaves into neural impulses. The stapes bone vibrates, pushing fluid through the cochlea, which moves the organ of Corti. This motion triggers hair cells, causing potassium and calcium to flow into the cell, firing an action potential. This signal then travels to the brain via the auditory nerve.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/B2vtvtqZwwQ.mp4/B2vtvtqZwwQ.mp4326yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/auditory-processing-videohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb6768f51.jpgAuditory processingThe human brain uses the cochlea to distinguish between different sound frequencies. This process, known as auditory processing, involves basilar tuning and tonotypical mapping. High frequency sounds activate hair cells at the cochlea's base, while low frequency sounds stimulate cells at the apex. These signals travel via the auditory nerve to the primary auditory cortex in the brain, allowing us to perceive different sounds.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/peSLM4XObBE.mp4/peSLM4XObBE.mp4423yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cochlear-implanthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x86e1d006.jpgCochlear implantsCochlear implants restore some hearing to people with sensorineural hearing loss, or nerve deafness. Sound waves hit the microphone, converting them into electrical impulses. These impulses travel from the speech processor to the transmitter, then to the receiver implanted in the patient's skull. The stimulator sends this information into the cochlea, converting it into a neural impulse for the brain to process.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jhjoGx6eGXs.mp4/jhjoGx6eGXs.mp4188yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sensory-adaptation-and-amplificationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x74c4a46e.jpgSensory adaptation and amplificationSensory adaptation and amplification are key processes in our body's response to stimuli. Adaptation involves a decrease in response to a constant stimulus, like forgetting your hand is on a table. Amplification, on the other hand, is an increase in response to a stimulus, like how a single ray of light can trigger a cascade of signals to the brain. Both processes help protect cells from damage and prevent the brain from being overwhelmed.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JC_TVyAMYE0.mp4/JC_TVyAMYE0.mp4245yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/somatosensory-homunculushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7aa5781a.jpgSomatosensory homunculusThe somatosensory homunculus is a brain map of your body. It's in the sensory strip of the cortex, where sensory input like heat or pain is received. Each body part sends information to a specific part of this strip. This creates a topological map of the body in the cortex, known as the somatosensory homunculus.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3jf2l9ma6SM.mp4/3jf2l9ma6SM.mp4315yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/proprioception-kinesthesiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x450f7a79.jpgProprioception and kinesthesiaProprioception, our sense of body position, comes from tiny sensors in our muscles that signal to our brain. Kinesthesia, on the other hand, is about body movement and learning how to move to accomplish tasks. While both involve body awareness, proprioception includes balance, while kinesthesia does not.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yKfpBGicqNQ.mp4/yKfpBGicqNQ.mp4318yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/olfaction-structure-and-functionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf043d41e.jpgOlfaction - structure and functionOur sense of smell, or olfaction, plays a key role in enriching our everyday lives and enhancing our taste experiences. When we eat, molecules from the food reach our olfactory epithelium, a special area in the nose, and bind to receptors on olfactory sensory cells. These cells then send signals to the brain, allowing us to perceive the flavor. When our sense of smell is impaired, such as during a cold, our sense of taste is also affected.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5-McqAO8_Qw.mp4/5-McqAO8_Qw.mp4766yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pheromoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc9ce0355.jpgPheromonesPheromones are chemical signals released by animals to trigger responses in others of the same species. Dogs, bees, and insects use pheromones for communication, mating, and marking territory. These signals are detected by specialized cells in the vomeronasal system, leading to behavioral changes via the amygdala in the brain.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EO4_vu9IuNk.mp4/EO4_vu9IuNk.mp4537yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/gustation-structure-and-functionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe6c1796a.jpgGustation - structure and functionOur tongue has taste buds that detect five main tastes: bitter, salty, sweet, sour, and umami. Each taste bud contains cells for every taste, and they're mostly found at the front of the tongue. Each cell sends signals to a specific part of the brain, creating a unique taste experience. This process is called the labelled lines model.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-vp1X7_u3KU.mp4/-vp1X7_u3KU.mp4751yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-parkinsons-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0510cb8d.jpgWhat is Parkinson's disease?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3n8UjH9h_8I.mp4/3n8UjH9h_8I.mp4534yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/movement-signs-and-symptoms-of-parkinsons-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x526dd53f.jpgMovement signs and symptoms of Parkinson's diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4qdD4Ny34cc.mp4/4qdD4Ny34cc.mp4626yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/non-movement-symptoms-of-parkinsons-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2ede8a12.jpgNon-movement symptoms of Parkinson's diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZqWB25yUWnc.mp4/ZqWB25yUWnc.mp4519yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-basal-ganglia-the-direct-pathwayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdf7a6891.jpgThe basal ganglia - The direct pathwayVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Mmev06nabvk.mp4/Mmev06nabvk.mp4647yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-basal-ganglia-concepts-of-the-indirect-pathwayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe54cadaf.jpgThe basal ganglia - Concepts of the indirect pathwayVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wLOEXEi7Uos.mp4/wLOEXEi7Uos.mp4523yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-basal-ganglia-details-of-the-indirect-pathwayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9e8c5fb9.jpgThe basal ganglia - Details of the indirect pathwayVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VZer0w7foLg.mp4/VZer0w7foLg.mp4506yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/putting-it-all-together-pathophysiology-of-parkinsons-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5713f158.jpgPutting it all together - Pathophysiology of Parkinson's diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8mvUDiBQbjg.mp4/8mvUDiBQbjg.mp4361yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/genetics-and-parkinsons-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1f7fee7d.jpgGenetics and Parkinson's diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FsE3QvWqeqs.mp4/FsE3QvWqeqs.mp4723yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-parkinsons-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe35676e0.jpgDiagnosing Parkinson's diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ny8a3eNG68M.mp4/Ny8a3eNG68M.mp4582yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/managing-parkinsons-disease-with-medicationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d7a17c4.jpgManaging Parkinson's disease with medicationsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5hM8xUB07Y0.mp4/5hM8xUB07Y0.mp4599yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/managing-parkinsons-disease-with-surgeryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc76fc064.jpgManaging Parkinson's disease with surgeryVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HFecdPI_-dg.mp4/HFecdPI_-dg.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-multiple-sclerosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb47532ad.jpgWhat is multiple sclerosis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P_HHvi7Kwzk.mp4/P_HHvi7Kwzk.mp4430yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/multiple-sclerosis-signs-and-symptomshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x27c3c6b9.jpgMultiple sclerosis signs and symptomsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A8ZK4VWmbGc.mp4/A8ZK4VWmbGc.mp4532yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/clinical-progression-of-multiple-sclerosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x13ddfc5f.jpgClinical progression of multiple sclerosisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qCs7HPSDL8A.mp4/qCs7HPSDL8A.mp4441yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/multiple-sclerosis-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf887cf62.jpgMultiple sclerosis pathophysiologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aERRyWMwyvk.mp4/aERRyWMwyvk.mp4431yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/multiple-sclerosis-risk-factorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6dc21d00.jpgMultiple sclerosis risk factorsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yby2zx6q_yQ.mp4/yby2zx6q_yQ.mp4385yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/multiple-sclerosis-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5f347c5a.jpgMultiple sclerosis diagnosisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/y1PCYctq3yo.mp4/y1PCYctq3yo.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/multiple-sclerosis-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdddc6f64.jpgMultiple sclerosis treatmentVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8exiUQAiw3w.mp4/8exiUQAiw3w.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/als-ice-bucket-challengehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d026b9c.jpgALS - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisSal explains the disease ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and takes the "ice bucket challenge."https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tKDET9t8VTI.mp4/tKDET9t8VTI.mp4243yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/adequacy-of-the-lateral-cervical-spine-x-rayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/209595589.jpgAdequacy of the lateral cervical spine X-rayDr. Mahadevan from Stanford School of Medicine explains adequacy for lateral cervical (neck) x-rayshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cbkTTluHaTw.mp4/cbkTTluHaTw.mp4424yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/assessing-alignment-of-the-lateral-cervical-spine-neck-x-rayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/209595591.jpgAssessing alignment of the lateral cervical spine (neck) X-rayDr. Mahadevan of Stanford Medical School shows Sal what misalignment in the neck could look like in an X-rayhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PV5u5xskBKM.mp4/PV5u5xskBKM.mp4452yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cervical-spine-protection-in-airway-management-not-a-substitute-for-formal-trainhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/209595590.jpgCervical spine protection in airway management (not a substitute for formal training)Cervical Spine Protection in Airway Management. This is for education only. It is not a substitute for formal training or licensure. Every effort has been made in preparing this video to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord accepted standards and practice at the time of production. We make no warranties on the information contained in the video because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. We disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DJY89_jC_ZY.mp4/DJY89_jC_ZY.mp4638yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2b063cea.jpgPiaget's stages of cognitive developmentPiaget's cognitive development theory outlines four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage, occurring at different ages, represents unique ways children understand and interact with the world. Key concepts include object permanence, symbolic thinking, conservation, and abstract reasoning. This theory helps us understand how children's thinking evolves over time.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Jt3-PIC2nCs.mp4/Jt3-PIC2nCs.mp4352yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/problem-solvinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x22fb46e3.jpgProblem solvingProblem-solving skills are essential in our daily lives. The video explains different problem-solving methods, including trial and error, algorithm strategy, and heuristics. It also discusses concepts like means-end analysis, working backwards, fixation, and insight. These techniques help us tackle both well-defined and ill-defined problems effectively.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J3GGx9wy07w.mp4/J3GGx9wy07w.mp4351yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/decision-makinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4720caf5.jpgDecision makingThe video explains decision making, focusing on heuristics and biases. It discusses the availability and representativeness heuristics, overconfidence, belief perseverance, confirmation bias, and framing. These factors can influence our judgments and decisions, often leading us astray from reality.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h_--qw-fv3k.mp4/h_--qw-fv3k.mp4394yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/semantic-networks-and-spreading-activationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9db82d8c.jpgSemantic networks and spreading activationSemantic networks store information in our brains as connected ideas. Concepts are represented as nodes linked by their relatedness. The first model was hierarchical, from general to specific categories. Collins and Loftus proposed a modified version based on individual experience. Activating one concept also activates related ones, a process called spreading activation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ig-SVifJUKw.mp4/ig-SVifJUKw.mp4219yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/intelligencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x34bf905a.jpgIntelligenceIntelligence, often measured by IQ tests, can be seen as a mental quality that lets you learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. Theories propose it can be a single general ability or multiple types, including analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. Emotional intelligence, fluid intelligence, and crystallized intelligence also play roles. Both genes and environment influence intelligence, and a growth mindset can boost achievement.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/F9n3hLnwwc0.mp4/F9n3hLnwwc0.mp4478yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/aging-and-cognitivehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc787dfb9.jpgAging and cognitive abilitiesAging brings changes in cognitive abilities. While some skills, like implicit and recognition memory, stay stable, others like semantic memory and crystallized intelligence can improve. However, recall, episodic memory, processing speed, and divided attention may decline with age.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fqe64NjELv8.mp4/fqe64NjELv8.mp4190yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/divided-selective-attention-inattentional-change-blindnesshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1d7ed338.jpgDivided attention, selective attention, inattentional blindness, & change blindnessAttention is a limited resource that we often divide among tasks, a process called divided attention. Selective attention helps us focus on one task, like a flashlight illuminating a specific area. Exogenous and endogenous cues guide our attention. Inattentional blindness and change blindness occur when we miss things in our visual field or fail to notice changes in our environment.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/s4JBqLoY3tY.mp4/s4JBqLoY3tY.mp4402yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/selective-attentionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa5af5a83.jpgTheories of selective attentionThe video explores theories of selective attention, a vital cognitive function. It discusses Broadbent's early selection theory, Deutsch & Deutsch's late selection theory, and Treisman's attenuation theory. These theories help explain how we focus on relevant information while ignoring the rest, crucial for tasks like learning to speak or avoiding danger.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qpsaHE_uZic.mp4/qpsaHE_uZic.mp4301yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/language-and-cognitionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb62bacac.jpgTheories of language and cognitionThe video explores theories of language and cognition, discussing how thought and language interact. It covers universalism, Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories, and linguistic determinism. It highlights how language structure can influence thought and vice versa, using real-world examples.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RgvmKfvCwps.mp4/RgvmKfvCwps.mp4307yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/theories-of-language-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf3411dc4.jpgTheories of language development: Nativist, learning, interactionistLanguage development, a remarkable human achievement, is explored through three theories. The nativist perspective, led by Noam Chomsky, suggests we're born with a language acquisition device (LAD). Learning theorists propose language is acquired through reinforcement. Lastly, interactionist theorists, like Vygotsky, believe in a blendhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RRGwdfQV8kU.mp4/RRGwdfQV8kU.mp4241yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/language-and-the-brainhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1a9c4ab5.jpgLanguage and the brain: Aphasia and split-brain patientsThe brain's language functions are primarily in the left hemisphere, with Broca's area aiding speech and Wernicke's area aiding language comprehension. Damage to these areas can result in aphasia, disrupting speech or understanding. The brain's adaptability, or neural plasticity, can help recover these functions. Severing the corpus callosum, connecting the brain's hemispheres, can create a split-brain patient, affecting language-related tasks.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lBqShvm4QRA.mp4/lBqShvm4QRA.mp4371yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sleep-and-consciousnesshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcc9a7a57.jpgStates of consciousnessConsciousness, our awareness of ourselves and our environment, varies in states from alertness to sleep. These states can occur naturally or be induced. Each state is associated with different brainwave patterns, measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG). The four main types of brainwaves are alpha, beta, delta, and theta, each linked to a specific state of consciousness.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WFnyLmL9t2I.mp4/WFnyLmL9t2I.mp4264yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythmshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x24b32aa0.jpgSleep stages and circadian rhythmsSleep stages and circadian rhythms play a key role in our daily lives. The brain cycles through four stages of sleep: N1, N2, N3, and REM. Each stage has unique brain patterns and functions. Circadian rhythms, our internal biological clock, regulate our sleep cycle and body temperature. Understanding these processes can improve sleep quality and overall health.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fNlp0UMqUtM.mp4/fNlp0UMqUtM.mp4477yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/dreaminghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4ad34281.jpgDreamingDreaming, a universal experience, occurs mainly during REM sleep, with eyes moving rapidly under closed lids. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for logical thinking, is less active during dreams, explaining their often illogical nature. Various theories exist about why we dream, from simulating threats, problem-solving, to aiding neural development. Dreams may also help in memory consolidation and maintaining brain flexibility.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TGwXMpWvcYU.mp4/TGwXMpWvcYU.mp4235yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sleep-disordershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd109a8fb.jpgSleep disordersSleep disorders range from insomnia to narcolepsy, affecting our health and daily performance. Lack of sleep can lead to irritability, memory issues, obesity, and even depression. Sleep apnea, often unnoticed, disrupts deep sleep stages. Sleep walking and talking, mostly genetic, are common in children. Adequate sleep is vital for overall well-being.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VBcEz8bVbL0.mp4/VBcEz8bVbL0.mp4326yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hypnosis-and-meditationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2ddfbb8a.jpgHypnosis and meditationHypnosis and meditation are induced states of consciousness. Hypnosis relies on openness to suggestion and can influence attention, potentially aiding in pain management. Meditation trains self-regulation of attention and awareness, with long-term practice possibly enhancing brain activity related to attention control. Both states show changes in brain wave patterns.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Gv_1viYhEoU.mp4/Gv_1viYhEoU.mp4269yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x52d1966e.jpgInformation processing model: Sensory, working, and long term memoryThe information processing model compares our brains to computers, processing input from the environment and outputting decisions. It involves sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory is temporary, working memory holds about seven pieces of information, and long-term memory is unlimited. Different components handle various types of memories.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pMMRE4Q2FGk.mp4/pMMRE4Q2FGk.mp4454yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/encoding-strategieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2f413e05.jpgEncoding strategiesBoost your memory with effective encoding strategies! Learn to move information from your working memory to your long-term memory. Discover techniques like rote rehearsal, chunking, mnemonic devices, self-referencing, preparing to teach, and spacing. These methods help you remember more, study efficiently, and ace your exams!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mlrOJgyPySw.mp4/mlrOJgyPySw.mp4519yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/retrieval-cueshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf38bb3ef.jpgRetrieval cuesRetrieval cues aid memory recall. Priming activates associations unconsciously, while context-dependent memory improves recall when encoding and testing environments match. Studying in varied locations provides multiple cues. State-dependent memory links recall to mood or internal state. Understanding these cues enhances learning and memory recall.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aUmApJMfUTc.mp4/aUmApJMfUTc.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/retrieval-free-recall-cued-recall-and-recognitionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3d533add.jpgRetrieval: Free recall, cued recall, and recognitionThe video explores retrieval, a key memory process. It details three methods: free recall, cued recall, and recognition, each with varying difficulty levels. The video also discusses the primacy and recency effects, which influence our ability to remember items in a sequence, and the serial position curve and effect.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Uhyk2bRTguI.mp4/Uhyk2bRTguI.mp4265yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/memory-reconstruction-source-monitoring-and-emotional-memorieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xffdb9be4.jpgMemory reconstruction, source monitoring, and emotional memoriesMemory isn't a perfect file system, but a reconstructive process that changes slightly each time we recall something. Factors like mood, goals, and environment can alter memories. Misleading information can also distort our recollections. Even vivid, emotional memories, known as flashbulb memories, can be reshaped. Understanding memory as a result of neural connections helps us grasp its fluid nature.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xv-UAPbcbNU.mp4/xv-UAPbcbNU.mp4287yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/long-term-potentiation-and-synaptic-plasticityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3a871e46.jpgLong term potentiation and synaptic plasticityLearning happens through long-term potentiation (LTP), a process that strengthens connections between neurons. This synaptic plasticity involves pre-synaptic neurons releasing neurotransmitters, which bind to post-synaptic neurons, opening channels for ions to flow in. Repeated stimulation increases synapse strength, aiding in recall of previous experiences.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uVQXZudZd5s.mp4/uVQXZudZd5s.mp4157yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/decay-and-interferencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x38b33f79.jpgDecay and interferenceMemory decay and interference affect our ability to recall information. Decay weakens neural connections over time, but re-learning can be quicker, showing some memory remains. Interference occurs when new learning blocks old (retroactive) or old learning hinders new (proactive). Understanding these processes can enhance memory retention strategies for medical students.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/47JRs6hF_ic.mp4/47JRs6hF_ic.mp4273yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/aging-and-cognitive-abilitieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6fb13071.jpgAging and cognitive abilitiesAging brings changes in cognitive abilities. While some skills like recall and processing speed may decline, others like implicit memory and recognition remain stable. Interestingly, semantic memory and crystallized intelligence, which involve using knowledge and experience, can even improve until around age 60. Aging isn't all about cognitive decline, it's also about stability and improvement in certain areas.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/45qlm6cfHgg.mp4/45qlm6cfHgg.mp4189yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/alzheimer-s-disease-and-korsakoff-s-syndromehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3dac9945.jpgAlzheimer's disease and Korsakoff's syndromeAlzheimer's disease (AD) and Korsakoff's syndrome are two neurological disorders causing severe memory loss. AD, the most common form of dementia, leads to neuron death and brain shrinkage. Korsakoff's syndrome, linked to malnutrition and alcoholism, results from a thiamine deficiency in the brain. While AD is terminal, Korsakoff's syndrome can be treated if diagnosed early.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qWfwRbSrQMU.mp4/qWfwRbSrQMU.mp4230yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/emotions-limbic-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x639b76fd.jpgEmotions: limbic systemThe limbic system is a set of structures in the brain that deal with emotions and memory. It regulates autonomic or endocrine function in response to emotional stimuli and also is involved in reinforcing behavior . The limbic system is composed of four main parts: the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. There are several other structures that may be involved in the limbic system as well, but scientists have not reached a unanimous consensus on them.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GDlDirzOSI8.mp4/GDlDirzOSI8.mp4632yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/emotions-cerebral-hemispheres-and-prefrontal-cortexhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7e6e34b8.jpgEmotions: cerebral hemispheres and prefrontal cortexThe brain's cerebral cortex plays a crucial role in emotions. Positive emotions trigger more activity in the left hemisphere, while negative ones stimulate the right. The prefrontal cortex, located at the front of the brain, manages social behavior, decision-making, and problem-solving. Damage to this area can drastically alter a person's behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TQ51Gsb98ec.mp4/TQ51Gsb98ec.mp4634yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/autonomic-nervous-system-ans-and-physiologic-markers-of-emotionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8fc432d5.jpgAutonomic nervous system (ANS) and physiologic markers of emotionThe Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls automatic body reactions. It has two branches: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system prepares the body for fight or flight, while the parasympathetic system helps the body rest and digest. These systems affect various organs and can influence emotions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yIWKrQTznXc.mp4/yIWKrQTznXc.mp4636yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/three-components-of-emotion-and-the-universal-emotionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3ac472a8.jpgThree components of emotion and the universal emotionsEmotions, universal to all, consist of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components. They vary in intensity, are temporary, and can be positive or negative. Six emotions - happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise - are universally recognizable. These emotions, innate and adaptive, enhance survival chances. Emotions, universal to all, consist of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components. They vary in intensity, are temporary, and can be positive or negative. Six emotions - happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise - are universally recognizable. These emotions, innate and adaptive, enhance survival chances.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qOYCeAlukMk.mp4/qOYCeAlukMk.mp4483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/theories-of-emotionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x46a0c767.jpgTheories of EmotionThe video dissects four theories of emotion: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, and Lazarus. Each theory provides a unique viewpoint on how emotions originate, from physiological reactions to cognitive appraisal. Grasping these theories can improve our understanding of human emotions and their influence on behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FkDVucEoJpU.mp4/FkDVucEoJpU.mp4494yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/overview-of-psychoactive-drugshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x208ae23e.jpgOverview of psychoactive drugsPsychoactive drugs, altering consciousness and perceptions, fall into four groups: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and opiates. Depressants slow brain activity, while stimulants increase alertness. Hallucinogens distort perceptions and opiates, like depressants, slow nervous system functions but also reduce pain. The classification isn't perfect, with some drugs fitting multiple categories.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/icD3l5bhhKY.mp4/icD3l5bhhKY.mp4428yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/psychoactive-drugs-depressants-and-opiateshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x02913912.jpgPsychoactive drugs: Depressants and opiatesPsychoactive drugs alter consciousness, affecting perceptions and moods. Depressants, like alcohol and benzodiazepines, slow neural activity and can disrupt sleep, memory, and learning. Opiates, such as heroin and morphine, treat pain by acting on endorphin receptors. Both depressants and opiates can be addictive and require careful prescription.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dOlkogaWF3M.mp4/dOlkogaWF3M.mp4267yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/psychoactive-drugs-stimulantshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9fcc3ef2.jpgPsychoactive drugs: StimulantsStimulants, like caffeine and nicotine, boost neural activity and bodily functions. They can be addictive, causing withdrawal symptoms when not consumed. Stronger stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamines, release large amounts of dopamine, leading to intense highs and severe lows. Long-term use can result in serious health issues.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1Smz0zwAELQ.mp4/1Smz0zwAELQ.mp4199yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/psychoactive-drugs-hallucinogenshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6118b7f7.jpgPsychoactive drugs: HallucinogensHallucinogens, including ecstasy and LSD, alter perceptions and feelings. Ecstasy boosts heart rate and bodily functions, while causing hallucinations. LSD interferes with serotonin transmission, leading to mostly visual hallucinations. Marijuana, a mild hallucinogen, heightens sensitivity to senses, reduces inhibition, and impairs motor coordination. Some hallucinogens have medical uses, like treating PTSD or relieving pain and nausea.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GUwV0gibLx8.mp4/GUwV0gibLx8.mp4226yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/routes-of-drug-entryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xba154a49.jpgRoutes of drug entryRoutes of drug entry from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dPmkIEkxXwc.mp4/dPmkIEkxXwc.mp4231yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/drug-dependence-and-homeostasishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xeae6721c.jpgDrug dependence and homeostasisHomeostasis refers to the body's natural tendency to maintain internal stability. It allows us to adapt to changes in external conditions, such as temperature or physical activity. Drug use can also trigger homeostasis, as the body tries to counteract the effects of a drug. However, changes in drug use patterns can disrupt homeostasis, leading to adverse consequences.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/X4W44wJbJgk.mp4/X4W44wJbJgk.mp4198yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/reward-pathway-in-the-brainhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe7444058.jpgReward pathway in the brainThe reward pathway of the brain is connected to areas of the brain that control behavior and memory. It begins in the ventral tegmental area, where neurons release dopamine to make you feel pleasure. The brain begins to make connections between the activity and the pleasure, ensuring that we will repeat the behavior. Sometimes this pathway is helpful but other times, it can be devastating. For example, certain drugs can trigger the reward pathway and over time, an addiction can develop.​​​​https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YzCYuKX6zp8.mp4/YzCYuKX6zp8.mp4506yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tolerance-and-withdrawalhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x412842f8.jpgTolerance and withdrawalThe video explores how drugs impact our brain's reward circuit, leading to tolerance and addiction. It explains how prolonged dopamine stimulation from drug use can alter brain chemistry, causing the brain to shut down some receptors, resulting in tolerance. Without the drug, withdrawal symptoms like depression and anxiety can occur. Over time, the brain can adjust to the absence of drugs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3vKLU5_Hgco.mp4/3vKLU5_Hgco.mp4333yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/risk-factors-for-drug-use-and-drug-abusehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc55ff290.jpgRisk factors for drug use and drug abuseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R23KUZvjg4A.mp4/R23KUZvjg4A.mp4721yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/substance-use-disordershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbf60eaaa.jpgSubstance use disordersSubstance use disorders occur when drug use severely impacts a person's life. This video explains how substances like alcohol, tobacco, and others affect the body, leading to intoxication and withdrawal. It also discusses substance-induced disorders, substance use disorders, and the signs of these conditions, such as increased cravings, inability to cut down, and withdrawal symptoms.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LhFXw1xmaSM.mp4/LhFXw1xmaSM.mp4451yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-development-of-substance-use-why-do-people-use-legal-and-illegal-substanceshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8f1aad59.jpgThe development of substance use - Why do people use legal and illegal substances?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0nKP1FdSzEg.mp4/0nKP1FdSzEg.mp4629yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/why-do-some-people-but-not-others-develop-substance-use-problemshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf9d9325a.jpgWhy do some people but not others develop substance use problems?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2cz2tH5vE1Q.mp4/2cz2tH5vE1Q.mp4263yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatments-and-triggers-for-drug-dependencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x103fbff6.jpgTreatments and triggers for drug dependenceDrug addiction treatment addresses both physiological and psychological aspects. Detoxification helps the body adjust without drugs. Medications aid withdrawal symptoms and break addiction cycles. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and group meetings offer long-term support. However, relapse can occur due to the drug's addictive potential and environmental triggers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TK7NnXGrWfA.mp4/TK7NnXGrWfA.mp4463yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-does-substance-use-develop-into-substance-abusehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x94a2a9c2.jpgHow does substance use develop into substance abuseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Qw37BqzvEvw.mp4/Qw37BqzvEvw.mp4487yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/drug-use-prevention-school-programming-and-protective-factorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x98131611.jpgDrug use prevention - school programming and protective factorsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LunoLU3XFKc.mp4/LunoLU3XFKc.mp4676yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/introduction-to-psychology-depression-and-major-depressive-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x915207a0.jpgIntroduction to psychology - Depression and major depressive disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/diVGZxXh-dg.mp4/diVGZxXh-dg.mp4678yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-depression-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xee5a1ef6.jpgDiagnosing depressionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IHgoDWM9hAc.mp4/IHgoDWM9hAc.mp4371yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/introduction-to-psychology-depression-and-bipolar-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x25a6fe6f.jpgIntroduction to psychology - Depression and bipolar disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rhxsZnrA46s.mp4/rhxsZnrA46s.mp4272yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-bipolar-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe2b79837.jpgDiagnosing bipolar disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PCOevYD9cb4.mp4/PCOevYD9cb4.mp4310yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/types-of-depression-and-bipolar-disorder-in-the-dsm5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdb42e3a0.jpgTypes of depression and bipolar disorder in the DSM5Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eSXZwk8axmI.mp4/eSXZwk8axmI.mp4487yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/biological-basis-of-depressionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xeb1f7f74.jpgBiological basis of depressionDepression, specifically major depressive disorder, is linked to abnormal brain activity and hormone levels. The frontal lobe and limbic structures show unusual activity, while stress hormones like cortisol are often imbalanced. Neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine also show irregularities. The role of neuroplasticity and genetic factors in depression is being explored. Psychosocial factors like childhood abuse and limited social support also contribute to the risk of developing depression.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QEjWLj5wAFM.mp4/QEjWLj5wAFM.mp4542yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/risk-factors-for-bipolar-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd897460e.jpgRisk factors for bipolar disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JAg8IrTs5K0.mp4/JAg8IrTs5K0.mp4417yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treating-depression-with-antidepressantshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x559054e5.jpgTreating depression with antidepressantsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xgsbxmiPOrg.mp4/xgsbxmiPOrg.mp4670yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatments-for-depression-psychological-therapieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x81ba7507.jpgTreatments for depression - Psychological therapiesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DKXAHh9PZJQ.mp4/DKXAHh9PZJQ.mp4492yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatments-for-bipolar-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcda96635.jpgTreatments for bipolar disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zJ5w4YhOyN8.mp4/zJ5w4YhOyN8.mp4415yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/generalized-anxiety-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaddea933.jpgGeneralized anxiety disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eSM1p2vN7vg.mp4/eSM1p2vN7vg.mp4376yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/phobiashttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc6a52454.jpgPhobiasVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_AuTtAkRN3w.mp4/_AuTtAkRN3w.mp4334yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/panic-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc5245b7d.jpgPanic disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VmV6RlsUwO8.mp4/VmV6RlsUwO8.mp4322yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/obsessive-compulsive-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x35b6d305.jpgObsessive compulsive disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8gX_LBv4ZD0.mp4/8gX_LBv4ZD0.mp4375yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/post-traumatic-stress-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x04a55f2e.jpgPost traumatic stress disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Q0meIMQJ73I.mp4/Q0meIMQJ73I.mp4334yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/psychosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xab72c94b.jpgPsychosisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/g0LPpW6Iqzo.mp4/g0LPpW6Iqzo.mp4399yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/schizophrenia-symptomshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbf57aaca.jpgSchizophrenia symptomsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dU_rYyPGYiE.mp4/dU_rYyPGYiE.mp4327yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/schizophrenia-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6299afcb.jpgSchizophrenia diagnosisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/te4AkzFprbI.mp4/te4AkzFprbI.mp4348yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/schizophrenia-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2432e6b7.jpgSchizophrenia treatmentVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/stSvcwY0RWI.mp4/stSvcwY0RWI.mp4368yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/schizoaffective-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x20c95e2b.jpgSchizoaffective disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hBBCp9RvmoQ.mp4/hBBCp9RvmoQ.mp4395yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/schizotypal-personality-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8d6cfc8b.jpgSchizotypal personality disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jBu5M0gXGos.mp4/jBu5M0gXGos.mp4254yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/delusional-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x51a5290e.jpgDelusional disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YbSEybahiVA.mp4/YbSEybahiVA.mp4382yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-are-dementia-and-alzheimershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9cf6de8f.jpgWhat are dementia and Alzheimer'sVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xUSpHmvW14c.mp4/xUSpHmvW14c.mp4283yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/alzheimers-disease-plaques-and-tangleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x413bb94d.jpgAlzheimer's disease: Plaques and tanglesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kx5LBj6P-0E.mp4/kx5LBj6P-0E.mp4303yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/other-types-of-dementiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb2c3cfd3.jpgOther types of dementiaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-DDSEQlZKsE.mp4/-DDSEQlZKsE.mp4319yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/risk-factors-for-dementiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x502e58b3.jpgRisk factors for dementiaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9CzYnHVFsuk.mp4/9CzYnHVFsuk.mp4361yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/stages-of-dementia-and-alzheimers-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x29f311e5.jpgStages of dementia and Alzheimer's diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K7dP25_Sebo.mp4/K7dP25_Sebo.mp4331yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosis-of-dementia-and-alzheimers-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf9261ddc.jpgDiagnosis of dementia and Alzheimer's diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LieVEfI4luw.mp4/LieVEfI4luw.mp4345yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatment-of-dementia-and-alzheimers-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4d822894.jpgTreatment of dementia and Alzheimer's diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/durV0mnzPo4.mp4/durV0mnzPo4.mp4344yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-deliriumhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf1b45195.jpgWhat is delirium?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dhlkyIiD_RA.mp4/dhlkyIiD_RA.mp4357yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/intro-to-neurodevelopment-milestoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf2a497f3.jpgIntro to neurodevelopment milestonesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4qbb4f1I67k.mp4/4qbb4f1I67k.mp4601yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/neurodevelopmental-disorders-sufficient-and-necessary-causeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x03ad1eee.jpgNeurodevelopmental disorders: Sufficient and necessary causesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lc5XDJIgz1s.mp4/lc5XDJIgz1s.mp4649yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-cerebral-palsy-and-what-causes-ithttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x13e35161.jpgWhat is cerebral palsy and what causes it?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ii1MBfj7-Sk.mp4/ii1MBfj7-Sk.mp4661yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/types-of-cerebral-palsy-part-1-spastichttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x471f0674.jpgTypes of cerebral palsy part 1 - SpasticVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/26Rq8an37Q8.mp4/26Rq8an37Q8.mp4448yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/types-of-cerebral-palsy-part-2-dyskinetic-and-ataxichttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x84893776.jpgTypes of cerebral palsy part 2 - Dyskinetic and ataxicVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3s-n4eFypPc.mp4/3s-n4eFypPc.mp4439yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-cerebral-palsyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x021a2f65.jpgDiagnosing cerebral palsyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DoNiKvnYW_A.mp4/DoNiKvnYW_A.mp4609yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/managing-cerebral-palsyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9e2fafc9.jpgManaging cerebral palsyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uD7nKhiLB40.mp4/uD7nKhiLB40.mp4626yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-autism-spectrum-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe69f1f1e.jpgWhat is autism spectrum disorder?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WuSuIgiOPqM.mp4/WuSuIgiOPqM.mp4604yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-touretteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfa8263b2.jpgWhat is Tourette's?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cNaonU-UFcY.mp4/cNaonU-UFcY.mp4499yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-autism-spectrum-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdc0ff370.jpgDiagnosing autism spectrum disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XmDfHU0hS18.mp4/XmDfHU0hS18.mp4626yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/managing-autism-spectrum-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfb0f98ec.jpgManaging autism spectrum disorderVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2oKVTTHA5u0.mp4/2oKVTTHA5u0.mp4322yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-asperger-syndromehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7602394c.jpgWhat is asperger syndrome?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CNSd1HufEcM.mp4/CNSd1HufEcM.mp4620yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/teethhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2aae6128.jpgTeethExplore the structure and function of teeth in the human mouth. Learn about the different types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, and their specific roles in cutting, gripping, and grinding food. Discover why wisdom teeth, or third molars, are often removed and the complications they can cause.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9wYbsSrDwbA.mp4/9wYbsSrDwbA.mp4476yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hepatic-lobulehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd8f3feca.jpgHepatic lobuleExplore the structure and function of the liver's hepatic lobule, focusing on the portal triad and its role in nutrient and oxygen supply. Learn how hepatocytes extract nutrients for metabolism and storage, and how blood is returned to the heart for oxygenation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nJfB32MtqBA.mp4/nJfB32MtqBA.mp4185yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/control-of-the-gi-tracthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x64e79811.jpgControl of the GI tractDiscover the smart workings of the digestive system, including the enteric nervous system's role in the gastrocolic reflex. Learn about key hormones like gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin that regulate digestion, from stomach acid secretion to bile release. Explore how these hormones and neuronal control ensure efficient food processing.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_kfB2qKjdgM.mp4/_kfB2qKjdgM.mp4596yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-gastroenteritishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc1be470d.jpgWhat is gastroenteritis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pIDmePznLBo.mp4/pIDmePznLBo.mp4471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-staphylococcal-enteritishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7a28537c.jpgWhat is staphylococcal enteritis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9bfDEsz7eSM.mp4/9bfDEsz7eSM.mp4303yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-viral-gastroenteritishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x98f9880a.jpgWhat is viral gastroenteritis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2Xq2fZCs2oU.mp4/2Xq2fZCs2oU.mp4387yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-cholerahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5e88475d.jpgWhat is cholera?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kXf8MkpALrc.mp4/kXf8MkpALrc.mp4265yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-campylobacteriosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x86390a13.jpgWhat is campylobacteriosis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HsyrOicubso.mp4/HsyrOicubso.mp4353yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-shigellosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x20e01dd7.jpgWhat is shigellosis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ny0b9xO2sgY.mp4/Ny0b9xO2sgY.mp4295yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-salmonella-poisoninghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc63bcf0b.jpgWhat is salmonella poisoning?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3UAJS9jzyV4.mp4/3UAJS9jzyV4.mp4221yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-travelers-diarrheahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3b5bab57.jpgWhat is traveler's diarrhea?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rTKdqvOZcQ4.mp4/rTKdqvOZcQ4.mp4179yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/inflammatory-bowel-disease-vs-irritable-bowel-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd3bea895.jpgInflammatory bowel disease vs irritable bowel syndromeVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FaKB7Y2gL9Y.mp4/FaKB7Y2gL9Y.mp4426yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/inflammatory-bowel-disease-epidemiology-pathologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe10e889c.jpgInflammatory bowel disease: Epidemiology & pathologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ueqs7pl5OAY.mp4/Ueqs7pl5OAY.mp41044yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/inflammatory-bowel-disease-diagnosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3e477ee8.jpgInflammatory bowel disease: DiagnosisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QH1g-pVS0ZY.mp4/QH1g-pVS0ZY.mp4813yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/inflammatory-bowel-disease-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x77832db1.jpgInflammatory bowel disease: TreatmentVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a67MCzUjUXA.mp4/a67MCzUjUXA.mp4712yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-glutenhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2e00069c.jpgWhat is gluten?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/25mxf_xUqDQ.mp4/25mxf_xUqDQ.mp4289yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-celiac-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5521b979.jpgWhat is celiac diseaseVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gZeliSjhkpg.mp4/gZeliSjhkpg.mp4399yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/normal-colon-tissuehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/206047807.jpgNormal colon tissueDr. Andy Connolly from Stanford Medical School introduces Sal to what normal colon tissue looks likehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fif5ghe8JM0.mp4/fif5ghe8JM0.mp4698yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/hyperplasia-in-colon-tissuehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/206047808.jpgHyperplasia in colon tissueDr. Andy Connolly from Stanford Medical School shows Sal what hyperplasia in colon tissue looks likehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/C0frzmxc5KU.mp4/C0frzmxc5KU.mp4327yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/colon-dysplasiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/206047806.jpgColon dysplasiaDr. Andy Connolly shows Sal what cancerous colon tissue looks likehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CGrbnripinU.mp4/CGrbnripinU.mp4634yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cancerous-colon-tissuehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/206047805.jpgCancerous colon tissueDr. Andy Connolly of Stanford Medical School shows us what cancerous colon tissue looks likehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KyJs9H0vzTM.mp4/KyJs9H0vzTM.mp4757yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/calculate-your-own-body-mass-indexhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036124812.jpgCalculate your own body mass indexFind out how simple it is to calculate your BMI and the common BMI categories. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5RXRr8PKunk.mp4/5RXRr8PKunk.mp4441yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/low-salt-diethttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036301051.jpgLow salt dietFigure out the difference between "salt" and "sodium" and how much salt is recommended on a low sodium diet. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/54c_oPpTTP8.mp4/54c_oPpTTP8.mp4409yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/spotting-salty-foodshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1036256248.jpgSpotting salty foodsFind out how much sodium is in some common foods and how you can maintain a low sodium diet. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/O3A47Il5h1A.mp4/O3A47Il5h1A.mp4360yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/muscle-innervationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2ef4988a.jpgMuscle innervationWhich muscles do we voluntarily control? Which muscles do we have NO control over? What's the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation? Learn about how our brain splits its control over the body into autonomic and somatic nervous systems. By Raja Narayan.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NqasGo5q5yQ.mp4/NqasGo5q5yQ.mp4314yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/autonomic-somatic-nervous-systemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x794c36ac.jpgAutonomic vs somatic nervous systemUnderstand the different divisions of the brain that control our muscles. Unpack the nervous system's two key divisions: the autonomic and somatic systems. Learn how the autonomic system, managing involuntary actions, further divides into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Discover the crucial role of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine and noradrenaline in these processes. By Raja Narayan.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ye28W_OygOw.mp4/ye28W_OygOw.mp4228yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/motor-neuronshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe87d0c16.jpgMotor neuronsHow do neurons help us move? Learn about how motor neurons send signals to muscle cells and what happens when we damage this precious neurons. By Raja Narayan.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LwA00uqniiU.mp4/LwA00uqniiU.mp4439yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cellular-structure-of-bonehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf10511b3.jpgCellular structure of boneExplore the cellular structure of bone, including the bone matrix and the cells that form it. Understand the organic and inorganic components of the bone matrix - osteoid and hydroxyapatite. Learn about the four types of cells in bone: osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Discover how these cells contribute to bone formation and remodeling.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/q1LlWexoKks.mp4/q1LlWexoKks.mp4428yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/skeletal-endocrine-controlhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3b4aac33.jpgSkeletal endocrine controlUncover the pivotal role of the skeletal system in our body, from offering structure to facilitating motion. Learn how bones, cartilage, and ligaments synergize, and investigate the minute structure of bone. Delve into the endocrine regulation of the skeletal system and its significance for overall wellness.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/csp08ICfOC4.mp4/csp08ICfOC4.mp4502yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/cartilagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcfe8f34b.jpgCartilageCartilage, a connective tissue, is secreted by chondrocytes and composed of collagen and elastin, providing strength and flexibility. It lacks nerve cells and blood vessels, gaining nutrition from surrounding fluid. There are three types: hyaline cartilage, found in the larynx, trachea, and joints, reduces friction and absorbs shock; elastic cartilage, found in the outer ear and epiglottis, provides shape and support; fibrous cartilage, found in the spine and pelvic bones, offers rigidity and shock absorption.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/N3g3poXeqaY.mp4/N3g3poXeqaY.mp4219yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ligaments-tendons-and-jointshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd846e40a.jpgLigaments, tendons, and jointsLigaments and tendons, strong connective tissues, link bones and muscles. Bones meet at joints, which come in three types: synarthroses (immovable, like in the skull), amphiarthroses (slightly movable, like vertebral joints), and synovial joints (highly movable, like shoulders and hips). Synovial joints are lubricated by synovial fluid and lined by articular cartilage. Overuse can lead to arthritis, causing pain and stiffness.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/frvv37WJjm4.mp4/frvv37WJjm4.mp4167yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-arthritishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x61613b8e.jpgWhat is arthritis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3X5UEYD94-M.mp4/3X5UEYD94-M.mp4561yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/osteoarthritis-vs-rheumatoid-arthritis-symptomshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0483a918.jpgOsteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis symptomsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/H-OoyU8Gb_Q.mp4/H-OoyU8Gb_Q.mp4533yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/osteoarthritis-vs-rheumatoid-arthritis-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x25735026.jpgOsteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VIfQh71XwMM.mp4/VIfQh71XwMM.mp4585yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/osteoarthritis-vs-rheumatoid-arthritis-treatmentshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd41f51e5.jpgOsteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis treatmentsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2xFXOEa-xCk.mp4/2xFXOEa-xCk.mp4456yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ankylosing-spondylitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa4221e0e.jpgAnkylosing spondylitisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7Fxt6E7m7bM.mp4/7Fxt6E7m7bM.mp4608yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/infectious-arthritishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x80f1982b.jpgInfectious arthritisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CsrUfTljLJ8.mp4/CsrUfTljLJ8.mp4332yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/gout-and-pseudogouthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd7cfa0a8.jpgGout and pseudogoutVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1O3F-b8FfDY.mp4/1O3F-b8FfDY.mp4494yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/gout-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x760cdb46.jpgGout pathophysiologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2r95ZVqAysQ.mp4/2r95ZVqAysQ.mp4354yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/maternal-changes-in-pregnancyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1e317267.jpgMaternal changes in pregnancyPregnancy, or gestation, involves significant changes in a woman's body over three trimesters. Hormones like estrogen and progesterone play key roles in these changes, including uterine growth, increased metabolic rate, and blood volume expansion. Pregnancy also impacts the circulatory and respiratory systems, and leads to physical changes like stretch marks and weight gain.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A0sp7I9rlz8.mp4/A0sp7I9rlz8.mp4446yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pregnancy-physiology-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x77eb3f28.jpgPregnancy physiology IVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IKRT-boQTr0.mp4/IKRT-boQTr0.mp4624yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosis-of-pregnancyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x380dab05.jpgDiagnosis of pregnancyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OnlHXSBv0M4.mp4/OnlHXSBv0M4.mp4721yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/labor-parturitionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b808228.jpgLabor (parturition)Childbirth, or parturition, is a complex process involving hormonal changes and physical adaptations. As progesterone levels drop and estrogen levels remain high, the uterus becomes more sensitive to hormones like oxytocin, stimulating contractions. These contractions, along with the hormone relaxin, facilitate cervical dilation. The stages of labor include cervical dilation, expulsion of the baby, and delivery of the afterbirth.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GxQAAqRzwNw.mp4/GxQAAqRzwNw.mp4626yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/laborhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x31a4d3bc.jpgLabor and deliveryVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Bf04LcSBpDw.mp4/Bf04LcSBpDw.mp4689yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/postpartum-physiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0ad026e6.jpgPostpartum physiologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wfnefFAmYjg.mp4/wfnefFAmYjg.mp4477yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preeclampsiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaf91f593.jpgPreeclampsiaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/70tpqg58Oug.mp4/70tpqg58Oug.mp4817yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/placenta-previahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x787d0f51.jpgPlacenta previaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DMCowipIXgE.mp4/DMCowipIXgE.mp4543yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/placental-abruptionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xec8bbf07.jpgPlacental abruptionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/79NnsYrAXz4.mp4/79NnsYrAXz4.mp4455yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/placenta-accretahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe22de1f5.jpgPlacenta accretaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/x3EMTQQjoA0.mp4/x3EMTQQjoA0.mp4468yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/utis-in-pregnancyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbf2a59a1.jpgUTIs in pregnancyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YEQNnO64wLc.mp4/YEQNnO64wLc.mp4612yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/blood-conditions-in-pregnancyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5b734914.jpgBlood conditions in pregnancyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e4baNHUxP8I.mp4/e4baNHUxP8I.mp4442yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/sheehan-syndromehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6b79265f.jpgSheehan syndromeVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1exN1kFX2wI.mp4/1exN1kFX2wI.mp4292yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/postpartum-hemorrhagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x022fd0b9.jpgPostpartum hemorrhageVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZSLMm5KNGEc.mp4/ZSLMm5KNGEc.mp4400yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/uterine-inversionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4da554f5.jpgUterine inversionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OW0Yq2nWyuY.mp4/OW0Yq2nWyuY.mp4413yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diabetes-in-pregnancyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x40f0d8b1.jpgDiabetes in pregnancyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/N3jnRuzseoM.mp4/N3jnRuzseoM.mp4494yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preterm-laborhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfcdccc9d.jpgPreterm laborVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lt3nPxVTC5M.mp4/lt3nPxVTC5M.mp4723yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/c-sectionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9de2a6ca.jpgC-sectionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NQFiGK0M69s.mp4/NQFiGK0M69s.mp4688yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/overview-of-archaea-protista-and-bacteriahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x607444b6.jpgOverview of Archaea, Protista, and BacteriaExplore the fascinating world of unicellular organisms like protists, archaea, and bacteria as you investigate the evolutionary differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and discover how these tiny life forms adapt to extreme environments. Get a closer look at the structure of bacteria and how they interact with diverse environments, including our own bodies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cN5jQ7sQMn0.mp4/cN5jQ7sQMn0.mp4461yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/bacterial-characteristics-gram-staininghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x70e3516f.jpgBacterial characteristics - Gram stainingDiscover the fascinating world of bacteria! Learn how scientists differentiate bacteria by their shape - cocci, bacilli, and spirilla - and color using the Gram stain method. Learn about similarities and differences in the structure of bacterial cell walls and understand why Gram positive bacteria retain the purple stain while Gram negative bacteria turn pink.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FgsgpoFhleA.mp4/FgsgpoFhleA.mp4445yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/bacterial-meningitishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/244040668.jpgBacterial meningitisDr. Charles Prober discusses prudent prescribing of antibiotics in the context of bacterial meningitis with 4th year medical student Morgan Theishttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CnXuSCaCNBo.mp4/CnXuSCaCNBo.mp4737yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/virus-structure-and-classificationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x413f8189.jpgVirus structure and classificationExplore the intriguing world of viruses, the tiny robot hackers of microbiology. Learn about their distinct characteristics, including their minuscule size, unique shapes, and the types of nucleic acids they contain. Discover how these obligate intracellular parasites infiltrate host cells and replicate, and how they're classified based on their host type.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4kIKySxUYuk.mp4/4kIKySxUYuk.mp4665yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenichttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa24e8e74.jpgViral replication: lytic vs lysogenicViral replication has two cycles: lytic and lysogenic. In the lytic cycle, viruses quickly take over the host cell, make many copies, break the cell, and infect other cells. In the lysogenic cycle, viruses sneak into the host's DNA, stay hidden, and wait. Later, they become active, make copies, and infect other cells.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J4BN4dARpio.mp4/J4BN4dARpio.mp4311yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3bbe9fa1.jpgSubviral particles: viroids and prionsGet to know nonliving infectious agents like viruses and subviral particles. Understand the traits of viruses, viroids, and prions, and their methods of reproduction and infection. Learn to distinguish between viroids and virions, and grasp the concept of prions, the proteins that can infect.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qmsWOrQtj4w.mp4/qmsWOrQtj4w.mp4301yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-tbhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x29195b3b.jpgWhat is TB?Find out the basics of TB, where it comes from and where it goes. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wV1pllyOaj8.mp4/wV1pllyOaj8.mp4747yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tb-epidemiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8a44aa61.jpgTB epidemiologyFind out how many lives are affected by TB around the world. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/56tSt0TpnAk.mp4/56tSt0TpnAk.mp4367yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tb-pathogenesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x78ad6189.jpgTB pathogenesisFind out exactly how TB causes damage to the lungs. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S0Kak0qQFgM.mp4/S0Kak0qQFgM.mp4701yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/primary-and-secondary-tbhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x21432e85.jpgPrimary and Secondary TBLearn some key features of primary TB and how it differs from secondary TB. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3Em2Zzn796Q.mp4/3Em2Zzn796Q.mp4619yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pulmonary-tbhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x01adc883.jpgPulmonary TBLearn the effects that TB has on the lungs and some important clinical clues. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tp_qdvgXtVc.mp4/tp_qdvgXtVc.mp4738yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/extrapulmonary-tb-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x83ba10b3.jpgExtrapulmonary TB (part 1)Learn about how TB can spread beyond your lungs. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Oa6dezr0JkE.mp4/Oa6dezr0JkE.mp4538yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/extrapulmonary-tb-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbe2b5861.jpgExtrapulmonary TB (Part 2)Learn about how TB can spread beyond your lungs. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/C4nfSAr2eWI.mp4/C4nfSAr2eWI.mp4718yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/mantoux-test-aka-ppd-or-tsthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1ad461d7.jpgMantoux test (aka. PPD or TST)Learn how the Mantoux test is done and how it works. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qbXKrR9BQmg.mp4/qbXKrR9BQmg.mp4517yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/interpreting-the-ppdhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc014a915.jpgInterpreting the PPDFind out how the cutoff for a "positive PPD" depends on clinical clues. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/m9b_h7TiRR8.mp4/m9b_h7TiRR8.mp4425yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-active-tbhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe2f122ee.jpgDiagnosing active TBFind out how we can use clinical clues to help figure out if someone has active TB infection. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/faqhDcrWfHQ.mp4/faqhDcrWfHQ.mp4964yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preventing-tb-transmissionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcbaac90c.jpgPreventing TB transmissionThere are a number of ways that we can help to prevent TB from spreading, learn some of the most common ones. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hAXnQgU4bsg.mp4/hAXnQgU4bsg.mp4683yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preventing-tb-using-the-4-i-shttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8a772643.jpgPreventing TB using the "4 I's"Learn how to help prevent TB disease using Intensive case finding, Isoniazid, Isolation, and Immunization. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_20mkyAB7tY.mp4/_20mkyAB7tY.mp4692yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatment-of-active-tbhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xae1e013d.jpgTreatment of Active TBLearn which medications help prevent active TB disease. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2K1ekrZ6ej4.mp4/2K1ekrZ6ej4.mp4770yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/drug-resistant-tbhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc348c3fa.jpgDrug-resistant TBLearn the different types of drug-resistant TB These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vce3BZFo27Y.mp4/vce3BZFo27Y.mp4523yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tb-and-hivhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4ee1362f.jpgTB and HIVTwo deadly diseases, HIV and TB, can often co-exist in the same patient. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S8s-g7KZR50.mp4/S8s-g7KZR50.mp4537yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-pertussishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb8c0da6c.jpgWhat is pertussis?What is pertussis? from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5tXV-8-6tw0.mp4/5tXV-8-6tw0.mp4315yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/complications-of-pertussishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xff4fb435.jpgPertussis complicationsPertussis complications from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qkVX03qMzb4.mp4/qkVX03qMzb4.mp4337yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pathophysiology-of-pertussishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa516afdb.jpgPathophysiology of pertussisPathophysiology of pertussis from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XLcyqs5vQHQ.mp4/XLcyqs5vQHQ.mp4549yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-and-treating-pertussishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x01e6835e.jpgPertussis diagnosis and treatmentPertussis diagnosis and treatment from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UgXZFel0H8Q.mp4/UgXZFel0H8Q.mp4356yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pertussis-vaccinehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6440e097.jpgPertussis vaccinePertussis vaccine from Health and medicinehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/swQgTqphZzE.mp4/swQgTqphZzE.mp4305yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-the-fluhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1297441428.jpgWhat is the flu?Learn the difference between the cold and the flu, and how we sometimes can get fooled by viruses! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wiWRUuRDXvc.mp4/wiWRUuRDXvc.mp4767yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/catching-and-spreading-the-fluhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1297348689.jpgCatching and spreading the fluFind out how the flu spreads from person to person, and who is at the greatest risk of getting complications of the flu. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6vy5CX6vK0I.mp4/6vy5CX6vK0I.mp4653yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/when-flu-viruses-attackhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1297459474.jpgWhen flu viruses attack!Learn how flu viruses get into and out of your cells using Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase proteins on their surface. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MNKXq7c3eQU.mp4/MNKXq7c3eQU.mp4433yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/three-types-of-fluhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1297563079.jpgThree types of fluLearn about the three types of influenza virus (Type A, Type B, and Type C) and what makes them differ from one another. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XCdvo5fv-W0.mp4/XCdvo5fv-W0.mp4496yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/naming-the-flu-h-something-n-somethinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1296964565.jpgNaming the flu: H-something, N-somethingWe've all heard of H1N1 or H3N2; now you can understand what all of those names mean and find out why they are helpful in keeping track of the different flu virueses! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nVbgByJNLOo.mp4/nVbgByJNLOo.mp4594yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/testing-for-the-fluhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1303681758.jpgTesting for the fluLearn when testing for influenza makes sense, and the most common test that is used. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/f93KCgI4DGM.mp4/f93KCgI4DGM.mp4538yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/antiviral-drugs-for-the-fluhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1403730177.jpgAntiviral drugs for the fluRishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NaZTlnDlnOA.mp4/NaZTlnDlnOA.mp4829yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/genetic-shift-in-fluhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1297589033.jpgGenetic shift in fluFind out how the genetic material in the Type A flu virus can get shuffled around to create brand new types of viruses! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-J--4Jc5FB0.mp4/-J--4Jc5FB0.mp4462yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/flu-vaccine-efficacyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1303800013.jpgFlu vaccine efficacyFind out just how useful the flu vaccine actually is at preventing the flu! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ma9YxZiBiRU.mp4/Ma9YxZiBiRU.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/flu-shift-and-drifthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1297443575.jpgFlu shift and driftLearn how Type B Influenza virus has genetic drift, whereas Type A Influenza virus has genetic drift AND shift. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tjGGxA7AF9E.mp4/tjGGxA7AF9E.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/two-flu-vaccines-tiv-and-laivhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1304013333.jpgTwo flu vaccines (TIV and LAIV)Understand the differences between TIV (dead virus) and LAIV (alive, but weakened virus) and who should get which one. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4mXv-Pa4CMM.mp4/4mXv-Pa4CMM.mp4653yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/flu-vaccine-risks-and-benefitshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1303958606.jpgFlu vaccine risks and benefitsLearn about some of the common and uncommon risks and benefits associated with the flu vaccine! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2h09oj26_H0.mp4/2h09oj26_H0.mp4776yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/making-flu-vaccine-each-yearhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1403719429.jpgMaking flu vaccine each yearLearn about how the flu vaccine is made every year and how they name the strains that they put inside. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Xn29pt5159k.mp4/Xn29pt5159k.mp4557yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/5-common-flu-vaccine-excuseshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1303688729.jpg5 common flu vaccine excusesMany people choose to avoid the flu vaccine each year. Review five popular excuses, and how they relate to common misunderstandings about the flu. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wDghWK_Rr_E.mp4/wDghWK_Rr_E.mp4479yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/vaccines-and-the-autism-myth-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1403742072.jpgVaccines and the autism myth - part 1The infamous Wakefield study kickstarted the Autism Myth, but many studies have since shown that there is no link between the MMR Vaccine and autism. Find out how it all got started. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/u6gpw_Deth8.mp4/u6gpw_Deth8.mp4591yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/vaccines-and-the-autism-myth-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1403321001.jpgVaccines and the autism myth - part 2The infamous Wakefield study kickstarted the Autism Myth, but many studies have since shown that there is no link between the MMR Vaccine and autism. Find out how it all got started. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HGb9m1dbNdM.mp4/HGb9m1dbNdM.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/flu-surveillancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1297502187.jpgFlu surveillanceFind out how many people get hospitalized and die from the flu each year, and learn how we can use the internet to keep tabs on the flu! Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5ui43_O0RVQ.mp4/5ui43_O0RVQ.mp4862yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-poliohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x16765d40.jpgWhat is polio?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K9eZTm4TL2c.mp4/K9eZTm4TL2c.mp4583yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/poliomyelitis-pathophysiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe1621b13.jpgPoliomyelitis pathophysiologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aBBTiPsYUVA.mp4/aBBTiPsYUVA.mp4545yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/polio-epidemiologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x03a87b98.jpgPolio epidemiologyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qGNqyXIQaqQ.mp4/qGNqyXIQaqQ.mp4288yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/poliomyelitis-diagnosis-and-treatmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x460001b1.jpgPoliomyelitis diagnosis and treatmentVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Y6ENEA7FzvU.mp4/Y6ENEA7FzvU.mp4383yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/polio-vaccinationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x886a2ecd.jpgPolio vaccinationsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ovype5DUI04.mp4/Ovype5DUI04.mp4656yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-gonorrheahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9255c7d0.jpgWhat is gonorrhea?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AYeVIV-TxRk.mp4/AYeVIV-TxRk.mp4470yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pathophysiology-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention-of-gonorrheahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfaab0d9a.jpgPathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of gonorrheaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6gV_k7ACbY8.mp4/6gV_k7ACbY8.mp4542yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-chlamydiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7548632f.jpgWhat is chlamydia?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NDXHVKOg8BQ.mp4/NDXHVKOg8BQ.mp4801yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pathophysiology-of-chlamydiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3137e568.jpgPathophysiology of chlamydiaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qKe9sZQPV-Y.mp4/qKe9sZQPV-Y.mp4359yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention-of-chlamydiahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0d776d10.jpgDiagnosis, treatment, and prevention of chlamydiaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dfd0l10gPPY.mp4/dfd0l10gPPY.mp4369yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-syphilishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8505c46b.jpgWhat is syphilis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IE9hAzVAGeY.mp4/IE9hAzVAGeY.mp4552yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-tertiary-syphilishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6a71a329.jpgWhat is tertiary syphilis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CvO0a7suxmY.mp4/CvO0a7suxmY.mp4539yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-congenital-syphilishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xca817718.jpgWhat is congenital syphilis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h7-OynSK2x0.mp4/h7-OynSK2x0.mp4379yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention-of-syphilishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9e98e97f.jpgDiagnosis, treatment, and prevention of syphilisVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/T_c343e0msA.mp4/T_c343e0msA.mp4583yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-chancroidhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x671b2f60.jpgWhat is chancroid?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/I1rULaaHZ6M.mp4/I1rULaaHZ6M.mp4466yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-trichomoniasishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7d92d25e.jpgWhat is trichomoniasis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yk0P7IpSiIg.mp4/yk0P7IpSiIg.mp4479yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/pathophysiology-of-herpeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8b6a8061.jpgPathophysiology of herpesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RGMEhaeXlUw.mp4/RGMEhaeXlUw.mp4443yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-neonatal-herpeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x460f8b7c.jpgWhat is neonatal herpes?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-8cCBEFlOyw.mp4/-8cCBEFlOyw.mp4344yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention-of-herpeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe8777d89.jpgDiagnosis, treatment, and prevention of herpesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MFMutlhgfzI.mp4/MFMutlhgfzI.mp4362yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-are-wartshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9c840f5e.jpgWhat are warts?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QN231qRvkr0.mp4/QN231qRvkr0.mp4653yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-bacterial-vaginosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x77477619.jpgWhat is bacterial vaginosis?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RGLGy6r423s.mp4/RGLGy6r423s.mp4294yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-hiv-and-aidshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5fbeb2c4.jpgWhat is HIV and AIDS?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/17pfZUlAqow.mp4/17pfZUlAqow.mp4692yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/transmission-of-hivhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x63a339c7.jpgTransmission of HIVVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WJUcZPqgEXU.mp4/WJUcZPqgEXU.mp4637yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-hiv-infects-us-mucous-membranes-dendritic-cells-and-lymph-nodeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd70d0f46.jpgHow HIV infects us: Mucous membranes, dendritic cells, and lymph nodesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZroXIBg8keA.mp4/ZroXIBg8keA.mp4397yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-hiv-infects-us-cd4-t-helper-lymphocyte-infectionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd59cbaec.jpgHow HIV infects us: CD4 (T-helper) lymphocyte infectionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Zi4Fqc8Fkws.mp4/Zi4Fqc8Fkws.mp4621yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/how-hiv-kills-so-many-cd4-t-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1d3d8473.jpgHow HIV kills so many CD4 T cellsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8gnpnUFNloo.mp4/8gnpnUFNloo.mp4640yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-hiv-concepts-and-testshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcb85bfad.jpgDiagnosing HIV - Concepts and testsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3CjCAeGhtHA.mp4/3CjCAeGhtHA.mp4595yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treating-hiv-antiretroviral-drugshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe5ffe7f4.jpgTreating HIV: Antiretroviral drugsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GR9d9wrOl5E.mp4/GR9d9wrOl5E.mp4631yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/haart-treatment-for-hiv-who-what-why-when-and-howhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3c60e7dc.jpgHAART treatment for HIV - Who, what, why, when, and howVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e85nerRGfWw.mp4/e85nerRGfWw.mp4517yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/defining-aids-and-aids-defining-illnesses-bumperhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc6f21981.jpgDefining AIDS and AIDS defining illnessesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OZ9IP0xeQho.mp4/OZ9IP0xeQho.mp4453yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/immune-reconstitution-inflammatory-syndrome-iris-in-aidshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x25e18323.jpgImmune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in AIDSVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p5RIcbLBTQQ.mp4/p5RIcbLBTQQ.mp4451yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preventing-an-hiv-infectionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcf5b610e.jpgPreventing an HIV infectionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WDdF9ArqklA.mp4/WDdF9ArqklA.mp4513yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/the-basics-of-malariahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa29728d0.jpgThe basics of malariaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NtvJirrHhZM.mp4/NtvJirrHhZM.mp4600yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/diagnosing-malariahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xec1ca366.jpgDiagnosing malariaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gezAvbjMiBU.mp4/gezAvbjMiBU.mp4504yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/treatment-of-malariahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x317931f6.jpgTreatment of malariaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6vDwG_rz_PU.mp4/6vDwG_rz_PU.mp4510yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/preventing-malariahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe6b792ee.jpgPreventing malariaVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/INmIcOPKo_M.mp4/INmIcOPKo_M.mp4394yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/understanding-the-ebola-virus-outbreakhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9589d8a3.jpgUnderstanding the Ebola virus outbreakDr. Rishi Desai is a pediatric infectious disease physician and former epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xYoQQCO15GE.mp4/xYoQQCO15GE.mp4675yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/understanding-r-noughthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x616250fb.jpgUnderstanding R noughtDr. Rishi Desai is a pediatric infectious disease physician and former epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jKUGZvW99os.mp4/jKUGZvW99os.mp4540yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/r-nought-and-vaccine-coveragehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x075a8065.jpgR nought and vaccine coverageDr. Rishi Desai is a pediatric infectious disease physician and former epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sMA116kzyK4.mp4/sMA116kzyK4.mp4517yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/ritual-of-the-bedside-examhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/244040665.jpgRitual of the bedside examDr. Abraham Verghese explains the ritual of the bedside examhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/w2QVg9mezcY.mp4/w2QVg9mezcY.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/blue-cross-and-blue-shieldhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/289594304.jpgBlue Cross and Blue ShieldSal and Dr. Baker talk a bit about Blue Cross and Blue Shieldhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S9xdJgPWO-w.mp4/S9xdJgPWO-w.mp4605yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/conversation-about-drug-pricinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/289594306.jpgConversation about drug pricingDr. Laurence Baker talks to Sal about how drug prices are sethttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8t-Un7yH99g.mp4/8t-Un7yH99g.mp4813yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/health-care-costs-in-us-vs-europehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/289594301.jpgHealth care costs in US vs EuropeA discussion about US health care costshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6YU9HVS2GT0.mp4/6YU9HVS2GT0.mp4874yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/healthcare-system-overviewhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/348994349.jpgHealthcare system overviewThe different roles in the healthcare systemhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LMHxxvbzFqc.mp4/LMHxxvbzFqc.mp4482yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/paying-doctorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/348974630.jpgPaying doctorsBasics of how doctors get paidhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4J-dRA3MGc8.mp4/4J-dRA3MGc8.mp4727yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/medicare-overviewhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/348973599.jpgMedicare overviewSal talks with Professor Laurence Baker of Stanford Medical Schoolhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VpLKdKkpg68.mp4/VpLKdKkpg68.mp4961yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/introduction-to-lab-values-and-normal-rangeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1058493149.jpgIntroduction to lab values and normal rangesFind out how health professionals use short-hand for labs and the meaning of normal ranges. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_mGszRbve9s.mp4/_mGszRbve9s.mp4642yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/units-for-common-medical-lab-valueshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1058438251.jpgUnits for common medical lab valuesFigure out how to interpret the units in common medical labs including the CBC, Chem 10, and LFTs. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OLWvKdV4PHg.mp4/OLWvKdV4PHg.mp4685yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/what-is-an-equivalenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1058207911.jpgWhat is an equivalent?Figure out how to calculate an equivalent and how it relates to a mole. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/If4Ar9lnB_4.mp4/If4Ar9lnB_4.mp4618yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/molarity-vs-molalityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1058257462.jpgMolarity vs. molalityLearn how molarity and molality differ! The molality of a solution is equal to the moles of solute divided by the mass of solvent in kilograms, while the molarity of a solution is equal to the moles of solute divided by the volume of solution in liters. For example, a 1 molal solution contains 1 mole of solute for every 1 kg of solvent, while a 1 molar solution contains 1 mole of solute for every 1 L of solution.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4VltXjR64SU.mp4/4VltXjR64SU.mp4483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/molarity-vs-osmolarityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1058477253.jpgMolarity vs. osmolarityMolarity and osmolarity may sound similar, but they are two distinct concepts. Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The unit of molarity is the mole (mol). Osmolarity (Osm/L) is the total concentration of all solutes in the solution. The unit of osmolarity is the osmol (osm). Osmolarity can be used to predict whether water will move from one side of a semipermeable membrane to the other.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_saunfB-wCQ.mp4/_saunfB-wCQ.mp4692yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/calculate-your-own-osmolarityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1058451242.jpgCalculate your own osmolarityLearn how to use three lab values (Sodium, glucose, and BUN) to approximate your plasma osmolarity. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/H-qREcJqUhY.mp4/H-qREcJqUhY.mp4779yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/molarity-molality-osmolarity-osmolality-and-tonicity-what-s-the-differencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1057946910.jpgMolarity, molality, osmolarity, osmolality, and tonicity - what's the difference?See how each of these terms tells us something different about a solution. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o_Bb43LApog.mp4/o_Bb43LApog.mp4244yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/tonicity-comparing-2-solutionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1058446306.jpgTonicity - comparing 2 solutionsFind out how tonicity is determined by ions that don't move across membranes and how it affects the movement of water. Rishi is a pediatric infectious disease physician and works at Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VsW6NXZIUCQ.mp4/VsW6NXZIUCQ.mp4663yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/childhood-growthhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/244040666.jpgChildhood growthSal talks with Dr. Laura Bachrach about childhood growthhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gF0aA-si89Y.mp4/gF0aA-si89Y.mp4756yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/precocious-pubertyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/244040667.jpgPrecocious pubertyAt Stanford Medical School with Morgan Theis talking to Dr. Laura Bachrach talking about precocious pubertyhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XhYQYVQq6K0.mp4/XhYQYVQq6K0.mp4628yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/systemic-thinking-about-cancerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/289609350.jpgSystemic thinking about cancerDr. David Agus discusses thinking systemically about cancer and other thingshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7zk0ubr_lzo.mp4/7zk0ubr_lzo.mp4694yes https://puzzicle.org/science/health-and-medicine/v/inflammationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/289594305.jpgInflammationDr. David Agus talks about inflammation (while Sal repeatedly misspells it with one "m")https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GZ6I3T1RAnQ.mp4/GZ6I3T1RAnQ.mp4549yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/introduction-to-high-school-physicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa41fc41cbc480d22.jpgIntroduction to high school physicsHow can we describe and model motion? How are forces related to changes in an object's motion? How can energy be used to predict the behavior of systems? How are electricity and magnetism related, and how do they relate to light? Explore these questions and more in our high school physics course.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wHC245cVdHw.mp4/wHC245cVdHw.mp4141yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/intro-to-forces-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4a6c742d9a10d506.jpgIntro to forces (part 1)A force is a push or pull. There are several types, including: applied (from person or machine), tension (from string or cable), gravity (between masses), normal (perpendicular to surface), friction (moving across a surface), thrust (from pushing something the other way), drag (resistance from air or other fluid), buoyancy (from displacing a fluid), and lift (on wings moving through air).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/92Adbb6geHE.mp4/92Adbb6geHE.mp4598yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/intro-to-forces-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd55a6a89ede480d2.jpgIntro to forces (part 2)A free body diagram (FBD) models the forces acting on an object. The object is replaced by a square. The individual force vectors are shown as arrows, and magnitudes usually measured in newtons. To determine the net force in the horizontal (x) or vertical (y) direction, add forces pointing in the same direction, and subtract forces in the opposite direction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P48_vJcY9qw.mp4/P48_vJcY9qw.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/newtons-first-law-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3a0df26276aba075.jpgNewton's first lawNewton's first law states than an object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion with constant velocity, until acted on by an unbalanced force. The tendency of objects to maintain their state of motion is called inertia. On Earth, moving objects commonly come to rest without continued application of a force due to the unbalanced forces of friction and air resistance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rjkQcfw5fkM.mp4/rjkQcfw5fkM.mp4538yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/newtons-second-law-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcbca08d811474ef4.jpgNewton's second lawNewton's second law states than an object's acceleration is equal to the net force acting on the object, divided by its mass. Newton's first law is a special case of the second law when the net force on an object is zero. Newton's second law applies to macroscopic objects moving much slower than the speed of light.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EwGGh1dC3kQ.mp4/EwGGh1dC3kQ.mp4684yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/newtons-third-law-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa8b8f895088d89bd.jpgNewton's third lawNewton's third law states that forces always exist in equal and opposite pairs. One object cannot exert a force on another without experiencing an equal magnitude force in the opposite direction. Newton's third law applies even if the two interacting objects have different masses. The equal and opposite forces in the pair do not cancel because they act on different objects.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J8mLQQZeIH8.mp4/J8mLQQZeIH8.mp4627yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/conservation-of-momentumhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d82630df67da4b6.jpgConservation of momentumAccording to Newton's third law, two interacting objects exert equal and opposite forces on each other. And, according to one form of Newton's second law, the net force on an object is equal to the rate of change of the object's momentum. As a consequence of these two laws, the total momentum of a system of interacting objects is conserved if there is no unbalanced force from outside the system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PJMFxBIqkSs.mp4/PJMFxBIqkSs.mp4749yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/newtons-law-of-gravitationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5422547a52ace360.jpgNewton's law of gravitationNewton's law of gravitation mathematically describes the gravitational force two masses exert on each other. The force is equal to the gravitational constant, multiplied by the two masses, divided by the distance between their centers squared. It is an inverse square law. For an object near Earth's surface, the equation simplifies to F = mg, where g = 9.81 m/s^2.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PIpnGilqefE.mp4/PIpnGilqefE.mp4785yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/falling-objectshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x82332396ae705f3d.jpgFalling objectsIf two objects are dropped from the same height in a vacuum, they accelerate at the same rate and hit the ground at the same time. This happens because an object's gravitational mass is equal to its inertial mass. As a result, any object in free fall near Earth's surface accelerates at 9.81 m/s/s. The gravitational force acting on an object is not always equal to its weight. A free falling object experiences a gravitational force, but also appears weightless because there is no normal force pushing up on it.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wf8SYTb4r-g.mp4/wf8SYTb4r-g.mp4700yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/centripetal-forcehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x134954ad9cd4738d.jpgCentripetal forceA centripetal force acts perpendicular to an object's velocity. A centripetal force causes an object to accelerate by changing direction and following a curved path. The centripetal force points towards the center of the curve, and the object's velocity is tangent to the curve. Centripetal force is not a type of force, but a role that can be played by different forces. Gravity acts as the centripetal force on orbiting objects.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4bMawIIWi7w.mp4/4bMawIIWi7w.mp4820yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/orbital-motionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x776019cab36f395a.jpgOrbital motionKepler's laws, along with Newton's law of gravitation, describe the motions of planets and other orbiting objects. Kepler's first law states that planets follow elliptical orbits around the Sun, with the Sun at one focus. Kepler's second law states that the line from the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. Kepler's third law relates orbital period to distance from the Sun.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zPHnZFoiO0E.mp4/zPHnZFoiO0E.mp4813yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/coulombs-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x61dd03e813a24bc1.jpgCoulomb's lawCoulomb's law mathematically describes the electrostatic force two charged particles exert on each other. The force is equal to the Coulomb constant, multiplied by the two charges, divided by the distance between their centers squared. It is an inverse square law. Like charges repel and opposite charges attract. Contact forces such as tension and friction are fundamentally the result of electric forces between charged particles.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MsINeZMeTMQ.mp4/MsINeZMeTMQ.mp4777yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/electric-field-definitionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8022efab.jpgElectric fieldsElectric fields are present around objects with charge, which allows the electric force to act on charged objects which are not in contact. An electric field causes an electric force on other charges that enter the field. The electric field is defined as the amount of electric force per charge at a point in space.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_4VC3IHbuW8.mp4/_4VC3IHbuW8.mp4826yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/static-electricityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaa6d9f7b310b468f.jpgStatic electricityMost macroscopic objects are electrically neutral most of the time. However, objects can develop a static net charge if they pick up extra electrons or lose some electrons. This can happen through friction. Objects with opposite net charges attract, and objects with like net charges repel. It's also possible for a net neutral object to be attracted to a charged object. This happens because atoms near the surface of the neutral object become polarized.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/D5pJKu_QjRo.mp4/D5pJKu_QjRo.mp4559yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/kinetic-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xff84d6816bdb0998.jpgKinetic energyEnergy is a scalar quantity measured in joules (J). One form is kinetic energy, which is energy due to motion. An object's kinetic energy depends on its mass and its speed. Kinetic energy is defined mathematically as K=(1/2)mv^2. Any moving macroscopic object possesses kinetic energy. The particles in matter also possess kinetic energy, leading to macroscopic energy effects like thermal energy and sound.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eVW8X_TsBzE.mp4/eVW8X_TsBzE.mp4710yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/conservation-of-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb46e2454f07de49e.jpgConservation of energyEnergy is a conserved quantity. If a system is isolated, the total energy of the system remains constant as energy converts from one form to another. If a system is not isolated, the total energy of the system can change. However, the amount by which the system's energy changes is exactly equal to the amount of energy that transferred to or from the surroundings.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TLUZnCvuGBk.mp4/TLUZnCvuGBk.mp4791yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/work-and-powerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x34140d0b365c1605.jpgWork and powerWork is energy transferred to or from an object via force. If a net force acts in the same direction an object is moving, it does positive work on the object (kinetic energy increases). If a net force acts in the opposite direction an object is moving, it does negative work on the object (kinetic energy decreases). Power is the rate that work is done, or equivalently, the rate that energy is transferred.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/v2_qI9S6oIQ.mp4/v2_qI9S6oIQ.mp4772yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/magnetic-field-due-to-current-carrying-loophttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x64a47891f05f45ff.jpgMagnetic field due to current-carrying loopExplore the magnetic field generated due to a current-carrying loop.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fav3olr-ra0.mp4/fav3olr-ra0.mp4547yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/magnetic-fields-through-solenoidshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8b0b0be6c91ae7ca.jpgMagnetic field due to a solenoidLearn what solenoids are and why they're important. We will see that when we pass current through a solenoid, it produces a magnetic field similar to a bar magnet.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2XRtH46dsCI.mp4/2XRtH46dsCI.mp4494yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/electric-motorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb354d42f619af4e4.jpgElectric motorsLet's explore the working of an electric motor, which converts electricity into motion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/43XAuU-515g.mp4/43XAuU-515g.mp4899yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/right-hand-generator-rulehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x877370971c2f99e1.jpgRight hand generator ruleThe right-hand generator rule determines the direction of induced current when a conductor moves through a magnetic field. Stretch the right thumb, forefinger, and middle finger perpendicular to each other: the thumb indicates the conductor's motion (force), the forefinger the magnetic field direction, and the middle finger the induced current direction. Reversing the motion or magnetic field reverses the current.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OJ9cWa_2bCo.mp4/OJ9cWa_2bCo.mp4365yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/ac-dc-generatorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x815c63b50263d93d.jpgAC and DC generatorsRotating a coil in a magnetic field induces an electric current by electromagnetic induction, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Fleming's generator rule determines the current direction. In an AC generator, slip rings allow the current to reverse every half rotation. In a DC generator, split-ring commutators reverse connections, maintaining a unidirectional current.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ylgb8FFMgd4.mp4/Ylgb8FFMgd4.mp4809yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/electromagnetic-waveshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x64993eb22cb4880f.jpgElectromagnetic wavesElectromagnetic (EM) waves are produced whenever electrons or other charged particles accelerate. The wavelength of an EM wave is the distance between consecutive points on the wave with the same phase (e.g. one crest to the next crest). The frequency of an EM wave is how many wave cycles are emitted, or pass a given point, per second. The speed of a wave is equal to its frequency times its wavelength. In vacuum, all EM waves travel at speed c = 3 x 10^8 m/s.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Je_f4RimfKI.mp4/Je_f4RimfKI.mp4853yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/refraction-of-lighthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1d1e06ea654c98b1.jpgRefraction of lightLight refracts—it bends—when it passes from one medium into another at an angle. Refraction occurs because the phase velocity of light is different in different media. For example, light slows down when it passes from air into glass. This happens because the incoming electromagnetic wave causes electrons in the medium to oscillate, which produces a secondary electromagnetic wave. The resulting wave, which is a superposition of the incoming wave and the secondary wave, has a different phase velocity than c.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LKI1UmFbfaA.mp4/LKI1UmFbfaA.mp4872yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/diffraction-and-interference-of-lighthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb9e79b0ce0f1a13f.jpgDiffraction and interference of lightLight spreads out when it encounters an obstacle. This process is called diffraction. Diffraction is most noticeable when the obstacle is similar in size to the wavelength of the light. When light waves diffract around obstacles, they overlap each other. This overlap results in constructive and destructive interference at different locations, producing an interference pattern.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VmN3i4HW5l0.mp4/VmN3i4HW5l0.mp4878yes https://puzzicle.org/science/highschool-physics/v/why-is-the-sky-bluehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd8177605ee45a3e1.jpgWhy is the sky blue?Let's explore why the sky is blue, why the sunset/sunrise is red, why are clouds white. It's all due to scattering of sunlight by the molecules of our atmosphere.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9-i360iLjEo.mp4/9-i360iLjEo.mp4606yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/welcome-to-high-school-biologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x77dfaa5817fa647c.jpgWelcome to high school biologyWelcome to High School Biology! In this course, we will explore the beauty of life, from tiny cells to complex ecosystems. We'll explore organism structure, cellular energy, genetics, evolution, ecology, and more, sparking curiosity and fostering a lifelong love for biology—the study of life.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HjA-SvvL2BQ.mp4/HjA-SvvL2BQ.mp4129yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/biotic-and-abiotic-factors-in-earths-natural-systemshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc661e56efe847528.jpgBiotic and abiotic factors in Earth’s natural systemsNatural systems are made up of both biotic factors (living organisms and their interactions) and abiotic factors (non-living parts of the environment such as sunlight and temperature). Earth can be divided into four systems, called spheres: the atmosphere (gases surrounding Earth), the biosphere (all living organisms), the geosphere (Earth's interior and surface), and the hydrosphere (all forms of water).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GxKWCiZHsvo.mp4/GxKWCiZHsvo.mp4314yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/abiotic-factors-for-an-organism-s-rangehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x709e2d96a8879ac5.jpgAbiotic factors and an organism's rangeAbiotic factors affect where an organism can occur as well as its survival. Some abiotic factors form physical barriers and restrict where organisms can go, such as mountain ranges or natural phenomena including wildfires and floods. Temperature, light availability, and moisture are all important abiotic factors that influence an organism’s survival.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZqB-Sp7Zi6E.mp4/ZqB-Sp7Zi6E.mp4240yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/organism-nichehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb0509901f122c4ed.jpgAn organism's nicheOrganisms need specific abiotic factors for development, survival, and reproduction, and have a tolerance range for each. The fundamental niche of an organism represents the environmental conditions in which it could exist, but its realized niche is often restricted by species interactions and resource availability. Species vary from specialists, with narrow niches, to generalists, with broad niches.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tiaFqgbq1hM.mp4/tiaFqgbq1hM.mp4342yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/describing-populationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0d40fa1bfb5151f2.jpgDescribing populationsPopulations are characterized by density and dispersion. Density is the number of individuals within a specific area. Dispersion—the spread of individuals in their habitat—can be clumped, uniform, or random, like fish schools, evenly-spaced penguin nests, or wind-dispersed plants. Population size changes over time due to births, deaths, immigration, and emigration, with growth or decline depending on these factors.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jGeyBOTGp9g.mp4/jGeyBOTGp9g.mp4297yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/predator-prey-population-cycleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc045c65e35d2e16f.jpgPredator-prey population cyclesPredator-prey population cycles demonstrate how populations of predators and prey interact and influence each other's growth. In general, as predator numbers increase, the prey population declines, leading to a decrease in predators. Over time, the prey population may begin to increase, restarting the cycle. The example of the snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx shows how predator and prey populations can vary in relation to one another.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UASWxKWdKCw.mp4/UASWxKWdKCw.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/interactions-within-and-among-specieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5308d2718474491f.jpgInteractions within and among speciesInteractions—such as competition—can occur within the same species (intraspecific) or between different species (interspecific). Species can avoid competition through resource partitioning, whereby they use different resources, occupy different habitats, or feed at different times. The competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist if they compete for all of the same resources.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OnBXX4ooiuY.mp4/OnBXX4ooiuY.mp4349yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/comparing-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1a6ff2cd2cefec15.jpgComparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsAll cells can be classified as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Both classes of cells have a plasma membrane, cytosol, ribosomes, and DNA. In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is in the nucleoid region of the cytosol, while eukaryotic cell DNA is in a membrane-enclosed nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have multiple, linear chromosomes, while prokaryotic cells typically have a single, circular chromosome.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hIHYqT0S9B8.mp4/hIHYqT0S9B8.mp4404yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/stem-cells-and-differentiationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1568c1c6baa1661f.jpgStem cells and differentiationStem cells are unspecialized cells that undergo differentiation to form specialized cells. Potency describes the ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialized cells. Self-renewal describes the fact that stem cells can divide many times while remaining unspecialized. Stem cells can be categorized as totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent based on how many different cell types they can give rise to.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jOBRupYkyaw.mp4/jOBRupYkyaw.mp4404yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/organization-of-multicellular-organismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x26f6b93b60f7b8ea.jpgOrganization of multicellular organismsMulticellular organisms have a hierarchical structural organization: cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ systems. Organ systems work together to carry out the many functions of the organism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8pWMifyG5bU.mp4/8pWMifyG5bU.mp4256yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/feedback-in-living-systemshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8e39c0ed31acb2d1.jpgFeedback in living systemsFeedback mechanisms maintain the internal conditions of an organism within certain limits and mediate behaviors, allowing the organism to remain alive and functional even as external conditions change within some range. Feedback mechanisms can encourage (through positive feedback) or discourage (negative feedback) what is going on inside the organism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eHsYuPEYXgE.mp4/eHsYuPEYXgE.mp4495yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/human-fertilization-and-early-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x02597def13cc77f0.jpgHuman fertilization and early developmentHuman fertilization and development begins with the race of hundreds of millions of sperm cells to fertilize an egg. The victorious sperm and egg unite, creating a zygote with genetic information from both parents. This single cell replicates, progressing through stages of a morula, blastocyst, embryo, and eventually a fetus. This complex process unfolds over approximately 36 to 42 weeks, resulting in a fully developed human being.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-7WKUNG9v-w.mp4/-7WKUNG9v-w.mp4479yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/formation-of-biomoleculeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x03d01ed8300431ae.jpgFormation of biomoleculesSugar molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen: their hydrocarbon backbones are used to make amino acids and other carbon-based molecules that can be assembled into larger molecules (such as proteins or DNA), used for example to form new cells. As matter and energy flow through different organizational levels of living systems, chemical elements are recombined in different ways to form different products.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9RUSMa-UIcQ.mp4/9RUSMa-UIcQ.mp4436yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/introduction-to-lipidshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x28eb6a588335e305.jpgIntroduction to lipidsLipids, commonly associated with fats, are a group of biomolecules with low water solubility. Lipids are essential for storing energy, transmitting signals, and creating cellular membranes. Triglycerides, another name for fats, consist of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. Lipids also encompass hormones and fat-soluble vitamins, making them vital for biological systems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HGg_WiaSr4U.mp4/HGg_WiaSr4U.mp4343yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/photosynthesis-hshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb0a21b47dd45eca3.jpgPhotosynthesisThe process of photosynthesis converts light energy to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus water into sugars plus released oxygen. Photosynthesis occurs in two phases: the light-dependent reactions, and the light-independent reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Yxm-WMYEpHg.mp4/Yxm-WMYEpHg.mp4602yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/cellular-respirationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8ebd93136b0bb302.jpgCellular respirationCellular respiration is a chemical process in which the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and new compounds are formed that can transport energy to muscles. Cellular respiration also releases the energy needed to maintain body temperature despite ongoing energy transfer to the surrounding environment.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NUFbQUOLAXc.mp4/NUFbQUOLAXc.mp4460yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/gene-expression-and-regulationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf45bd32a36448d05.jpgGene expression and regulationEach chromosome consists of a single very long DNA molecule, and each gene on the chromosome is a particular segment of that DNA. The instructions for forming species’ characteristics are carried in DNA. All cells in an organism have the same genetic content, but the genes used (expressed) by the cell may be regulated in different ways. Not all DNA codes for a protein; some segments of DNA are involved in regulatory or structural functions, and some have no as-yet known function.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fdzsrTpUe4w.mp4/fdzsrTpUe4w.mp4432yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/sexual-reproduction-and-genetic-variationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9b3f846b6bcfdfbd.jpgSexual reproduction and genetic variationIn sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes half of the genes acquired (at random) by the offspring. Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. These versions may be identical or may differ from each other.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oi6yfPgYiFk.mp4/oi6yfPgYiFk.mp4348yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/genetics-vocabularyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd86d815e2fbf8d88.jpgGenetics vocabularyLearn about the terms allele, genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, and homozygous.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kvwK63Mwhw0.mp4/kvwK63Mwhw0.mp4348yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/mendelian-inheritance-and-punnett-squareshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xabb35cdc304e4902.jpgMendelian inheritance and Punnett squaresGregor Mendel followed patterns of inheritance in pea plants, allowing him to elucidate the rules of inheritance, which we can now attribute to the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis. Punnett squares can be used to predict the outcome of a cross between two parents.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OhYOfTczCk4.mp4/OhYOfTczCk4.mp4444yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/worked-examples-punnett-squareshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x68ebae5ef3a38d4a.jpgWorked examples: Punnett squaresSolve Punnett squares that include heterozygous and homozygous genotypes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VH1lAfZL_fU.mp4/VH1lAfZL_fU.mp4407yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/dihybrid-cross-and-the-law-of-independent-assortmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4eca3a7b317839f1.jpgDihybrid cross and the law of independent assortmentThe probabilities of different offspring genotypes and phenotypes can be determined using a Punnett square. A dihybrid cross results in a roughly 9:3:3:1 ratio of offspring phenotypes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZkyX3TmmMag.mp4/ZkyX3TmmMag.mp4548yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/co-dominance-and-incomplete-dominancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3c7567eb.jpgCo-dominance and incomplete dominanceIn genetics, there are three main dominance patterns: complete dominance (only one dominant allele appears in the phenotype), co-dominance (both alleles are visible in the phenotype), and incomplete dominance (a mix of alleles creates a new phenotype). These patterns help us understand how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OVM68-0YVWI.mp4/OVM68-0YVWI.mp4209yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/example-punnet-square-for-sex-linked-recessive-traithttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfb0fcb6cd1e1d072.jpgWorked example: Punnett square for sex-linked recessive traitHemophilia, an X-linked recessive trait, affects blood clotting. A carrier woman and a hemophiliac man have a 50% chance of having a daughter with hemophilia. This is determined through a Punnett square, which shows the possible combinations of the parents' alleles. The Punnett square can also answer other questions, like the chance of having a hemophiliac son or a non-hemophiliac offspring.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/I_DjmWS_9cg.mp4/I_DjmWS_9cg.mp4294yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/genes-traits-and-the-environmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x40afbfd981473573.jpgGenes, traits, and the environmentEnvironmental factors affect expression of traits, and hence affect the probability of occurrences of traits in a population. The variation and distribution of traits observed depends on both genetic and environmental factors.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OR9j5hog1mQ.mp4/OR9j5hog1mQ.mp4213yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/natural-selection-and-evolutionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcba8baf05e579de6.jpgNatural selection and evolutionEvolution is a consequence of the interaction of four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for an environment’s limited supply of the resources that individuals need in order to survive and reproduce, and (4) the ensuing proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in that environment.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ifyEocJ2Rog.mp4/ifyEocJ2Rog.mp4390yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/natural-selection-and-adaptationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xafbe499bd01f0c1d.jpgNatural selection and adaptationNatural selection leads to adaptation, that is, to a population dominated by organisms that are anatomically, behaviorally, and physiologically well suited to survive and reproduce in a specific environment. That is, the differential survival and reproduction of organisms in a population that have an advantageous heritable trait leads to an increase in the proportion of individuals in future generations that have the trait and to a decrease in the proportion of individuals that do not.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/giw2ELZr-bE.mp4/giw2ELZr-bE.mp4532yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/adaptation-and-environmental-changehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d602339e6bb3ec5.jpgAdaptation and environmental changeAdaptations in organisms respond to environmental changes through natural selection, which promotes traits enhancing survival and reproduction. There are three selection types: directional, disruptive, and stabilizing. Explore case studies of snow voles and dung beetles to learn how species evolve in response to new environmental conditions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XkhD_Rphlm0.mp4/XkhD_Rphlm0.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/evolution-of-group-behaviorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbb021a58eda6101c.jpgEvolution of group behaviorEvolution influences group behaviors that enhance survival and reproduction. Fish school to evade predators, and wildebeest herd to protect their young. These behaviors not only offer protection but also aid in passing on genetic material, highlighting the relationship between individual and group survival strategies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/61Zii5J8qoI.mp4/61Zii5J8qoI.mp4254yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/species-and-the-environmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb1e486f68ccbd5ff.jpgSpecies and the environmentChanges in the physical environment, whether naturally occurring or human induced, have contributed to the expansion of some species, the emergence of new distinct species as populations diverge under different conditions, and the decline—and sometimes the extinction—of some species.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YdZqK60bxjs.mp4/YdZqK60bxjs.mp4263yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/earth-s-fossil-recordhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6bf8b5a94863db53.jpgEarth's fossil recordThe collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order (e.g., through the location of the sedimentary layers in which they are found or through radioactive dating) is known as the fossil record. It documents the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of many life forms throughout the history of life on Earth.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2f38r4qKkLw.mp4/2f38r4qKkLw.mp4354yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/extinctionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc810c7ca81ad6536.jpgExtinctionSpecies become extinct because they can no longer survive and reproduce in their altered environment. If members cannot adjust to change that is too fast or drastic, the opportunity for the species’ evolution is lost.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gmr5QYeFJ4g.mp4/gmr5QYeFJ4g.mp4333yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/biodiversityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4d0a9a106d2ed789.jpgBiodiversityBiodiversity encompasses genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. Biodiversity is dynamic and changes over time, influenced by speciation and extinction events. However, human actions—such as climate change and overexploitation—are increasing extinction rates. As extinction rates increase, ecosystems experience a loss in biodiversity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TZ-S9sc6HYM.mp4/TZ-S9sc6HYM.mp4471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/human-impacts-on-ecosystems-videohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc7361270b1f52e80.jpgHuman impacts on ecosystemsAnthropogenic changes (induced by human activity) in the environment—including habitat destruction, pollution, introduction of invasive species, overexploitation, and climate change—can disrupt an ecosystem and threaten the survival of some species.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K10qnzCYH54.mp4/K10qnzCYH54.mp4336yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-bio/v/science-technology-and-the-environmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3813bb9ada429edc.jpgScience, technology, and the environmentScientists and engineers are using banana peels and leaves to create biodegradable materials, such as shoe soles and containers, which help to reduce plastic waste and promote sustainability. Other green technologies include solar panels and windmills, which harness renewable energy sources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are challenges and drawbacks of implementing these technologies, such as initial high costs and potential job losses in conventional industries.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FIYVnvHa2dc.mp4/FIYVnvHa2dc.mp4385yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-biology-tx/v/what-is-a-virushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe48b08e6def9dc48.jpgWhat is a virus?Viruses infect every living thing and may be as old as life itself. Everywhere there’s life on Earth, from high up in the atmosphere to deep in the ocean, there are viruses. The vast majority aren’t harmful to humans at all, but to understand the few that are—like the SARS CoV-2 virus behind the COVID-19 pandemic—we must learn about the connections between humans, viruses, other organisms, and the ecosystems we co-habit.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XhgmUOIpGx4.mp4/XhgmUOIpGx4.mp4248yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-biology-tx/v/virus-structure-and-replicationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x790b6f005310e3dc.jpgVirus structure and replicationViruses are tiny, nonliving, infectious particles. A typical virus is made up of genetic material and a protein coat, called a capsid. Some viruses also have an additional outer membrane, called an envelope. A typical viral infection cycle includes attachment to a host cell, entry of the virus’s genetic material, viral replication, self-assembly, and release.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/otHDPu2H3rY.mp4/otHDPu2H3rY.mp4290yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-biology-tx/v/lytic-and-lysogenic-cycleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf055caac43afafd5.jpgLytic and lysogenic cyclesIn the lytic cycle, a virus infects a host cell and uses the cell’s machinery to make copies of itself. This process increases the number of viruses inside the host cell until it bursts (or lyses), releasing new viruses that can infect other cells. In the lysogenic cycle, a virus infects a host cell and then integrates its genetic material into the host's DNA. The viral genetic material is replicated along with the host's DNA whenever the cell divides. This cycle can switch to the lytic cycle under certain triggers, such as stress or environmental signals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EuJQmHCcyMc.mp4/EuJQmHCcyMc.mp4234yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/hs-isotopeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xabcd711866b327f6.jpgIsotopesIsotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Since isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons, they also have different masses. The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atom is called its mass number. Isotopes can be represented in writing using isotope notation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HDniYwGEl0o.mp4/HDniYwGEl0o.mp4250yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/worked-example-calculating-ion-chargehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x395a5a3cbf9fae2c.jpgWorked example: calculating ion chargeAn atom with an electric charge is called an ion. The charge of an ion is equal to the number of protons minus the number of electrons.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6qgT0RYqXNo.mp4/6qgT0RYqXNo.mp4167yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/lewis-diagramshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdae1cecce25645ad.jpgLewis diagrams for atoms and ionsLewis diagrams for atoms and ions are models that show the number of valence electrons (outermost electrons) they have. Lewis diagrams of atoms show the element's symbol surrounded by dots representing valence electrons. For monatomic ions, Lewis diagrams also includes brackets and the ion's charge. The number of valence electrons in an ion's Lewis diagram reflects the ion's charge.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FuVAgrLqsXs.mp4/FuVAgrLqsXs.mp4258yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/electron-configurations-with-the-periodic-tablehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x33917bfaf86e726d.jpgElectron configurations with the periodic tableThe periodic table is organized by grouping elements with similar chemical properties and electron structures. An element's location on the table can be used to determine its electron configuration. By following the order of periods (rows) and blocks (s, p, d, f), you can trace how electrons fill the atom's orbitals and efficiently determine the distribution of electrons in an atom.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hwqLCwgo6SU.mp4/hwqLCwgo6SU.mp4879yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/the-periodic-table-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x62c9b2d70ef9fd85.jpgThe periodic tableThe periodic table organizes elements by atomic number, revealing patterns in their physical and chemical properties. Elements are categorized as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids based on distinct behaviors. Vertical groups share similar chemical properties based on their number of valence electrons. The octet rule explains how atoms achieve stability by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CtTmUlp3bBo.mp4/CtTmUlp3bBo.mp4732yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/atomic-radii-trendshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa62e00e8aeefee88.jpgAtomic radii trendsAtoms are not all the same size. The relative size of the atoms follows a set of trends on the periodic table. Going across a period, the main group elements tend to decrease in atomic radius due to the increased nuclear charge. Going down a group, the main group elements tend to increase in atomic radius due to increased shielding and the addition of new shells to the structure of the atom.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RrwL99bEotk.mp4/RrwL99bEotk.mp4288yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/ionization-energy-trends-hshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x445d3d42dc029d79.jpgIonization energy trendsIonization is the process of removing an electron from a neutral atom (or compound). The energy required to remove an electron is the ionization energy. The ionization energy differs for each atom. There are trends that match the structure of the periodic table. Across a period, ionization energy tends to increase. Down a group, the ionization energy tends to decrease.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MyBYZJ3Wo_0.mp4/MyBYZJ3Wo_0.mp4272yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/physical-and-chemical-changeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x416071fda6efaa9e.jpgPhysical and chemical changesPhysical and chemical processes can be classified by the changes occurring on the molecular level. In general, chemical processes involve changes in chemical bonds, while physical processes involve changes only in intermolecular forces.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/n5cZ5CWuUJA.mp4/n5cZ5CWuUJA.mp4279yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/intro-to-chemical-reactions-chemical-equation-and-reactions-chemistry-khan-acadehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2c6c33be43c6068d.jpgIntro to chemical equationsBonds between atoms or molecules are formed and/or broken during chemical reactions. Reactants are the inputs of a chemical reaction, and products are the outputs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1wQqGFebxyA.mp4/1wQqGFebxyA.mp4344yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/combination-and-decomposition-reaction-chemical-reactions-and-equations-chemistrhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x569aeac02f1e2da0.jpgCombination and decomposition reactionReactions in which many reactants combine to give one product are called combination reactions whereas, in decomposition one reactant breaks down in many productshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6esN2vQCwrY.mp4/6esN2vQCwrY.mp4770yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/single-replacement-reactionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x03fe823a49dfa13b.jpgSingle replacement reactionsWhen one element replaces another element in a compound, we call it a single replacement reaction. In these reactions, one atom loses electrons (oxidation) while another element gains those electrons (reduction), making them a form of a redox reaction. Learn to use the Activity Series, which ranks elements by their reactivity and helps predict if the reaction will occur.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l1xCT77_UY4.mp4/l1xCT77_UY4.mp4818yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/electronegativity-and-bond-typehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe362f0d81aa53cac.jpgElectronegativity and bond typeA covalent bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms, but they typically are not shared equally. The difference in electronegativity between the two atoms defines whether a bond is classified as nonpolar covalent or polar covalent.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xv9igHCrnzQ.mp4/xv9igHCrnzQ.mp4384yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/molecular-geometry-vsepr-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0979c3dd23582c2d.jpgMolecular geometry (VSEPR theory)Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory is used to predict the three-dimensional shapes of molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs around a central atom. Learn how to use Lewis structures to count electron domains and predict molecular geometries while taking into account the effects of lone pairs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/v5OzQl860tA.mp4/v5OzQl860tA.mp4756yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/molecular-polarityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3abfae43dc2089a2.jpgMolecular polarityMolecular polarity is determined not just by individual polar bonds, but by the molecule’s 3D shape. Even if bonds are polar, the overall molecule may be nonpolar if the shape cancels out the dipoles. Whether a molecule is polar or not influences properties like solubility, boiling points, and intermolecular interactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NfXITji_xw4.mp4/NfXITji_xw4.mp4864yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/london-dispersion-forces-introhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaa0b9bf2589a96ea.jpgLondon dispersion forces introductionLondon dispersion forces result from the electrostatic attraction between temporary dipoles. Dispersion forces are present between all molecules (and atoms) and are typically greater for heavier, more polarizable molecules and molecules with larger surface areas.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h-BiBeydkys.mp4/h-BiBeydkys.mp4440yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-chemistry/v/dilutionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xefe739f2c6d7c5c2.jpgDilutionsDilution is the process of lowering the concentration of a solution by adding solvent. This process is important for preparing solutions of precise concentrations for experiments. The dilution equation (M1*V1) = (M2*V2) is used to calculate the molarities and volumes required for the dilution. This often starts with a concentrated stock solution, which is then diluted to achieve the desired concentration for various experiments.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6hls5wncscU.mp4/6hls5wncscU.mp4636yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-integrated-physics-chemistry-tx/v/wave-particle-dualityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x23c16711fd187790.jpgWave particle dualityLight behaves in surprising ways—it can act like both a wave and a particle. The double slit experiment reveals wave-like interference, while the photoelectric effect shows particle-like behavior. Electrons display the same dual nature, leading to the quantum model of matter and transforming our understanding of the microscopic world.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yamh2OWgzo8.mp4/yamh2OWgzo8.mp4767yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-integrated-physics-chemistry-tx/v/properties-of-metalshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6753a4958858fcdd.jpgProperties of metalsExamine how metallic bonding explains the key properties of metals. Delocalized electrons enable strong conductivity, high melting points, and flexibility, allowing metals to bend and stretch without breaking. Discover how electron loss drives reactivity, oxidation, and reactions with acids, connecting atomic structure to everyday uses of metals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2ubhM0hyFSA.mp4/2ubhM0hyFSA.mp4631yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-integrated-physics-chemistry-tx/v/properties-of-nonmetals-and-metalloidshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5e8b7d29f50d0c31.jpgProperties of nonmetals and metalloidsExplore how electron arrangement determines the behavior of nonmetals and metalloids. Nonmetals form covalent bonds and act as insulators, while metalloids show semiconducting properties useful in electronics. Understand how bonding and reactivity connect to atomic structure and position on the periodic table.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i1DNRkc0eMY.mp4/i1DNRkc0eMY.mp4705yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-integrated-physics-chemistry-tx/v/sound-waveshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc6024e40a17bf397.jpgSound wavesSound is a compression wave. Sound waves require a matter medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to travel through, and cannot travel through vacuum. The amplitude of a sound wave corresponds to its loudness. The frequency of a sound wave corresponds to its pitch. The speed of a sound wave depends on the medium its traveling through. Sound waves exhibit wave behaviors like reflection, which are useful in a variety of applications. Waves intro and Sound waves by PhET Interactive Simulations, University of Colorado Boulder, CC BY 4.0. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulationshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9u1PjsBfrmg.mp4/9u1PjsBfrmg.mp4513yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/reference-frameshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x978fa8719dce2c8b.jpgReference framesAt first, an object at rest and an object moving at constant velocity may seem to be in very different states of motion. But in fact, they're two different views of the same thing. This becomes clear if we consider the perspectives from different reference frames. Whether an object is at rest or in motion depends on the choice of reference frame. No one reference frame is more valid than another.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dAUdeFIOriY.mp4/dAUdeFIOriY.mp4340yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-physics-tx/v/velocity-time-graphs-accelerationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc24b75830fd5eb6e.jpgVelocity vs. time graphsLet's learn how to calculate accelerations from velocity-time graphs. We will also get some intuition behind why slope or steepness of a velocity-time graph represents acceleration.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/b1Zd8hUWpw0.mp4/b1Zd8hUWpw0.mp4636yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-physics-tx/v/elastic-and-inelastic-collisionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4eeb7096.jpgElastic and inelastic collisionsIn an elastic collision, the total final kinetic energy of the system is equal to the total initial kinetic energy of the system. In an inelastic collision, the total final kinetic energy of the system is less than the total initial kinetic energy of the system because some of the energy is dissipated as other forms of energy. In a perfectly inelastic collision, the objects stick together and move together after the collision.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8OB8eIPgEkQ.mp4/8OB8eIPgEkQ.mp4865yes https://puzzicle.org/science/hs-physics-tx/v/energy-graphs-for-simple-harmonic-motionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x037cc168ee30bf00.jpgEnergy graphs for simple harmonic motionSal graphs elastic potential energy and kinetic energy for a mass on a spring and compares the total energy when with and without dissipative forces (friction).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zJtCmpH--70.mp4/zJtCmpH--70.mp4373yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/introduction-to-middle-school-earth-and-space-sciencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa86ae4f78fa22382.jpgIntroduction to Middle school Earth and space scienceDive into the mysteries of our universe with Middle School Earth and Space Science! Discover why we have seasons, explore the wonders of gravity, learn about lunar and solar eclipses, and uncover the secrets of water and the rock cycle. Understand how our actions impact the Earth and its climate. Get ready for an exciting journey from the cosmos to Earth!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yhhVx9FZ9Hs.mp4/yhhVx9FZ9Hs.mp4171yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/earths-place-in-the-universehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcb74b678935bb345.jpgEarth's place in the universeHumans have used models to understand Earth's place in the universe. The geocentric model, placing Earth at the center, was replaced by the heliocentric model, with the sun at the center. This change better explains the movement of celestial bodies and shows that Earth's rotation causes the sun's apparent motion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Pv0Re0YEEq0.mp4/Pv0Re0YEEq0.mp4294yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/phases-of-the-moonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa5d545745a56b2bb.jpgPhases of the moonA moon phase is the shape of moon's sunlit portion as seen from Earth. There are a total of eight moon phases: new, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, third quarter, and waning crescent. These phases repeat every 29.5 days.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/f592IgRzq2E.mp4/f592IgRzq2E.mp4254yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/lunar-eclipseshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x73f0eb016f9620cd.jpgLunar eclipsesA lunar eclipse occurs when Earth casts a shadow on the moon. When the shadow fully covers the moon, the eclipse is total. When the shadow partially covers the moon, the eclipse is partial. Lunar eclipses can occur only during a full moon, when the moon and the sun are on opposite sides of Earth.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WXSHQK56Bfs.mp4/WXSHQK56Bfs.mp4127yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/solar-eclipseshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x26af04e1eff8af10.jpgSolar eclipsesA solar eclipse occurs when the moon casts a shadow on part of Earth. For those inside the shadow, the sun's disk is fully blocked from view. Solar eclipses can occur only during a new moon, when the moon and the sun are on the same side of Earth.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cVh7sTN-uNc.mp4/cVh7sTN-uNc.mp4200yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/the-water-cycle-mshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7554eef1dfe1d5a9.jpgThe water cycleIn the water cycle, water continuously moves between Earth's surface and the atmosphere. This occurs through processes such as evaporation and transpiration, condensation, and precipitation. The water cycle is driven by solar energy and gravity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/r2dnUvP1JgM.mp4/r2dnUvP1JgM.mp4267yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/regional-climateshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x65d2d9af085034df.jpgRegional climatesClimate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular region. A region’s climate is influenced by many factors, including latitude, elevation, and nearby geographic features (such as oceans or mountains).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a9muG72XZ18.mp4/a9muG72XZ18.mp4297yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/fossils-and-rock-layershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x025781209589d6e6.jpgFossils and rock layersGeologists use a geologic timescale to map Earth's 4.6-billion-year history. They study sedimentary rock layers, or strata, and fossils to understand past events. They use the Law of Superposition and the Law of Crosscutting Relationships to determine the relative ages of rock layers. This process, called relative dating, helps them trace the evolution of life on Earth.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3LObb5WxMdw.mp4/3LObb5WxMdw.mp4275yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/plate-tectonics-the-ocean-floorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc06f5a2f5f71aea6.jpgPlate tectonics and the ocean floorIn the ocean, tectonic processes continuously create and destroy oceanic crust. When tectonic plates collide, denser plates dive under less dense ones, creating trenches and mountains. New sea floor is constantly created as plates move apart, keeping Earth from shrinking.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A98wPKiPMJw.mp4/A98wPKiPMJw.mp4241yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/weathering-and-erosionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbf5bf081a67372ad.jpgWeathering and erosionWater, a powerful force, shapes our world through weathering and erosion. Rain dislodges soil particles, leading to mechanical weathering. As water accumulates, it moves soil and rock particles, causing erosion. Fast-moving water erodes more than slow water, creating landscapes like meandering rivers and Oxbow lakes. Water also causes chemical weathering, dissolving rocks and minerals, forming caves and cliffs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xWWOHttrkWI.mp4/xWWOHttrkWI.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/science/middle-school-earth-and-space-science/v/natural-hazardshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5a00ec2d9a138b0a.jpgNatural hazardsA natural hazard is any natural event that poses a risk to humans or the environment. Some natural hazards, such as severe weather events, can be predicted using data and technology. Other hazards, such as earthquakes, are not yet predictable.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rVVoccltP8A.mp4/rVVoccltP8A.mp4248yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/introduction-to-middle-school-biologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x05fc64facdd509ad.jpgIntroduction to Middle school biologyIn this course, you'll explore the fascinating world of living things. Learn about cells, organisms, and ecosystems, all while gaining a deeper understanding of your place in Earth's web of life.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_wmwmMeF3pE.mp4/_wmwmMeF3pE.mp4142yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ms-sensory-processing-and-the-brainhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc7a77ec9921639bc.jpgSensory processing and the brainEach sense receptor responds to different inputs (electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical), transmitting them as signals that travel along nerve cells to the brain. The signals are then processed in the brain, resulting in immediate behaviors or memories.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fMrz3L9bMsI.mp4/fMrz3L9bMsI.mp4259yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ms-animal-behavior-and-offspring-successhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9ee98ad045279f27.jpgAnimal behavior and offspring successReproductive success in animals is tied to the number of offspring that survive. Traits and behaviors that increase chances of reproduction and offspring survival, like mating displays and parental care, boost this success. Examples include peacock's flashy feathers and protective behaviors of penguins and bears.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/txrCIhujs0g.mp4/txrCIhujs0g.mp4123yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ms-plant-reproductive-successhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdc3a5bf679b262a5.jpgPlant reproductive successThere are many ways in which animals help increase the reproductive success of plants. For example, animals, such as bees, move pollen from one flower to another, aiding in pollination. Animals and wind can help disperse seeds away from the parent plant, boosting the likelihood of offspring survival.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nJIRCDipw7o.mp4/nJIRCDipw7o.mp4190yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/ms-organism-growth-and-the-environmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x456a419456e37574.jpgOrganism growth and the environmentAll living organisms, from plants to animals, are shaped by their genes and the environment. Genetic factors determine inherited traits, while environmental factors, like sunlight and nutrition, influence growth and development. Together, these elements create the unique growth patterns we see in all life forms.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XEkafr12Wd8.mp4/XEkafr12Wd8.mp4247yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/food-and-energy-in-organisms-mshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xddf845ceb1db9a61.jpgFood and energy in organismsOur bodies use food for two main purposes: as fuel for energy and as building blocks for growth. The molecules in food, such as fats, sugars, and proteins, are similar to those in our bodies. They can be broken down and rearranged to support our growth and energy needs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wPhjCn9kq5M.mp4/wPhjCn9kq5M.mp4282yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/cellular-respiration-mshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xeedbaffce2d3e7e8.jpgCellular respirationCellular respiration is the process by which the body gets energy from food. It is a series of chemical reactions that happen in our cells, converting glucose from our food and oxygen from the air we breathe into carbon dioxide, water, and usable energy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1RXk1NJpRDI.mp4/1RXk1NJpRDI.mp4227yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/chromosome-pairshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x364f2dad8bbe8934.jpgChromosome pairsGenes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SbagR2CpP_o.mp4/SbagR2CpP_o.mp4217yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/mutationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x32b171afdf2f55dd.jpgMutationsChanges (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_9wnC5pta78.mp4/_9wnC5pta78.mp4181yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/evolutionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6282f9dc93a298e4.jpgEvolutionEvolution is the process where heritable traits in a group of organisms change over many generations. This process is made possible by genetic variation. This variation, often resulting from sexual reproduction, leads to a range of traits within a population. Over time, small differences between organisms in a population can accumulate, leading to the evolution of new species.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i3sdIHaa4jQ.mp4/i3sdIHaa4jQ.mp4252yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/evolutionary-treeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x69ff9b091cd0f007.jpgCommon ancestry and evolutionary treesBirds are direct descendants of dinosaurs from millions of years ago. Lineages like these can be modeled using evolutionary trees, which show relationships between different species and their common ancestors. These trees are built using evidence like fossils, body structures, and DNA.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Rg3mLbLqKsk.mp4/Rg3mLbLqKsk.mp4333yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/fossilshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xae848e0966ef18b6.jpgFossilsFossils, preserved evidence of ancient organisms, reveal Earth's history. Formed in sedimentary rock, fossils' ages are estimated through layer analysis and radiometric dating. These methods help place fossils in Earth's fossil record, providing a timeline of the evolution of life on Earth.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-fT57zGsXZ8.mp4/-fT57zGsXZ8.mp4302yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/evidence-of-evolution-anatomyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9fb8bdd094fe3ca6.jpgEvidence of evolution: anatomyAnatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between them and organisms in the fossil record, enable the reconstruction of evolutionary history and the inference of lines of evolutionary descent.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J6VJ6dS8D1k.mp4/J6VJ6dS8D1k.mp4250yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-biology/v/evidence-of-evolution-embryologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x232a1299e5c99f36.jpgEvidence of evolution: embryologyComparison of the embryological development of different species reveals similarities that show relationships not evident in the fully-formed anatomy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3444TjgJ8ro.mp4/3444TjgJ8ro.mp4180yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-chemistry/v/introduction-to-middle-school-chemistryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd7663f38a35c83f4.jpgIntroduction to middle school chemistryChemistry explores matter and its transformations. From ancient alchemists seeking to turn lead into gold, to modern scientists studying atoms, chemistry reveals how everything is made and how it changes. Energy powers these changes, fueling everything from rusting metal to fiery explosions. Dive into chemistry to uncover how atoms combine, how substances change, and how matter and energy shape the universe.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gGalnVpaom8.mp4/gGalnVpaom8.mp4167yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-chemistry/v/density-conceptualhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x64ee61747b30c6f1.jpgDensity (conceptual)Density reveals how much mass is packed into a given volume. Different substances have different densities. Water’s density is 1.0 g/cm³, meaning any material with a density higher than this will sink in water, while lower densities float. Since each substance has a consistent density, this property helps identify materials and explain why some objects are “light” or “heavy” for their size.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/d7VPJ4DYwQQ.mp4/d7VPJ4DYwQQ.mp4442yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-chemistry/v/density-equationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe00b238db136e34a.jpgDensity equationDensity measures how tightly matter is packed into a given space, calculated by dividing mass by volume (D = m/V). Knowing a substance’s density can help identify it. For irregular objects, scientists often measure volume using water displacement, where the volume change in water shows the object’s volume. Combining this measurement with the object’s mass provides a way to identify materials accurately regardless of their shape.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rW_33U7-8u8.mp4/rW_33U7-8u8.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-chemistry/v/worked-examples-balancing-more-complex-chemical-equationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x562b78c23f61280a.jpgWorked examples: Balancing more complex chemical equationsBalancing chemical equations ensures the same number of each atom appears on both sides, following the law of conservation of matter. Adjust only coefficients—not subscripts—to achieve balance. When a formula has parentheses with a subscript, the subscript applies to every element contained in the parenthesis. Simplify coefficients to the lowest whole-number ratio, and group complex particles like sulfate (SO₄) to make counting easier!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8Co6Z79BV-o.mp4/8Co6Z79BV-o.mp4461yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-chemistry/v/heat-capacity-mshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x16a2ec866de12ae5.jpgHeat capacityDifferent substances heat up at different rates due to their heat capacity and specific heat capacity. Heat capacity refers to the energy needed to raise a substance’s temperature, while specific heat capacity measures the energy required to heat 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. Water, with its high specific heat, heats and cools more slowly than metals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7L1EaURmvDs.mp4/7L1EaURmvDs.mp4445yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/intro-to-middle-school-physicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x268dc0cfd28e4c39.jpgIntroduction to middle school physicsHow can we describe motion? What fundamental forces affect the motion of objects? How can energy be used to predict the behavior of systems? What are waves? Explore these questions and more in our middle school physics course. Learn how patterns can be used to develop models that let us make predictions about the natural world.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/79FTQY9LoQU.mp4/79FTQY9LoQU.mp4145yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/human-ear-structure-workinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x78eefa1033ec4b34.jpgHuman earLearn how our ears convert sound waves into a signal our brains can interpret.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/98-6WfdumZY.mp4/98-6WfdumZY.mp4456yes https://puzzicle.org/science/ms-physics/v/structure-of-human-eyehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfc42b42c0d31223c.jpgHuman eyeLearn how our eyes convert visible light from the electromagnetic spectrum into a signal our brains can interpret.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7HGxjs_aYyg.mp4/7HGxjs_aYyg.mp4622yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sp3-hybridized-orbitals-and-sigma-bondshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600611.jpgsp³ hybridized orbitals and sigma bondsLearn about sp³ hybridized orbitals and sigma bonds.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/u1eGSL6J6Fo.mp4/u1eGSL6J6Fo.mp4983yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/pi-bonds-and-sp2-hybridized-orbitalshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600612.jpgsp² hybridized orbitals and pi bondsLearn about sp² hybridized orbitals and pi bonds.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lJX8DxoPRfk.mp4/lJX8DxoPRfk.mp4853yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/tetrahedral-bond-angle-proofhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1262226504.jpgTetrahedral bond angle proofMathematical proof of the bond angles in methane (a tetrahedral molecule).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2UTr46btzaY.mp4/2UTr46btzaY.mp4306yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/condensed-structureshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd71b1802.jpgCondensed structuresHow to go from Lewis dot structures to partially condensed structures to condensed structureshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XEPdMvZqCHQ.mp4/XEPdMvZqCHQ.mp4409yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/three-dimensional-bond-line-structures-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9743c887.jpgThree-dimensional bond-line structuresHow to represent three-dimensional molecules using bond-line structureshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZAgQH2azx3w.mp4/ZAgQH2azx3w.mp4658yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/structural-constitutional-isomers-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x76d2d9c0.jpgStructural (constitutional) isomersHow to draw structural isomers using bond-line structureshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RBbJKOOZ6FY.mp4/RBbJKOOZ6FY.mp4592yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bondshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3d65853e.jpgIntermolecular forcesDifferent types of intermolecular forces (forces between molecules).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pBZ-RiT5nEE.mp4/pBZ-RiT5nEE.mp4516yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/comparing-formal-charges-to-oxidation-stateshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc634cc0f.jpgComparing formal charges to oxidation statesHow formal charges and oxidation states are both ways of counting electronshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CuGg-Tf8lPI.mp4/CuGg-Tf8lPI.mp4346yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formal-charge-on-carbonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf1ada09f.jpgFormal charge on carbonHow to calculate the formal charge on carbonhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7p2qfyqiXHc.mp4/7p2qfyqiXHc.mp4576yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formal-charge-on-nitrogenhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb4f70eab.jpgFormal charge on nitrogenHow to calculate the formal charge on nitrogenhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5-MM39VCwc0.mp4/5-MM39VCwc0.mp4545yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formal-charge-on-oxygenhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x101275b0.jpgFormal charge on oxygenHow to calculate the formal charge on oxygenhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8x8tA4YPhJw.mp4/8x8tA4YPhJw.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/oxidation-states-of-carbonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d55cdfd.jpgOxidation states of carbonHow to assign oxidation states to carbon in different compoundshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rhuYuerbhIE.mp4/rhuYuerbhIE.mp4671yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/organic-oxidation-reduction-reactionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd17bb400.jpgOrganic oxidation-reduction reactionsHow to determine if a starting compound is oxidized, reduced, or neitherhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bJMUKNbAsTY.mp4/bJMUKNbAsTY.mp4824yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/resonance-intro-jayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc4146fe1.jpgResonance structuresIntroduction to resonance structures, when they are used, and how they are drawn.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7BgiKyvviyU.mp4/7BgiKyvviyU.mp4552yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/resonance-pattern-jayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa446b68b.jpgResonance structure patternsExamples showing how different types of bond configurations can be represented using resonance structures.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UHZHkZ6_H5o.mp4/UHZHkZ6_H5o.mp4591yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/resonance-benzene-phenoxidehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2f70b03b.jpgResonance structures for benzene and the phenoxide anionExamples of how to draw resonance structures for molecules with aromatic rings.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oxf0LMJTklg.mp4/oxf0LMJTklg.mp4422yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/common-mistakes-when-drawing-resonance-structureshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfe91c63d.jpgCommon mistakes when drawing resonance structuresHow to avoid common mistakes when drawing resonance structureshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qpP8D7yQV50.mp4/qpP8D7yQV50.mp4465yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/resonance-localized-delocalizedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4019f7cd.jpgResonance structures and hybridizationResonance structures, hybridization of orbitals, and localized and delocalized electron density.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kQCS1AhAnMI.mp4/kQCS1AhAnMI.mp4719yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/organic-acid-base-mechanismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc8145b95.jpgOrganic acid-base mechanismsHow to use curved arrows to draw mechanisms for organic acid-base reactionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jIL333CKE9A.mp4/jIL333CKE9A.mp4332yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ka-and-pka-reviewhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x776a8f4f.jpgKa and pKa reviewA short review of Ka and pKa for students taking organic chemistryhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YEUQXx0fx_I.mp4/YEUQXx0fx_I.mp4160yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/using-a-pka-tablehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x286cdec9.jpgUsing a pKa tableHow to use a pKa table to determine relative acid strengthshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OhAAi3DZ984.mp4/OhAAi3DZ984.mp4544yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/using-pka-values-to-predict-the-position-of-equilibrium-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb3c10af1.jpgUsing pKa values to predict the position of equilibriumHow to use pKa values to predict the position of equilibrium for organic acid-base reactionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ve5hfX3ywk0.mp4/ve5hfX3ywk0.mp4474yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/stabilization-of-a-conjugate-base-electronegativity-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9917ce51.jpgStabilization of a conjugate base: electronegativityHow electronegativity affects the stabilization of a conjugate base (when comparing elements in the same period)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VkrOYs2LFNk.mp4/VkrOYs2LFNk.mp4252yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/stabilization-of-a-conjugate-base-resonance-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x399b07b9.jpgStabilization of a conjugate base: resonanceHow resonance affects the stability of a conjugate basehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/COZqJb-HT-k.mp4/COZqJb-HT-k.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/stabilization-of-a-conjugate-base-induction-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x626859b2.jpgStabilization of a conjugate base: inductionHow a conjugate base is stabilized by the inductive effecthttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/znlvsmuROwI.mp4/znlvsmuROwI.mp4298yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/stabilization-of-a-conjugate-base-hybridizationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9106ae10.jpgStabilization of a conjugate base: hybridizationHow increased s character in a hybrid orbital stabilizes the conjugate basehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kl8nvKKGvOg.mp4/kl8nvKKGvOg.mp4369yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/stabilization-of-a-conjugate-base-solvationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0c85563e.jpgStabilization of a conjugate base: solvationHow the solvent affects the stability of a conjugate basehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vAYoAH98Gag.mp4/vAYoAH98Gag.mp4269yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/representing-structures-of-organic-moleculeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600599.jpgRepresenting structures of organic moleculesRepresenting structures of organic molecules using line (or line-angle) diagrams.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pMoA65Dj-zk.mp4/pMoA65Dj-zk.mp4449yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/naming-simple-alkaneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600600.jpgNaming simple alkanesNaming simple linear and cyclic alkaneshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NRFPvLp3r3g.mp4/NRFPvLp3r3g.mp4568yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/naming-alkanes-with-alkyl-groupshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600601.jpgNaming alkanes with alkyl groupsNaming linear alkanes with branching starting from the structure, and drawing the structures based on the name.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KKAD-OOOHxg.mp4/KKAD-OOOHxg.mp4664yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/correction-2-propylheptane-should-never-be-the-namehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600602.jpgCorrection - 2-propylheptane should never be the name!Correction - 2-Propylheptane should never be the name!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CFBKfgGTP98.mp4/CFBKfgGTP98.mp4176yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/common-and-systematic-naming-iso-sec-and-tert-prefixeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600603.jpgCommon and systematic naming: iso-, sec-, and tert- prefixesCommon and systematic naming - Iso, Sec and Tert prefixeshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TJUm860AjNw.mp4/TJUm860AjNw.mp4812yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alkane-with-ethyl-groupshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x78da269e.jpgNaming alkanes with ethyl groupsNaming conventions for alkane chains that have an ethyl group branch.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/q_Q9C1Ooofc.mp4/q_Q9C1Ooofc.mp4177yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alkane-with-isopropyl-grouphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb440ca7f.jpgAlkane with isopropyl groupNaming conventions for alkane chains that have an isopropyl group branch.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/O9RPGJcAfJk.mp4/O9RPGJcAfJk.mp4499yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/organic-chemistry-naming-examples-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600605.jpgOrganic chemistry naming examples 2Organic chemistry naming examples involving branching and rings.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CJRQ8gOjq4E.mp4/CJRQ8gOjq4E.mp4626yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/organic-chemistry-naming-examples-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600606.jpgOrganic chemistry naming examples 3Organic chemistry naming examples 3, containing branching and cycles.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Se-ekDNhCDk.mp4/Se-ekDNhCDk.mp4491yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/naming-cycloalkanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1e724a5d.jpgNaming a cycloalkaneNaming conventions for cycloalkanes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ygXkdSKXQoA.mp4/ygXkdSKXQoA.mp4463yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/systematic-naming-of-isobutyl-groupshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2779ce12.jpgNaming two isobutyl groups systematicallySystematic naming conventions for molecules with two isopropyl groups.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Xw1CMTXQGPY.mp4/Xw1CMTXQGPY.mp4173yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/organic-chemistry-naming-examples-5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600608.jpgOrganic chemistry naming examples 4Organic chemistry naming examples 4https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6BR0Q5e74bs.mp4/6BR0Q5e74bs.mp4604yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alkane-and-cycloalkane-nomenclature-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258818691.jpgAlkane and cycloalkane nomenclature IICorrection: 2,2,6,6,7-pentamethyloctane is the correct name. I put a dash instead of a comma between the 6 and the 7 on the video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9tEnXUuHkp4.mp4/9tEnXUuHkp4.mp4760yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alkane-and-cycloalkane-nomenclature-iiihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258294932.jpgAlkane and cycloalkane nomenclature IIIPractice naming hydrocarbons with branches and rings. Also discusses classification of carbons: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbons.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/joQd0qVnX4M.mp4/joQd0qVnX4M.mp4786yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/bicyclic-compoundshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258870500.jpgBicyclic compoundsHow to name bicyclic compounds. Numbering the chain and Identifying bridgehead carbons.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cM-SFbffb7k.mp4/cM-SFbffb7k.mp4636yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/naming-cubanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259064484.jpgNaming cubaneSystematic naming of cubane.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ayKHmN90ncc.mp4/ayKHmN90ncc.mp4344yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/newman-projectionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600613.jpgNewman projectionsNewman Projectionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IkmM4CPnqF0.mp4/IkmM4CPnqF0.mp4862yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/newman-projections-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600614.jpgNewman projections 2Newman Projections 2https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ryJvNEHcuDg.mp4/ryJvNEHcuDg.mp4672yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/conformations-of-ethanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x247e5a2f.jpgConformations of ethaneHow to represent the staggered and eclipsed conformations of ethanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/E52oU-pwDxY.mp4/E52oU-pwDxY.mp4603yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/conformational-analysis-of-ethanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbfb3d161.jpgConformational analysis of ethaneHow to analyze the staggered and eclipsed conformations of ethanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vOq6cwT-l2U.mp4/vOq6cwT-l2U.mp4384yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/conformational-analysis-of-propanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7a5516aa.jpgConformational analysis of propaneHow to analyze the staggered and eclipsed conformations of propanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lIJ45KYQOLM.mp4/lIJ45KYQOLM.mp4451yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/conformational-analysis-of-butanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe69c6a56.jpgConformational analysis of butaneHow to analyze the staggered and eclipsed conformations of butanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dTst62XXJ8g.mp4/dTst62XXJ8g.mp4614yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/newman-projection-practice-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x156c864b.jpgNewman projection practice 1How to use Newman projections to determine the most and least stable conformations of a compoundhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MOHzzgQLkk8.mp4/MOHzzgQLkk8.mp4817yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/newman-projection-practice-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa2212bc9.jpgNewman projection practice 2How to determine the most and least stable conformations using Newman projectionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iUrleWSqok4.mp4/iUrleWSqok4.mp4632yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/chair-and-boat-shapes-for-cyclohexanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600615.jpgChair and boat shapes for cyclohexaneChair and Boat Shapes for Cyclohexanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YUEkOBvJSNg.mp4/YUEkOBvJSNg.mp4749yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/double-newman-diagram-for-methcyclohexanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600616.jpgDouble Newman diagram for methylcyclohexaneDouble Newman diagram for methylcyclohexanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/I6LsWSXx8fg.mp4/I6LsWSXx8fg.mp4878yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/stability-of-cycloalkaneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0446fbe1.jpgStability of cycloalkanesHow to analyze the stability of cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DXc4pa9lIaA.mp4/DXc4pa9lIaA.mp4489yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/conformations-of-cyclohexanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcbb6b14e.jpgConformations of cyclohexaneHow to analyze the chair and boat conformations of cyclohexanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p9NzhA3E-70.mp4/p9NzhA3E-70.mp4560yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/drawing-chair-conformationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x15858c1d.jpgDrawing chair conformationsHow to draw both chair conformations of cyclohexanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AtK0QQYHKCk.mp4/AtK0QQYHKCk.mp4687yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/monosubstituted-cyclohexanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x697ddcea.jpgMonosubstituted cyclohexaneHow to draw and analyze the two chair conformations for a monosubstituted cyclohexanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kNQnnshdNuo.mp4/kNQnnshdNuo.mp4508yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/disubstituted-cyclohexanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x219ba23b.jpgDisubstituted cyclohexaneHow to draw chair conformations for disubstituted cyclohexanehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TI27-ZN2Glg.mp4/TI27-ZN2Glg.mp4678yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/polysubstituted-cyclohexanehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3b2b712d.jpgPolysubstituted cyclohexaneHow to draw the chair conformations for mentholhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BwPjtAe1gvE.mp4/BwPjtAe1gvE.mp4529yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/more-functional-groupshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3eb08868.jpgMore functional groupsAn overview of the carbonyl-containing functional groupshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Z9IWg0pcpqo.mp4/Z9IWg0pcpqo.mp4532yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/introduction-to-chiralityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600617.jpgIntroduction to chiralityIntroduction to chirality (handedness), and how chirality is related to the groups bonded to a central carbon.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tk-SNvCPLCE.mp4/tk-SNvCPLCE.mp4406yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/chiral-examples-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600618.jpgChiral examples 1Chiral examples 1https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0XSSPow5oAc.mp4/0XSSPow5oAc.mp4662yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/chiral-examples-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600619.jpgChiral examples 2Chiral examples 2https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QQMZ1ljepWg.mp4/QQMZ1ljepWg.mp4619yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/chiral-achiral-jayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8d536852.jpgChiral vs achiralChirality is an important geometric property relating to a molecule's symmetry. A chiral molecule is non-superimposable with its mirror ​image, and has a "handedness" (think of shoes, which specifically go with a right or left foot). An achiral molecule is superimposable with its mirror image and ​do not have "handedness" (think of a baseball bat, which can be used with either hand).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yChPRfm4yvg.mp4/yChPRfm4yvg.mp4257yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/stereoisomer-enantiomer-jayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2e2a085c.jpgStereoisomers, enantiomers, and chirality centersThe definition of stereoisomers, enantiomers, and chirality centers. How to calculate the number of possible stereoisomers for a structure based on the number of chiral centers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3Ya7I-oDGU0.mp4/3Ya7I-oDGU0.mp4328yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/chirality-center-jayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf93f34c5.jpgIdentifying chirality centersHow to determine which atoms in a molecule are chirality centers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ij1TfRMODhA.mp4/ij1TfRMODhA.mp4488yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/drawing-enantiomershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x747f9bc8.jpgDrawing enantiomersEnantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images, meaning that one enantiomer will be the mirror image of the other enantiomer. In order to draw an enantiomer, you can determine the stereocenter, then swap the two groups attached to the stereocenter.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HOMn523JBok.mp4/HOMn523JBok.mp4570yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/cahn-ingold-prelog-system-for-naming-enantiomershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600620.jpgCahn-Ingold-Prelog system for naming enantiomersCahn-Ingold-Prelog System for Naming Enantiomershttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DfO27juYly8.mp4/DfO27juYly8.mp4662yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/rs-system-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x782cfec3.jpgR,S systemHow to assign the configuration of a chirality center using the R,S systemhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kFD6hzLseVs.mp4/kFD6hzLseVs.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/r-s-cahn-ingold-prelog-naming-system-example-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600621.jpgR,S (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) naming system example 2R,S (Cahn-Ingold-Prelog) Naming System Example 2https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/peQsBg9P4ms.mp4/peQsBg9P4ms.mp4668yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/rs-system-practice-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb8129286.jpgR,S system practiceHow to assign a configuration to a chirality center using the R,S systemhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rzXRZFMcZyU.mp4/rzXRZFMcZyU.mp4524yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/more-rs-practicehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8029dc9d.jpgMore R,S practiceHow to assign configurations to a molecule with two chirality centershttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9IYTqlVk_ZI.mp4/9IYTqlVk_ZI.mp4501yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/fischer-projection-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x19608fd7.jpgFischer projection introductionHow to assign a configuration to a chirality center using a Fischer projectionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sam8CdN-bfs.mp4/sam8CdN-bfs.mp4567yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/fischer-projection-practicehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1133e268.jpgFischer projection practiceHow to assign configurations to chirality centers from a Fischer projectionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/66_qW5UhYn0.mp4/66_qW5UhYn0.mp4535yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/optical-activity-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x394e2501.jpgOptical activityHow optically active compounds rotate plane polarized lighthttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1LdFePZHAyY.mp4/1LdFePZHAyY.mp4542yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/optical-activity-calculations-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x920ec23a.jpgOptical activity calculationsHow to calculate specific rotation and % enantiomeric excesshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/t7oraaLJfYw.mp4/t7oraaLJfYw.mp4483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compoundhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2600622.jpgStereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, constitutional isomers and meso compoundsStereoisomers, Enantiomers, Diastereomers, Constitutional Isomers and Meso Compoundshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/457xnJv80O0.mp4/457xnJv80O0.mp4816yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/enantiomers-and-diastereomershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xba150dc2.jpgEnantiomers and diastereomersHow to tell the difference between enantiomers and diastereomershttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aYp39AaZqvI.mp4/aYp39AaZqvI.mp4489yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/meso-compounds-new-julyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc5102e1d.jpgMeso compoundsHow to identify meso compoundshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zNAL1R-hZr0.mp4/zNAL1R-hZr0.mp4588yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nucleophilicity-nucleophile-strengthhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/54.jpgNucleophilicity (nucleophile strength)Nucleophilicity (Nucleophile Strength)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Z9Jh-Q59xso.mp4/Z9Jh-Q59xso.mp4835yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nucleophilicity-vs-basicityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/55.jpgNucleophilicity vs. basicityNucleophilicity vs. Basicity . The difference between what it means to be a nucleophile and a basehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Mx7KM-k2MMo.mp4/Mx7KM-k2MMo.mp4767yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e2-reactionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/56.jpgE2 reactionsE2 Elimination Reactionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J0gXdEAaSiA.mp4/J0gXdEAaSiA.mp4533yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e1-reactionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/57.jpgE1 reactionsE1 Elimination Reactionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U9dGHwsewNk.mp4/U9dGHwsewNk.mp4562yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/zaitsev-s-rulehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/58.jpgZaitsev's ruleZaitsev's Rule for E2 and E1 reactionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2jO--kC3aqk.mp4/2jO--kC3aqk.mp4809yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/comparing-e2-e1-sn2-sn1-reactionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/59.jpgComparing E2, E1, Sn2, Sn1 reactionsComparing E2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 reactionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/12Rvts2NR7M.mp4/12Rvts2NR7M.mp4746yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e2-e1-sn2-sn1-reactions-example-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/60.jpgE2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 reactions example 2E2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 Reactions Example 2https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vinEPfrqfiU.mp4/vinEPfrqfiU.mp4186yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e2-e1-sn2-sn1-reactions-example-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/61.jpgE2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 reactions example 3E2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 reactions: Example 3https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MtwvLru62Qw.mp4/MtwvLru62Qw.mp4798yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nucleophile-electrophile-and-the-schwartz-ruleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258743999.jpgIdentifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centersThe definition of nucleophiles and electrophiles. Identifying nucleophilic and electrophilic centers in a molecule.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Z4F88tTx9-8.mp4/Z4F88tTx9-8.mp4409yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/curly-arrow-conventionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf9b7de55.jpgCurly arrow conventions in organic chemistryConventions for drawing curved arrows that represent the movements of electrons.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-z2yk8yxv08.mp4/-z2yk8yxv08.mp4419yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/intro-to-organic-mechanismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc64fc5d261b18944.jpgIntro to organic mechanismsIdentifying electrophiles and nucleophiles. Showing movement of electrons using curved arrows.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/V9JixmPdeuk.mp4/V9JixmPdeuk.mp4730yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alkyl-halide-nomenclaturehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258976400.jpgAlkyl halide nomenclature and classificationCommon and IUPAC nomenclature of alkyl halides. Classifying primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl halides.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aaZ-isZs4ko.mp4/aaZ-isZs4ko.mp4641yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-reaction-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259020264.jpgSn1 mechanism: kinetics and substrateHow an Sn1 reaction takes place.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wnjxQsAvkJ8.mp4/wnjxQsAvkJ8.mp4564yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-reaction-stereochemistryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259045152.jpgSn1 mechanism: stereochemistryStereochemistry of an Sn1 reaction and how it relates to the Sn1 mechanism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sDZDgctzbkI.mp4/sDZDgctzbkI.mp4367yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/carbocation-stability-and-rearrangements-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x979e706f0856099e.jpgCarbocation stability and rearrangement introductionRepresenting carbocations using Lewis structures and model showing the empty p orbital. Hyperconjugation and rearrangements to form more stable carbocations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VH0ciDED3wM.mp4/VH0ciDED3wM.mp4596yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/carbocation-rearrangement-practicehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa7ed06579a539fd5.jpgCarbocation rearrangement practiceExamples of using hydride and methyl shifts to form more stable carbocation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Dv5GU9m71YY.mp4/Dv5GU9m71YY.mp4533yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-mechanism-carbocation-rearrangementhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xda682ba1286a7e33.jpgSn1 mechanism: carbocation rearrangementExamples of Sn1 reactions involving carbocation rearrangements.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YddDLLDhPvM.mp4/YddDLLDhPvM.mp4505yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-carbocation-rearrangement-advanced-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdeac171ac6ba3aaf.jpgSn1 carbocation rearrangement (advanced)Example reaction showing Sn1 mechanism where substrate with six membered ring forms five membered ring product via alkyl shift.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0geM5he7Oic.mp4/0geM5he7Oic.mp4444yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn2-mechanism-and-stereochemistryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258960831.jpgSn2 mechanism: kinetics and substrateThe mechanism, rate law, and stereochemistry of Sn2 reactions. How the sterics of the alkyl halide affect the reaction rate.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3LiyCxCTrqo.mp4/3LiyCxCTrqo.mp4441yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn2-mechanism-stereospecificityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4de26543a96e5315.jpgSn2 mechanism: stereospecificityHow nucleophilic attack in Sn2 reaction results in inversion of configuration at carbon with leaving group.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eaQyzkAZGjM.mp4/eaQyzkAZGjM.mp4622yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-and-sn2-leaving-grouphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd23416a46cb142cd.jpgSn1 and Sn2: leaving groupUsing pKa table to determine leaving group ability for Sn1 and Sn2 reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lxnAwd8OXaA.mp4/lxnAwd8OXaA.mp4413yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effectshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258881838.jpgSn1 vs Sn2: Solvent effectsWhich types of solvents favor Sn1 and Sn2 reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/My5SpT9E37c.mp4/My5SpT9E37c.mp4460yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-vs-sn2-summaryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258965234.jpgSn1 vs Sn2: SummarySummary of Sn1 and Sn2 reactions and the types of molecules and solvents that favor each.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wCspf85eQQo.mp4/wCspf85eQQo.mp4834yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e1-elimination-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258882694.jpgE1 mechanism: kinetics and substrateMechanism of an E1 elimination reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l-g2xEV-z7o.mp4/l-g2xEV-z7o.mp4759yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e1-elimination-regioselectivityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258786014.jpgE1 elimination: regioselectivityRegioselectivity and stereoselectivity of E1 elimination reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MDh_5n0OO2M.mp4/MDh_5n0OO2M.mp4410yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e1-mechanism-stereoselectivityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaf1ce5b03c70f7df.jpgE1 mechanism: stereoselectivityStereoselectivity of E1 reactions to favor more stable Zaitsev product.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4fdEhh6YNE4.mp4/4fdEhh6YNE4.mp4571yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/carbocations-and-rearrangementshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258999260.jpgE1 mechanism: carbocations and rearrangementsComparing the stability of different kinds of carbocations using hyperconjugation. Mechanism of carbocation rearrangements including methyl and hydride shifts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AiGGaJfoQ1Y.mp4/AiGGaJfoQ1Y.mp4629yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e2-elimination-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258149637.jpgE2 mechanism: kinetics and substrateMechanism of an E2 elimination reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AJGrSWxPrd8.mp4/AJGrSWxPrd8.mp4559yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e2-elimination-regioselectivityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258298350.jpgE2 mechanism: regioselectivityRegioselectivity of E2 elimination reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gPr0Zn67Rf0.mp4/gPr0Zn67Rf0.mp4376yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e2-elimination-stereoselectivityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258921468.jpgE2 elimination: StereoselectivityStereoselectivity of E2 elimination reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yQfLOhgIY_U.mp4/yQfLOhgIY_U.mp4650yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e2-elimination-stereospecificityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258933606.jpgE2 elimination: StereospecificityStereospecificity of E2 elimination reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VdpIq3FZCn8.mp4/VdpIq3FZCn8.mp4710yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e2-elimination-substituted-cyclohexaneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258925815.jpgE2 elimination: Substituted cyclohexanesExamples of E2 elimination reactions involving substituted cyclohexanes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uCW6154hPkc.mp4/uCW6154hPkc.mp4760yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/regioselectivity-stereoselectivity-and-stereospecificityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7406928d3e6f0381.jpgRegioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and stereospecificityReviewing the difference between regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and stereospecificity in elimination reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/B23i9_jC5T8.mp4/B23i9_jC5T8.mp4349yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/elimination-vs-substitution-reagenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7a9df65a3ebcdb84.jpgElimination vs substitution: reagentHow to figure out if a reagent will act as a strong or weak base or a nucleophile in a reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fG9aJLffPeE.mp4/fG9aJLffPeE.mp4497yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/elimination-vs-substitution-primary-substratehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xad6f7aefe26917ba.jpgElimination vs substitution: primary substrateFiguring out if a primary substrate will undergo substitution or elimination.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HcpPPEG2wFg.mp4/HcpPPEG2wFg.mp4427yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-sn2-e1-e2-reactions-secondary-alkyl-halideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259026446.jpgElimination vs substitution: secondary substrateExamining which types of reactions secondary alkyl halides can undergo.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vFSZ5PU0dIY.mp4/vFSZ5PU0dIY.mp4739yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/elimination-vs-substitution-tertiary-substratehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd3075f634248e2e6.jpgElimination vs substitution: tertiary substrateDetermining if a tertiary substrate will undergo E1, E2, or Sn1.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HfA0rO1-vpE.mp4/HfA0rO1-vpE.mp4801yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/cis-trans-and-e-z-naming-scheme-for-alkeneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2729.jpgcis-trans and E-Z naming scheme for alkenesCis-Trans and E-Z Naming Scheme for Alkeneshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oYoQpDtBLac.mp4/oYoQpDtBLac.mp4296yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/entgegen-zusammen-naming-scheme-for-alkenes-exampleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/2730.jpgEntgegen-Zusammen naming scheme for alkenes examplesEntgegen-Zusammen Naming Scheme for Alkenes Exampleshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GFiizJ-jGVw.mp4/GFiizJ-jGVw.mp4364yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/introduction-to-reaction-mechanismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/4802246.jpgIntroduction to reaction mechanismsIntroduction to Reaction Mechanisms . Addition reaction to an alkenehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Z_GWBW_GVGA.mp4/Z_GWBW_GVGA.mp4682yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/markovnikov-s-rule-and-carbocationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/4802247.jpgMarkovnikov's rule and carbocationsMarkovnikov's Rule and Carbocations. Figuring out which addition reaction is more likely.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/X-VCk3WrGlM.mp4/X-VCk3WrGlM.mp4549yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/polymerization-of-alkenes-with-acidhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/4481799.jpgPolymerization of alkenes with acidPolymerization of Alkenes with Acidhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tR-hzV5Tkxo.mp4/tR-hzV5Tkxo.mp4724yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/cis-trans-isomerismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x667d585d.jpgCis–trans isomerismCis–trans notation can be used to describe the configuration of a double bond with exactly two substituents and two hydrogens. If the two substituents are on the same side of the double bond, the configuration of the bond is cis. If the two substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond, the configuration of the bond is trans.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JjtzMQDdyuM.mp4/JjtzMQDdyuM.mp4324yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/e-z-system-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb602b5af.jpgE–Z systemE–Z notation can be used to describe the configuration of a double bond with two or more substituents. To do so, each substituent is assigned a priority using the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules. If the two higher priority substituents are on same side of the double bond, the configuration of the bond is Z. If the two higher priority substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond, the configuration of the bond is E.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7He7goTp6BY.mp4/7He7goTp6BY.mp4694yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alkene-stabilityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa0cef3be215da66a.jpgAlkene stabilityHow increased substitution leads to more stable alkenes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/y4NVshz6wxk.mp4/y4NVshz6wxk.mp4330yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/hydrohalogenationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259066051.jpgHydrohalogenationReaction of an alkene with a hydrogen halide, converting the double bond to a halogenated single bond.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iEKA0jUstPs.mp4/iEKA0jUstPs.mp4723yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/hydrationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258968655.jpgHydrationHydration of an alkene. The carbon-carbon double bond is converted to a single bond with a hydroxyl substituent.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dJhxphep_gY.mp4/dJhxphep_gY.mp4861yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/hydroboration-oxidation-regio-stereohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfe915027.jpgHydroboration-oxidationA two-step reaction that converts an alkane double bond to a single bond, with regioselective and stereoselective addition of a hydroxyl group.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/b_qDLacdkFg.mp4/b_qDLacdkFg.mp4574yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/hydroboration-oxidation-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1750b898.jpgHydroboration-oxidation: MechanismElectron-pushing mechanism of a hydroboration-oxidation reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/00qYQahwuSQ.mp4/00qYQahwuSQ.mp4679yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/halohydrin-formationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259028558.jpgHalohydrin formationReaction of an alkene with a diatomic halogen and water, converting the double bond to a single bond with halogen and hydroxyl substituents.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FaOOx6IZxV8.mp4/FaOOx6IZxV8.mp4765yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/epoxide-formation-and-anti-dihydroxylationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259063070.jpgEpoxide formation and anti dihydroxylationAdding two hydroxyls to opposite faces of an alkene double bond via an epoxide intermediate.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KfTosrMs5W0.mp4/KfTosrMs5W0.mp4740yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/syn-dihydroxylationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258968713.jpgSyn dihydroxylationReactions that add two hydroxyls to the same face of an alkene double bond as it's converted to a single bond.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/76KtDSfWnkw.mp4/76KtDSfWnkw.mp4812yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ozonolysis-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd84d8622.jpgOzonolysisAlkene cleavage using ozone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bFj3HpdC4Uk.mp4/bFj3HpdC4Uk.mp4822yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alkyne-nomenclaturehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259049525.jpgAlkyne nomenclatureRules for naming alkynes (molecules with a carbon-carbon triple bond).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qZTeyhR1akA.mp4/qZTeyhR1akA.mp4428yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alkyne-acidity-and-alkylationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258994895.jpgAlkyne acidity and alkylationHow terminal alkynes can act as weak acids and react with alkyl halides, leading to their alkylation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_-I3HdmyYfE.mp4/_-I3HdmyYfE.mp4475yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-alkyneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258920438.jpgPreparation of alkynesNote that if a terminal alkyne is produced, the strong base will deprotonate the alkyne to form an alkynide anion. A proton source (like H2O) must be added to regenerate the terminal alkyne.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HbDWBeRJboE.mp4/HbDWBeRJboE.mp4445yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/hydrohalogenation-of-alkyneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259095280.jpgHydrohalogenation of alkynesReaction of an alkyne with a hydrogen halide, leading to formation of a halogenated alkene or alkane.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EbRxaBShveI.mp4/EbRxaBShveI.mp4609yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/hydration-of-alkyneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258994911.jpgHydration of alkynesReaction between a terminal alkyne, a strong acid, and mercury (II) sulfate. Using Mark's rule to determine the regiochemistry of addition, and the mechanism of acid-catalyzed tautomerization.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AE1pkp-_cKE.mp4/AE1pkp-_cKE.mp4477yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/hydroboration-oxidation-of-alkyneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259003454.jpgHydroboration-oxidation of alkynesTwo-step reaction in which an alkene is converted to an alkene with a hydroxyl substituent (which may tautomerize to a carbonyl).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3KrqQXsWP1M.mp4/3KrqQXsWP1M.mp4515yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/halogenation-and-ozonolysis-of-alkyneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259118223.jpgHalogenation and ozonolysis of alkynesReaction of an alkene with a diatomic halogen (halogenation) or with ozone (ozonolysis).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bEJxFs0f35o.mp4/bEJxFs0f35o.mp4440yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/synthesis-using-alkyneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259119274.jpgSynthesis using alkynesUsing a flowsheet showing different reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes to solve an organic synthesis problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Rc1CezZgggM.mp4/Rc1CezZgggM.mp4709yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/triple-bond-linearhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4184407a.jpgTriple bonds cause linear configurationsLinear geometry of a triple bond.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LIFHYUGrYqw.mp4/LIFHYUGrYqw.mp471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/alcohol-propertieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/64.jpgAlcohol propertiesAlcohol properties.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Aa1CMokCch4.mp4/Aa1CMokCch4.mp4564yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/physical-properties-of-alcohols-and-preparation-of-alkoxideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259103436.jpgPhysical properties of alcohols and preparation of alkoxidesThe physical properties of alcohols. How an alcohol can be deprotonated to form an alkoxide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/t6qlbcdn_6k.mp4/t6qlbcdn_6k.mp4676yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-alcohols-using-nabh4https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259015283.jpgPreparation of alcohols using NaBH4How to prepare a primary or secondary alcohol from a ketone or aldehyde using sodium borohydride.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ad5e-jy-eqs.mp4/ad5e-jy-eqs.mp4756yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-alcohols-using-lialh4https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258994969.jpgPreparation of alcohols using LiAlH4How to prepare a primary or secondary alcohol from an aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, or ester using lithium aluminum hydride.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rNJPNlgmhbk.mp4/rNJPNlgmhbk.mp4677yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/synthesis-of-alcohols-using-grignard-reagents-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259140328.jpgSynthesis of alcohols using Grignard reagents ISynthesis of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols from aldehydes and ketones using Grignard reagents.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/itnwiwRpw4w.mp4/itnwiwRpw4w.mp4825yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/synthesis-of-alcohols-using-grignard-reagents-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259118288.jpgSynthesis of alcohols using Grignard reagents IIWorking backwards from a particular alcohol and determining what Grignard reagent you would need to synthesize it.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DhwgNaRwscQ.mp4/DhwgNaRwscQ.mp4728yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-stateshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259111574.jpgOxidation of alcohols I: Mechanism and oxidation statesOxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes (and then carboxylic acids); oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/j-rBgs_p-bg.mp4/j-rBgs_p-bg.mp4758yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-ii-exampleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258832576.jpgOxidation of alcohols II: ExamplesExamples of oxidation reactions for primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wvwLy9ifmX0.mp4/wvwLy9ifmX0.mp4422yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/biological-redox-reactionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1426103770.jpgBiological redox reactionsRedox reactions of alcohols in biological systems. Role of NADH/NAD+ in these reactions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SJ3TKg_3PD8.mp4/SJ3TKg_3PD8.mp4586yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/protection-of-alcoholshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xec775fab.jpgProtection of alcoholsUse of protecting groups to "hide" alcohols while other groups in a molecule react.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KsdZsWOsB84.mp4/KsdZsWOsB84.mp4474yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-mesylates-and-tosylateshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd69060c0.jpgPreparation of mesylates and tosylatesHow to convert an alcohol into a mesylate or tosylate, making it a good leaving group.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rR0LdZ-PfBk.mp4/rR0LdZ-PfBk.mp4521yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sn1-sn2-alcoholshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdd8cee30.jpgSN1 and SN2 reactions of alcoholsSN1 and SN2 reactions of alcohols.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KPh60w6McPI.mp4/KPh60w6McPI.mp4623yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formation-of-nitrate-estershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259152103.jpgFormation of nitrate estersFormation of a nitrate ester from reaction of an alcohol with nitric acid.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_yvdb_0NGT8.mp4/_yvdb_0NGT8.mp4367yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-alkyl-halides-from-alcoholshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1323985482.jpgPreparation of alkyl halides from alcoholsHow to convert an alcohol into an alkyl halide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LccmkSz-Y-w.mp4/LccmkSz-Y-w.mp4534yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ether-naming-and-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022703.jpgEther naming and introductionEther naming and introduction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/roUGDG1rhPI.mp4/roUGDG1rhPI.mp4659yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ether-nomenclaturehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258962744.jpgEther nomenclatureRules for naming ethers.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gW8za1t2nFg.mp4/gW8za1t2nFg.mp4667yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/properties-of-ethers-and-crown-ethershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259101394.jpgProperties of ethers and crown ethersPhysical properties of ethers. Crown ethers, which are large, ring-shaped molecules with multiple ether groups.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UlJmX9SLGRw.mp4/UlJmX9SLGRw.mp4611yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/williamson-ether-synthesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258839947.jpgWilliamson ether synthesisTwo-step synthesis of an ether from an alcohol, A strong base is a dded to deprotonate the alcohol, which then attacks an alkyl halide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/X9ypryY7hrQ.mp4/X9ypryY7hrQ.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/acidic-cleavage-of-ethershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259076678.jpgAcidic cleavage of ethersReaction of ethers with strong acids to form an alcohol and an alkyl halide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1k6MUeM-pEo.mp4/1k6MUeM-pEo.mp4749yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/cyclic-ethers-and-epoxide-naminghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022704.jpgCyclic ethers and epoxide namingCyclic ethers and epoxide naming.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5d63YMUxcS4.mp4/5d63YMUxcS4.mp4468yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nomenclature-and-preparation-of-epoxideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259001927.jpgNomenclature and preparation of epoxidesNaming of epoxides (cyclic ethers with three atoms in the ring). Preparation of epoxides from alkenes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zGO-MlsdmgU.mp4/zGO-MlsdmgU.mp4515yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-epoxides-stereochemistryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259155226.jpgPreparation of epoxides: StereochemistryStereochemistry of epoxide preparation and how it relates to mechanism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/E9fw0EU4wpA.mp4/E9fw0EU4wpA.mp4896yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ring-opening-reactions-of-epoxides-strong-nucleophileshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259130390.jpgRing-opening reactions of epoxides: Strong nucleophilesHow nucleophilic attack can open the highly strained ring of an epoxide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rWfs1hyguaM.mp4/rWfs1hyguaM.mp4847yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ring-opening-reactions-of-epoxides-acid-catalyzedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1259152148.jpgRing opening reactions of epoxides: Acid-catalyzedHow acid-catalyzed reactions can open the highly strained ring of an epoxide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NRsM8kXtT5s.mp4/NRsM8kXtT5s.mp4522yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-sulfideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258832595.jpgPreparation of sulfidesHow to prepare sulfides from thiols. Sulfides are like ethers, but with a sulfur instead of an oxygen atom.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MC8Mc6tSjYI.mp4/MC8Mc6tSjYI.mp4419yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/diels-alder-reaction-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x23276354.jpgDiels-Alder reactionHow to draw the products for a Diels-Alder reactionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9Ng6Zv9oLzk.mp4/9Ng6Zv9oLzk.mp4482yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/diels-alder-stereochemistry-of-dienophilehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x84b7ae39.jpgDiels-Alder: stereochemistry of dienophileHow to analyze the stereochemistry of the dienophile in a Diels-Alder reactionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vXESvgGbSiw.mp4/vXESvgGbSiw.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/diels-alder-stereochemistry-of-diene-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9ce36256.jpgDiels-Alder: stereochemistry of dieneHow to analyze the stereochemistry of the diene in a Diels-Alder reactionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CbgWfnqLJI0.mp4/CbgWfnqLJI0.mp4637yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/diels-alder-endo-rule-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbd52ef09.jpgDiels-Alder: endo ruleHow to draw the endo product for a Diels-Alder reactionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jXanAqj_BVA.mp4/jXanAqj_BVA.mp4596yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/diels-alder-intramolecular-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x449f1a42.jpgDiels-Alder: intramolecularHow to analyze the product of an intramolecular Diels-Alder reactionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SrrcBWllLbI.mp4/SrrcBWllLbI.mp4442yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/diels-alder-regiochemistry-newhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x210a461f.jpgDiels-Alder: regiochemistryHow to determine the regiochemical product of a Diels-Alder reactionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aP-IPzDzasM.mp4/aP-IPzDzasM.mp4237yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/naming-benzene-derivatives-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022712.jpgNaming benzene derivatives introductionNaming benzene derivatives introduction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A5r7wkwDID4.mp4/A5r7wkwDID4.mp4520yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/naming-benzene-derivativeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1366475654.jpgNaming benzene derivativesHow to name benzene derivatives, with examples.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8iwauKeqm2w.mp4/8iwauKeqm2w.mp4689yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/electrophilic-aromatic-substitutionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022713.jpgElectrophilic aromatic substitutionElectrophilic aromatic substitution.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fpq0eICjuSI.mp4/fpq0eICjuSI.mp4677yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/bromination-of-benzenehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022714.jpgBromination of benzeneThe bromination of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. In this reaction, the electrophile (bromine) forms a sigma bond to the benzene ring, yielding an intermediate. Then, a proton is removed from the intermediate to form a substituted benzene ring.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K2tIixiXGOM.mp4/K2tIixiXGOM.mp4776yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/friedel-crafts-acylationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022767.jpgFriedel-Crafts acylationFriedel-Crafts acylation reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vFfriC55fFw.mp4/vFfriC55fFw.mp4678yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/friedel-crafts-acylation-addendumhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022768.jpgFriedel crafts acylation addendumFriedel-Crafts acylation addendum.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0YD5xSvseIw.mp4/0YD5xSvseIw.mp450yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aromatic-stability-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8ab13dd8.jpgAromatic stability IThe aromaticity of benzene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oDigu9YxXUg.mp4/oDigu9YxXUg.mp4358yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aromatic-stability-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1384499538.jpgAromatic stability IIHow the geometry of a molecule plays into aromaticity. Why cyclooctatetraene is not aromatic like benzene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/I6wzan4hNc4.mp4/I6wzan4hNc4.mp4601yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aromatic-stability-iiihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1404889056.jpgAromatic stability IIIAromaticity of the cyclopropenyl cation and antiaromaticity of cyclobutadiene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yg0XJWHPqOA.mp4/yg0XJWHPqOA.mp4578yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aromatic-stability-ivhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1404562000.jpgAromatic stability IVAromaticity of the cyclopentadienyl anion and cycloheptatrienyl cation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BNmOZO9hbb0.mp4/BNmOZO9hbb0.mp4631yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aromatic-stability-vhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1425619777.jpgAromatic stability VAromaticity of polycyclic compounds, such as naphthalene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sMrm4g6Aj4Y.mp4/sMrm4g6Aj4Y.mp4567yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aromatic-heterocycles-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdddee18a.jpgAromatic heterocycles IThe aromaticity of heterocycles (rings containing one or more non-carbon atoms).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vAW9t5uBr08.mp4/vAW9t5uBr08.mp4707yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aromatic-heterocycles-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc08355a0.jpgAromatic heterocycles IIThe aromaticity of pyrrole, imidazole, and thiophene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wvVdgGTrh-o.mp4/wvVdgGTrh-o.mp4729yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/electrophilic-aromatic-substitution-mechanismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe5146e69.jpgElectrophilic aromatic substitution mechanismThe general reaction and mechanism of electrophilic aromatic substitution.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eQzbpL0uWVA.mp4/eQzbpL0uWVA.mp4415yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/halogenation-of-benzene-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6d328f7c.jpgAromatic halogenationThe halogenation of benzene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3cVSSiuiwsQ.mp4/3cVSSiuiwsQ.mp4520yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nitrationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4eb7624c.jpgNitrationNitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rC165FcI4Yg.mp4/rC165FcI4Yg.mp4503yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/sulfonation-benzenehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcc11fbe4.jpgSulfonationSulfonation of benzene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aKeDUvpfOfI.mp4/aKeDUvpfOfI.mp4624yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/friedel-crafts-alkylationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf23a2385.jpgFriedel-Crafts alkylationThe mechanism of alkylation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FHptu3tcJnM.mp4/FHptu3tcJnM.mp4823yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/friedel-crafts-acylation-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x50801d9e.jpgFriedel-Crafts acylationThe mechanism of acylation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xUFwzPmqt0Y.mp4/xUFwzPmqt0Y.mp4552yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ortho-para-directors-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf77ea11d.jpgOrtho-para directors IRegiochemistry.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i9rfWOAEplk.mp4/i9rfWOAEplk.mp4778yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ortho-para-directors-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3b0b9f0c.jpgOrtho-para directors IIStrong activators.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KM_maukQebY.mp4/KM_maukQebY.mp4518yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ortho-para-directors-iiihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7903db86.jpgOrtho-para directors IIIModerate and weak activation, weak deactivation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SFd8mcpP3TU.mp4/SFd8mcpP3TU.mp4577yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/meta-directors-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x096c0436.jpgMeta directors IRegiochemistry.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/c547u94QRFU.mp4/c547u94QRFU.mp4646yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/meta-directors-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x45932a90.jpgMeta directors IIInductive and resonance effects.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XUT7zEffaTY.mp4/XUT7zEffaTY.mp4461yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/multiple-substituentshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xef0a18eb.jpgMultiple substituentsThe directing effects of substituents on a benzene ring.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iF-f2-KSw6E.mp4/iF-f2-KSw6E.mp4395yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/birch-reduction-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4e04fccf.jpgBirch reduction IThe mechanism of the Birch reduction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p4M2q1t_Up8.mp4/p4M2q1t_Up8.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/birch-reduction-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x33a50c3d.jpgBirch reduction IIThe effect of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dzjkh9K5Y8o.mp4/dzjkh9K5Y8o.mp4739yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/reactions-at-the-benzylic-positionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x739b5ccc.jpgReactions at the benzylic positionFree radical bromination, nucleophilic substitution, oxidation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GonTjrX5PjA.mp4/GonTjrX5PjA.mp4612yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/synthesis-of-substituted-benzene-rings-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x91dfd8db.jpgSynthesis of substituted benzene rings ISynthesis practice problems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K4RE-6AolEw.mp4/K4RE-6AolEw.mp4460yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/synthesis-of-substituted-benzene-rings-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf49d2591.jpgSynthesis of substituted benzene rings IISynthesis practice problems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/b9NZvAhvIwQ.mp4/b9NZvAhvIwQ.mp4506yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nucleophilic-aromatic-substitution-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xae46f3e4.jpgNucleophilic aromatic substitution IThe addition-elimination mechanism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6xy02bQS2Zg.mp4/6xy02bQS2Zg.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nucleophilic-aromatic-substitution-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe0a21ce8.jpgNucleophilic aromatic substitution IIThe elimination-addition mechanism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mMHOM2qaRaE.mp4/mMHOM2qaRaE.mp4705yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aldehyde-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022765.jpgAldehyde introductionAldehyde introduction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oeyBfrx5RJY.mp4/oeyBfrx5RJY.mp4468yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ketone-naminghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022766.jpgKetone namingKetones are named following IUPAC nomenclature. They are named by finding the carbonyl group and identifying it with a location number, if necessary, then adding the suffix "-one." The common name for ketones is determined by naming the alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl (in alphabetical order), then adding 'ketone'. For example, the compound CH₃CCH₂CH₃ has an IUPAC named of 2-butanone, and its common name is ethyl methyl ketone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wD15pD5pCt4.mp4/wD15pD5pCt4.mp4524yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nomenclature-of-aldehydes-and-ketoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe80d8a0e.jpgNomenclature of aldehydes and ketonesRules for naming aldehydes and ketones.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JMsqu236bZo.mp4/JMsqu236bZo.mp4758yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/physical-properties-of-aldehydes-and-ketoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9e2c8f29.jpgPhysical properties of aldehydes and ketonesWhere the names "aldehyde" and "ketone" come from. Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4lbVBMLZ1jQ.mp4/4lbVBMLZ1jQ.mp4613yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/reactivity-of-aldehydes-and-ketoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9ddc232e.jpgReactivity of aldehydes and ketonesElectron distribution in aldehydes and ketones and how it influences reactivity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BlBQBOb0OQ4.mp4/BlBQBOb0OQ4.mp4605yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formation-of-hydrateshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbc22ce4f.jpgFormation of hydratesHow ketones and aldehydes react with water to form hydrates.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/632MAqIB14E.mp4/632MAqIB14E.mp4447yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formation-of-hemiacetalshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9477eb73.jpgFormation of hemiacetals and hemiketalsHow aldehydes (or ketones) react with alcohols to form hemiacetals (or hemiketals).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FGq9-R6Yw18.mp4/FGq9-R6Yw18.mp4644yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/acid-and-base-catalyzed-formation-of-hydrates-and-hemiacetalshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5f7d086c.jpgAcid and base catalyzed formation of hydrates and hemiacetalsHow addition of acid or base can catalyze the formation of hydrates and hemiacetals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rL0lDESwwv8.mp4/rL0lDESwwv8.mp4626yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formation-of-acetalshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7327d20a.jpgFormation of acetalsHow aldehydes react with alcohols via an acid-catalyzed mechanism to form acetals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8-ccnvn9DxI.mp4/8-ccnvn9DxI.mp4855yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/acetals-as-protecting-groups-and-thioacetalshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x49f0789d.jpgAcetals as protecting groups and thioacetalsHow acetals are used as protecting groups. Thioacetals are similar to acetals, but form from reaction of an aldehyde with a thiol (not an alcohol).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fY_ejjMRYg0.mp4/fY_ejjMRYg0.mp4505yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formation-of-imines-and-enamineshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcac5c01c.jpgFormation of imines and enaminesHow aldehydes and ketones react with primary and secondary amines to for imines and enamines.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Gl7bQNm92fE.mp4/Gl7bQNm92fE.mp4813yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formation-of-oximes-and-hydrazoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb3f287ad.jpgFormation of oximes and hydrazonesHow aldehydes and ketones can react with hydroxylamine to form oximes or hydrazine to form hydrazones.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gSzxeL64Cn0.mp4/gSzxeL64Cn0.mp4580yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/addition-of-carbon-nucleophiles-to-aldehydes-and-ketoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x18386c36.jpgAddition of carbon nucleophiles to aldehydes and ketonesHow carbon-containing nucleophiles attack aldehydes and ketones to form alcohols.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/D5-1qEKtfQ4.mp4/D5-1qEKtfQ4.mp4573yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/formation-of-alcohols-using-hydride-reducing-agentshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb08f7f0a.jpgFormation of alcohols using hydride reducing agentsReduction of aldehydes, ketones, and esters using sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uWJRx-5n1yw.mp4/uWJRx-5n1yw.mp4695yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/oxidation-of-aldehydes-using-tollens-reagenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd9c3a4be.jpgOxidation of aldehydes using Tollens' reagentOxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using Tollens' reagent.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_0TqG8-N8DI.mp4/_0TqG8-N8DI.mp4561yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/carboxlic-acid-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022770.jpgCarboxylic acid introductionCarboxylic acid introduction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xheOq0XZ-so.mp4/xheOq0XZ-so.mp4531yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/acid-chloride-formationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022773.jpgAcid chloride formationAcetic acid to acetyl chloride mechanism. Can be generalized to forming any acid halide from a carboxylic acid.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XKk9K5xTgDA.mp4/XKk9K5xTgDA.mp4709yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/amides-anhydrides-esters-and-acyl-chlorideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022774.jpgAmides, anhydrides, esters, and acyl chloridesCarboxylic acid derivatives - amides, anhydrides, esters and acyl chlorides.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SRPQ62dR6b4.mp4/SRPQ62dR6b4.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/relative-stability-of-amides-esters-anhydrides-and-acyl-chlorideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022775.jpgRelative stability of amides, esters, anhydrides, and acyl chloridesRelative stability of amides, esters, anhydrides, and acyl chlorides.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NYI0bJK64MY.mp4/NYI0bJK64MY.mp4669yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/amide-formation-from-acyl-chloridehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022776.jpgAmide formation from acyl chlorideAmide formation from acyl chloride.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gMKtGulgGH8.mp4/gMKtGulgGH8.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/reduction-of-carboxylic-acidshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7c382d2e.jpgReduction of carboxylic acidsHow to reduce carboxylic acids using lithium aluminum hydride (and borane).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zR4OaoiNkA0.mp4/zR4OaoiNkA0.mp4534yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-acyl-acid-chlorideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x63b9f13f.jpgPreparation of acyl (acid) chloridesHow to prepare acyl (acid) chlorides using thionyl chloride.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5_4xmCLmtb8.mp4/5_4xmCLmtb8.mp4623yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-acid-anhydrideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x88af37b3.jpgPreparation of acid anhydridesHow to prepare acid anhydrides from carboxylic acids.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9K3R6xtO6SU.mp4/9K3R6xtO6SU.mp4429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/preparation-of-amides-using-dcchttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x04b07e8a.jpgPreparation of amides using DCCThe mechanism for the formation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CafRuKs7EfE.mp4/CafRuKs7EfE.mp4714yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/decarboxylationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x20b158db.jpgDecarboxylationThe decarboxylation (loss of carbon dioxide) of malonic acid and a beta-keto acid.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8G0RkfeKfBg.mp4/8G0RkfeKfBg.mp4407yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-acyl-acid-halides-and-acid-anhydrideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x82838180.jpgNomenclature and properties of acyl (acid) halides and acid anhydridesHow to name acyl (acid) chlorides and acid anhydrides and how to analyze their physical properties.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uaXgGL1dGfU.mp4/uaXgGL1dGfU.mp4620yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-estershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa43e7ac2.jpgNomenclature and properties of estersHow to name esters and how to analyze their physical properties.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R9PjfG1e7-w.mp4/R9PjfG1e7-w.mp4631yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-amideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x17a27dc5.jpgNomenclature and properties of amidesHow to name amides and the physical properties of acetamide.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EgTd7OSTO1I.mp4/EgTd7OSTO1I.mp4530yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/reactivity-of-carboxylic-acid-derivativeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b77a874.jpgReactivity of carboxylic acid derivativesHow to analyze the reactivity of the carboxylic acid derivatives using induction and resonance effects.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MWii7tL0T84.mp4/MWii7tL0T84.mp4543yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nucleophilic-acyl-substitutionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xca8961e4.jpgNucleophilic acyl substitutionThe general mechanism of nucleophilic acyl substitution (and leaving group stability).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3QWJrPq_HB0.mp4/3QWJrPq_HB0.mp4569yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/acid-catalyzed-ester-hydrolysishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xef274335.jpgAcid-catalyzed ester hydrolysisThe mechanism for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters (and transesterification).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K7XAk7EvLSc.mp4/K7XAk7EvLSc.mp4686yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/acid-and-base-catalyzed-hydrolysis-of-amideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc8267955.jpgAcid and base-catalyzed hydrolysis of amidesThe mechanisms for acid and base catalyzed hydrolysis of amides.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MGF0jSP3Txo.mp4/MGF0jSP3Txo.mp4707yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/beta-lactam-antibioticshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x510b73fe.jpgBeta-lactam antibioticsThe mechanism of action of beta-lactam antibiotics.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/I-uzVCJCRpE.mp4/I-uzVCJCRpE.mp4554yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/keto-enol-tautomerizationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022769.jpgKeto-enol tautomerization (by Sal)Keto-enol tautomerization.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SXbc4J1qWjE.mp4/SXbc4J1qWjE.mp4483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/keto-enol-tautomerization-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe885dfb1.jpgKeto-enol tautomerization (by Jay)Learn about mechanisms for acid and base catalyzed keto-enol tautomerization. Uncover how aldehydes or ketones, with a dash of acid or base, can transform into an enol. Explore the role of alpha protons and double bonds in this transformation, and understand the significance of chiral centers in the process.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NdRl1C6Jr5o.mp4/NdRl1C6Jr5o.mp4689yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/enolate-formation-from-aldehydeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x098c1f45.jpgEnolate formation from aldehydesHow to form enolates from aldehydes using sodium ethoxide and sodium hydride.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bhxo9Wwr4mA.mp4/bhxo9Wwr4mA.mp4372yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/enolate-formation-from-ketoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaea0840a.jpgEnolate formation from ketonesForming enolates from ketones using LDA and sodium ethoxidehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lhRfE13mM70.mp4/lhRfE13mM70.mp4618yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/kinetic-and-thermodynamic-enolateshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaf94b7bc.jpgKinetic and thermodynamic enolatesHow to form different enolates from ketones.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sBuM8hTGlag.mp4/sBuM8hTGlag.mp4499yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aldol-reactionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022777.jpgAldol reactionIntroduction to the mechanism for the aldol reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3XiHrsZNZko.mp4/3XiHrsZNZko.mp4701yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/aldol-condensationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x96be1299.jpgAldol condensationIn aldol condensation, an enolate ion reacts with another carbonyl compound to form a conjugated enone. The process occurs in two parts: an aldol reaction, which forms an aldol product, and a dehydration reaction, which removes water to form the final product.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sjMsyk-rP8I.mp4/sjMsyk-rP8I.mp4683yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/mixed-crossed-aldol-condensationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd46c67f7.jpgMixed (crossed) aldol condensationHow to find the product of a mixed (crossed) aldol condensation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NAW1pqHs2_c.mp4/NAW1pqHs2_c.mp4565yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/mixed-crossed-aldol-condensation-using-a-lithium-enolatehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x690d8530.jpgMixed (crossed) aldol condensation using a lithium enolateHow to direct a mixed aldol condensation using a lithium enolate.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/g0_bWq24Np0.mp4/g0_bWq24Np0.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/retro-aldol-and-retrosynthesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb71ae0d8.jpgRetro-aldol and retrosynthesisHow to think about the aldol condensation using retrosynthesis.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dKFE0uJayM8.mp4/dKFE0uJayM8.mp4673yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/intramolecular-aldol-condensationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x246923bf.jpgIntramolecular aldol condensationHow to determine the product of an intramolecular aldol condensation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NSPrIjA6T-c.mp4/NSPrIjA6T-c.mp4722yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/amine-naming-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022760.jpgAmine naming introductionAmine naming introduction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Kpov3GS6tjM.mp4/Kpov3GS6tjM.mp4411yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/amine-naming-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/6022761.jpgAmine naming 2Amine naming 2.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CJzuu_k9Nv0.mp4/CJzuu_k9Nv0.mp4343yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/introduction-to-infrared-spectroscopyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x94a9caf3.jpgIntroduction to infrared spectroscopyExplore how molecules absorb energy from infrared light, causing bonds to stretch in a process known as a stretching vibration. Understand how this concept is modeled like the oscillation of a spring. Learn about the interpretation of infrared spectra, distinguishing between the diagnostic and fingerprint regions. Uncover the relationship between wave number, frequency, and wavelength of light.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mZ-U7Qpkz8Y.mp4/mZ-U7Qpkz8Y.mp4565yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/bonds-as-springshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe8699a3e.jpgBonds as springsLearn how frequency of bond vibration can be compared to the oscillation of a spring by using Hooke's law. Explore how the strength of the bond and the mass of the atoms affect the frequency of vibration. The concept of reduced mass is introduced for situations where both atoms in a bond are moving.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ETdNsO7mKXM.mp4/ETdNsO7mKXM.mp4740yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/signal-characteristics-wave-numberhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x255ee57a.jpgSignal characteristics - wavenumberLearn how to use equations to predict the wavenumber for different types of chemical bonds. See how the frequency of bond vibration in molecules, likened to a spring oscillation, depends on the force constant and reduced mass. Learn how to calculate wave numbers for different bonds using these factors, as you develop your understanding of where signals appear in IR spectroscopy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MlMwMqM_Wsg.mp4/MlMwMqM_Wsg.mp4925yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ir-spectra-for-hydrocarbonshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x275db936.jpgIR spectra for hydrocarbonsLearn how to interpret IR spectra of hydrocarbons containing single, double, and triple carbon-carbon bonds. See how the hybridization state of carbon affects the wavenumber in a carbon-hydrogen bond stretch. Uncover the relationship between bond strength, frequency, and wavenumber as you explore real-life examples, comparing alkanes, alkynes, and alkenes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_nzaMQKpPLM.mp4/_nzaMQKpPLM.mp4782yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/signal-characteristics-intensityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xeb267644.jpgSignal characteristics - intensityThis video explores how dipole moments impact the intensity of IR signals. It explains that stretching vibrations that change the dipole moment are observed on IR spectra. Using examples like cyclohexanone and 1-Hexene, it illustrates how larger dipole moments result in stronger signals, and vice versa. It also discusses the absence of signals in symmetrical alkenes due to no dipole moment.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xFNeN9rONKY.mp4/xFNeN9rONKY.mp4335yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/signal-characteristics-shapehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe9ecdd63.jpgSignal characteristics - shapeExplore how hydrogen bonding impacts the IR spectrum in alcohols and carboxylic acids, causing the shape of an IR signal to become broader and less sharp. Learn how electronegativity and bond strength influence the wavenumber, and how steric hindrance can prevent hydrogen bonding. Discover how to identify functional groups in molecules using IR spectrum signals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ALLSsIDhFdU.mp4/ALLSsIDhFdU.mp4557yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/symmetric-and-asymmetric-stretchinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9d5db2e5.jpgSymmetric and asymmetric stretchingLearn how symmetric and asymmetric stretching of two identical groups can lead to two distinct signals in IR spectroscopy. Discover the difference between symmetric and asymmetric stretching and how it affects energy levels.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9GPuoukU8fM.mp4/9GPuoukU8fM.mp4662yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ir-signals-for-carbonyl-compoundshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf925efaa.jpgIR signals for carbonyl compoundsLearn about the IR signals of various carbonyl-containing compounds, and see how differences in wavenumber relate to differences in compound structure.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VymVIXcyErI.mp4/VymVIXcyErI.mp4772yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/ir-spectra-practicehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb621cf29.jpgIR spectra practicePractice identifying compounds that correspond to a specific IR spectrum.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mJt1QI-yDG4.mp4/mJt1QI-yDG4.mp4354yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/uv-vis-spectroscopyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb2a1d125.jpgUV/Vis spectroscopyIntroduction to UV/Vis spectroscopy and how this technique is used to analyze molecules with electrons in pi orbitals and nonbonding orbitals. Explore this through a sample analysis of the absorption spectrum of 1,3-Butadiene, discussing the concept of molecular orbitals and the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). It also explores how energy and wavelength are inversely proportional.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1FQPXtN7MeI.mp4/1FQPXtN7MeI.mp4672yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/absorption-in-the-visible-regionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x12e82317.jpgAbsorption in the visible regionExplore the physical basis of our perception of color through the example of beta carotene, the molecule that gives carrots their orange color. Beta carotene absorbs light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum at wavelengths of approximately 450 to 500 nanometers, which corresponds to blue light. As a result, the orange wavelengths are reflected, making beta carotene appear orange to our eyes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5HMMfiyszjo.mp4/5HMMfiyszjo.mp4311yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/conjugation-and-color-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x876e0e36.jpgConjugation and colorExplore how organic molecules absorb light based on their energy levels. Understand the role of molecular orbitals, particularly the highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Discover how extensive conjugation leads to color in molecules like beta-Carotene and phenolphthalein.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zAQz5J3Tpgs.mp4/zAQz5J3Tpgs.mp4574yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/introduction-to-proton-nmrhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdd5a22f0.jpgIntroduction to proton NMRExplore the concept of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and its role in understanding molecular structures. Learn how a proton's spin creates a magnetic field, leading to alpha and beta spin states. Discover how energy absorption can flip a proton from one state to another, providing key insights for NMR studies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jjcHZuTGWXk.mp4/jjcHZuTGWXk.mp4627yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/nuclear-shieldinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2609584c.jpgNuclear shieldingThe video explains the concept of nuclear shielding in NMR spectroscopy. It details how a proton in a molecule, surrounded by circulating electron density, experiences a smaller effective magnetic field due to the induced magnetic field opposing the applied one. This phenomenon, called shielding, affects the energy difference between the alpha and beta spin states, and consequently, the frequency absorbed by the proton.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rFmAWQSiqRo.mp4/rFmAWQSiqRo.mp4622yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/chemical-equivalencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x29d65872.jpgChemical equivalenceLearn how to predict the number of signals in a proton NMR spectrum based on the number of non-equivalent hydrogens in a compound. This video breaks down how to determine the number of expected signals in an NMR spectrum. It explains the concept of chemically equivalent protons and how their environment affects the signals. The video uses examples like methane, propane, and benzene to illustrate these concepts. It emphasizes the importance of practice and understanding symmetry in molecules.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p9B4s0N5yk8.mp4/p9B4s0N5yk8.mp4644yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/chemical-shifthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x63a51409.jpgChemical shiftThe video explains how to calculate chemical shifts in NMR spectroscopy using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as a reference. It emphasizes the importance of TMS's shielding effect and how it affects the frequency of proton absorption. The video also demonstrates how to maintain constant chemical shift values across different spectrometer frequencies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/y_sR3OyZUGo.mp4/y_sR3OyZUGo.mp4351yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/electronegativity-and-chemical-shifthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb1fbb528.jpgElectronegativity and chemical shiftThis video breaks down how protons in different environments exhibit varying chemical shifts in NMR spectroscopy. It explains how factors like electronegativity, hybridization, and hydrogen bonding influence shielding or deshielding of protons, affecting their energy states and the frequency signals they emit.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CI84wFXN_Vg.mp4/CI84wFXN_Vg.mp4662yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/diamagnetic-anisotropyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5517454d.jpgDiamagnetic anisotropyLearn what diamagnetic anisotropy is and how it affects chemical shift in proton NMR. Explore the concept of diamagnetic anisotropy, focusing on how pi electrons in molecules like benzyne and acetylene respond to an applied magnetic field. The induced magnetic field created by circulating pi electrons affects the effective magnetic field experienced by protons, influencing their chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy. This key principle helps explain variations in chemical shifts across different molecular structures.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZxNd67TbMLA.mp4/ZxNd67TbMLA.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/integrationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xceda29a2.jpgIntegrationSee how the area under each proton NMR signal can tell us the number of protons in a certain chemical environment.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6dP-mNDnU-A.mp4/6dP-mNDnU-A.mp4270yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/spin-spin-splitting-couplinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0e327bb2.jpgSpin-spin splitting (coupling)The video explains the concept of spin-spin splitting in NMR spectroscopy. It demonstrates how the magnetic fields of protons can interact, leading to splitting of signals in an NMR spectrum. The video also illustrates how these interactions can result in doublets and triplets, providing a deeper understanding of the complexities of NMR spectra.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QlM21sl-TDg.mp4/QlM21sl-TDg.mp4742yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/multiplicity-n-1-rulehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb383ffaa.jpgMultiplicity: n + 1 ruleLearn how to us the n+1 rule to predict how many peaks to expect from spin-spin coupling.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/86iNZaZ0S84.mp4/86iNZaZ0S84.mp4585yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/coupling-constanthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd6c0a443.jpgCoupling constantLearn how to predict splitting patterns based on the molecular structure, and how to find coupling constants from the peaks in a multiplet by using roofing to figure out which protons are splitting each other.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wZJ_iAxvHGU.mp4/wZJ_iAxvHGU.mp4370yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/complex-splittinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x73955b89.jpgComplex splittingLearn how to predict the splitting pattern when a proton has two different kinds of neighboring protons by using a splitting tree.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/intPEdg4Yyc.mp4/intPEdg4Yyc.mp4475yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/hydrogen-deficiency-indexhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x29a93415.jpgHydrogen deficiency indexLeanr how to relate molecular structure with the molecular formula using the hydrogen deficiency index (or number of degrees of unsaturation).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5bWxTfRZx70.mp4/5bWxTfRZx70.mp4531yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/proton-nmr-practice-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x26961ec2.jpgProton NMR practice 1Practice determining the structure of a molecule from the molecular formula, hydrogen deficiency index, and proton NMR spectrum. Uses example of ethylbenzene.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YrHx2R72hFk.mp4/YrHx2R72hFk.mp4696yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/proton-nmr-practice-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x008fb1a1.jpgProton NMR practice 2More practice determining the structure of a molecule from the molecular formula, hydrogen deficiency index, and proton NMR spectrum. Uses example of ether.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gZu9Hhz23EY.mp4/gZu9Hhz23EY.mp4811yes https://puzzicle.org/science/organic-chemistry/v/proton-nmr-practice-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x09b6f1e8.jpgProton NMR practice 3More practice determining the structure of a molecule from the molecular formula, hydrogen deficiency index, and proton NMR spectrum. Uses example of ethanol.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/15fz6Wo84IA.mp4/15fz6Wo84IA.mp4443yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/904264130.jpgNewton's first law of motion introductionNewton's first law states that objects move with constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. If the net force on an object is zero, it will remain at rest (if already at rest) or continue moving with constant speed and direction. A force is not required to keep an object in motion unless an opposing force is present.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5-ZFOhHQS68.mp4/5-ZFOhHQS68.mp4326yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/balanced-and-unbalanced-forceshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/897591106.jpgBalanced and unbalanced forcesWhen forces in a particular dimension cancel each other out, they're balanced and result in zero net force. When forces in a particular dimension do not cancel each other out, they're unbalanced and result a nonzero net force. Explore balanced and unbalanced forces through five different scenarios involving a rock and various forces acting on it.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oNgo9bbDi7Q.mp4/oNgo9bbDi7Q.mp4491yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/unbalanced-forces-and-motionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/897520017.jpgUnbalanced forces and motionUse your knowledge of balanced and unbalanced forces to evaluate four statements related to the behavior of objects when acted on by forces and to determine whether each statement is true or false.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IgYUR7aFY-c.mp4/IgYUR7aFY-c.mp4397yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/more-on-newtons-second-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf01df132.jpgMore on Newton's second lawNewton's second law can be used to solve two-dimensional motion problems. If any force vectors are acting at an angle, they can be broken into their horizontal and vertical components using trigonometry. Then, the net force in each dimension and the object's mass are entered into Newton's second law (F=ma) to determine the resulting acceleration in each dimension.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/24vtg9Ehr0Q.mp4/24vtg9Ehr0Q.mp4963yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/more-on-newtons-third-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0d502997.jpgMore on Newton's third lawNewton's third law states that objects exert equal and opposite forces on each other in every interaction. However, these forces do not cancel out because they act on two different objects. The magnitudes of the forces on both objects will be always be equal, but their resulting accelerations will not be equal if the objects have different masses.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VfpKzwrhmqQ.mp4/VfpKzwrhmqQ.mp4786yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/normal-force-and-contact-forcehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/121089538.jpgNormal force and contact forceExplore Newton's First Law of Motion with two blocks of ice, one stationary and one moving. Understand how the force of gravity and the normal force from the ice keep the blocks from accelerating downwards. Dive into the atomic level to see how electromagnetic repulsion between molecules creates the normal force.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1WOrgrIcQZU.mp4/1WOrgrIcQZU.mp4438yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/normal-force-in-an-elevatorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/123032799.jpgNormal force in an elevatorExplore the concept of normal force in different scenarios, particularly in elevators. Understand how acceleration and velocity impact the normal force, and how our bodies perceive these changes. This knowledge is crucial for understanding physical processes, making it a key topic for premed studies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hoRsHNSrMpc.mp4/hoRsHNSrMpc.mp4709yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/more-on-normal-force-shoe-on-floorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc3a4d19d.jpgNormal force examplesNormal force is the perpendicular component of the force that a surface exerts on an object in contact with it. Normal force is always directed away from the surface. Learn how to determine the normal force acting on an object in a variety of scenarios.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1CTdrWFNkGo.mp4/1CTdrWFNkGo.mp4645yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/more-on-normal-force-shoe-on-wallhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4309206a.jpgMore on Normal force (shoe on wall)David shows how to determine the normal force for a shoe shoved against a wall with a diagonal force.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/N_J5SeI_62U.mp4/N_J5SeI_62U.mp4406yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/the-force-of-tensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaed62b87.jpgThe force of tensionTension refers to the force that is transmitted through a string, rope, wire, or other similar object when it is pulled tight, trying to restore the object to its original, unstretched length. Learn how to solve for the strength of a tension force by using Newton’s Second Law of Motion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9BJ_WWRgtLc.mp4/9BJ_WWRgtLc.mp4849yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/mild-and-medium-tensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x14733d70.jpgTension examplesLearn how to determine the tension force acting on suspended objects in different scenarios.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aHlOp5nYs28.mp4/aHlOp5nYs28.mp41050yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/super-hot-tensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4751379c.jpgSuper hot tensionDavid shows how to solve a super hot tension problem where a can of peppers hangs from two diagonal strings.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EEnzhdQJUYA.mp4/EEnzhdQJUYA.mp41016yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/work-and-the-work-energy-principlehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4302d2d1.jpgWork and the work-energy theoremPhysicists define work as the amount of energy transferred by a force. Learn about the formula for calculating work, and how this relates to the work-energy theorem, which states that the net work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/30o4omX5qfo.mp4/30o4omX5qfo.mp4348yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/work-as-the-transfer-of-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x19f2d6c4.jpgWork as the transfer of energyLearn how to calculate work as the way that forces transfer energy to and from objects. See two ways to calculate the amount of work done on an object - the formula Fd cosine theta, and the method of calculating the amount of energy an object gains or loses by examining several examples.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sZG-zHkGR4U.mp4/sZG-zHkGR4U.mp4197yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/thermal-energy-from-frictionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x70c7d87e.jpgEnergy dissipated by frictionLearn how to find the energy dissipated by the friction force. Solve an example conservation of energy problem involving thermal energy losses due to friction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dclP0R2wf7g.mp4/dclP0R2wf7g.mp4887yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/conservative-forceshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7ed35f44.jpgConservative forcesA conservative force exists when the work done by that force on an object is independent of the object's path. Instead, the work done by a conservative force depends only on the end points of the motion. An example of a conservative force is gravity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qWR7SBsnLwo.mp4/qWR7SBsnLwo.mp4242yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/lol-diagramshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa1c5b9f2.jpgLOL diagramsLearn how LOL diagrams allow us to visually represent conservation of energy for a system of interest.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_8RohfPMklM.mp4/_8RohfPMklM.mp4900yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/vertical-springs-and-energy-conservationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x597b6839.jpgVertical springs and energy conservationIn this video, David explains two different strategies to deal with vertical springs and compares them with those used for horizontal springs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BnqKCCFKG0M.mp4/BnqKCCFKG0M.mp4867yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/decibel-scalehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9d843e42.jpgDecibel ScaleDiscover the magic of the Decibel Scale, the key to measuring sound intensity. Unpack the equation Beta = 10 log (I/10^-12), and marvel at the sensitivity of human hearing. Explore how logarithms transform large scales into manageable numbers, making the Decibel Scale a powerful tool in physics.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_p-WyPg1sbU.mp4/_p-WyPg1sbU.mp4630yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/why-do-sounds-get-softerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe87dc7c3.jpgWhy do sounds get softer?This video explains why sound appears softer when you move away from the source. It covers two main reasons: the spreading of sound waves over a larger area (intensity), and the loss of some energy to the medium (attenuation). These concepts are key to understanding sound wave propagation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/46V8qqVRirk.mp4/46V8qqVRirk.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/ultrasound-medical-imaginghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x86c2a185.jpgUltrasound medical imagingUltrasound medical imaging (also known as sonography) is a diagnostic imaging tool that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of structures in the body. Ultrasound images are captured in ​real time​ using an external probe and ultrasound gel placed directly on the skin. They can show things that a still image like an X-ray cannot, such as blood flow or organ movement. Ultrasound images are highly useful in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sTcqtljxLOk.mp4/sTcqtljxLOk.mp4335yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/doppler-effect-for-a-moving-observerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcadea16e.jpgDoppler effect for a moving observerWhat happens when just the observer is moving? Explore the Doppler effect in sound waves as we examine how the frequency changes when an observer moves towards or away from a sound source. Understand the formulas used to calculate observed frequency, and how speed influences the pitch of the sound.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2TTu0TvB6N0.mp4/2TTu0TvB6N0.mp4316yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/doppler-effect-reflection-off-a-moving-objecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9d1cacc7.jpgDoppler effect: reflection off a moving objectDoes the doppler effect still apply when sound is being reflected off a moving object? Explore the Doppler Effect with two shifts in frequency. Understand how sound waves reflect off moving objects and change frequency, using the Doppler Effect formula. This knowledge is crucial in medical imaging and radar speed detection.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i4ZiV6NIs98.mp4/i4ZiV6NIs98.mp4469yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/derivation-of-beat-frequency-formulahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x758ac20e.jpgDerivation of beat frequency formulaIn this video David derives the formula for beat frequency.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pI6iJg_W1ug.mp4/pI6iJg_W1ug.mp4595yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/discovery-of-magnetismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1358451554.jpgDiscovery of magnetismOur ancestors noticed that certain rocks were attracted to each other. They also noticed that this force could be transferred onto certain metallic objects!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l8tW0EBONHI.mp4/l8tW0EBONHI.mp469yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/which-way-is-northhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0c01a357.jpgCompass: Which way is north?A compass is a device that shows direction by using a magnetized needle that always points towards the earth's northern magnetic pole. This video shows how to make a compass using a magnetized needle and a styrofoam ball floating on a dish of water.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vzCVnLwaRKc.mp4/vzCVnLwaRKc.mp461yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/making-a-compass-strokehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4af1a708.jpgCompass build (stroke direction)Does the direction which we stroke the needle determine the final orientation?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2hRIKH-Dca0.mp4/2hRIKH-Dca0.mp475yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/floating-magnet-poleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x10a9773b.jpgFloating magnetCan you use a magnet as a compass? How can you find North vs. South pole?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JQ_Wojqtn7c.mp4/JQ_Wojqtn7c.mp434yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/making-a-compass-orientationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x298aa554.jpgCompass build (magnet orientation)Making a Compass: does it matter if we stroke the needle with the North vs. South pole of the magnet? Why?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WII2kc2QYdU.mp4/WII2kc2QYdU.mp467yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/how-to-neutralize-compasshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x11ec76fc.jpgNeutralize a compassHow to neutralize a compass using two needles. How could this help us later? Why does this work?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/D8NVS7itIOo.mp4/D8NVS7itIOo.mp447yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/discovery-of-magnetic-poles-two-compass-needleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6398a10b.jpgCompass interactionsIf we float two identically magnetized needles they will always orient themselves in the same way. Why?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LjC-H-RAclc.mp4/LjC-H-RAclc.mp445yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/magnet-near-compasshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xff3c4c1d.jpgMagnet near compassExploring the effect of a permanent magnet on compass. What is going on?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SysHZ6-yai0.mp4/SysHZ6-yai0.mp465yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/tracing-magnetic-fieldhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9e70b5b4.jpgTracing a magnetic fieldA compass will align with the lines of force around a magnet. How could you do this in 3 dimensions?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/x2V_Lz6AWEk.mp4/x2V_Lz6AWEk.mp429yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/discovery-of-magnetic-fieldshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1358966554.jpgDiscovery of magnetic fieldsMagnetic materials seem to have two sides (we could call them poles). Depending on orientation they can be attractive or repulsive. What is the shape of the force between fields?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZML-uf36gys.mp4/ZML-uf36gys.mp467yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/magnetic-permeabilityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x11cae0c8.jpgMagnetic permeabilityWhat happens to the magnetic field of a magnet in the presence of a another material which is attracted to it. Why does this happen?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WxgNAsiOXY4.mp4/WxgNAsiOXY4.mp4123yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/increase-strength-of-magnethttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xab2c2419.jpgIncrease strength of magnetHow can we increase the strength of a bar magnet using a piece of steel? Why is it stronger?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mi5cWPjhJ2c.mp4/mi5cWPjhJ2c.mp455yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/are-two-magnets-stronger-than-onehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9714c12d.jpgAre 2 magnets stronger than 1?Will the power of two magnets stuck together increase the overall force? Why?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A_ToB9T-de8.mp4/A_ToB9T-de8.mp437yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/earth-s-magnetic-field-https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x30ddcb03.jpgEarth's magnetic field (how to measure)How can we describe the strength of the Earth's magnetic field using a magnet and a compass? What does this tell us?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5K8U9QOj_TE.mp4/5K8U9QOj_TE.mp477yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/inverse-square-law-deflection-methodhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x745d92d5.jpgInverse cube law (deflection method)Attempt to measure the change in force of a magnet over a distance using the deflection of a compass. What is wrong with this approach?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1NjuXzHByN8.mp4/1NjuXzHByN8.mp4107yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/inverse-square-law-method-of-oscillationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x71cf0746.jpgInverse cube law (method of oscillation)Here we compare the speed of compass oscillation vs. distance from a magnet. What kind of relationship do we observe. Is it linear?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2uzDuGp0HQ0.mp4/2uzDuGp0HQ0.mp4128yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/zinc-copper-cell-reduction-oxidationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1391800125.jpgZinc copper cell (reduction-oxidation)Zinc Copper cell - example of reduction-oxidation reactionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ccQ332zljAI.mp4/ccQ332zljAI.mp465yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/battery-meter-galvanometerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe4893edf.jpgBattery meter (galvanometer)Simple device which we can use to measure our homemade batteries. You can test it with any household battery first. What does this deflection represent? What forces are involved?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S6_7zk_Ht_g.mp4/S6_7zk_Ht_g.mp450yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/electrolyte-test-pure-water-vs-vinegrhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x27a6f4f3.jpgElectrolyte test (pure water vs. vinegar)First we attach our galvanometer to a piece of copper and zinc. Then we submerge the metals in pure water and vinegar. What is the difference? Why?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/E4WYJC85UQk.mp4/E4WYJC85UQk.mp483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/reverse-polarityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa8e7dc8b.jpgReverse electrodes (polarity)What happens to the deflection when we attach the penny and zinc in the opposite direction?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3iNCb7P_bdY.mp4/3iNCb7P_bdY.mp483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/electrolyte-strong-acid-testhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf8b42f93.jpgElectrolyte (strong acid test)Experimenting with a strong acid as electrolyte and observing the change in deflection compared to weak acid (vinegar)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GKohvH75Mqg.mp4/GKohvH75Mqg.mp444yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/electrolyte-salt-testhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe57d9753.jpgElectrolyte (salt test)What happens to the deflection when we add salt to an electrolyte? Why?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6U9f8Q3Y_SY.mp4/6U9f8Q3Y_SY.mp464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/electrode-distance-testhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x84c1fb3d.jpgElectrode (distance test)Does the distance between the copper and zinc electrodes matter? What happens to the deflection when we hold them close vs. far apart? Why is there a difference?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e3XNXl_6NSg.mp4/e3XNXl_6NSg.mp466yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/electrolye-temperature-testhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xca214ba1.jpgElectrolyte (temperature test)Here we experiment with hot vs. cold vinegar as our electrolyte. Does the deflection in our galvanometer depend on temperature? Why?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6bsu9w9iIQY.mp4/6bsu9w9iIQY.mp497yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/electrode-surface-areahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdc76588c.jpgElectrode (surface area test)What's the difference between one piece of metal and three pieces of metal in our cell. Does deflection change? Why?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/w6AWQb3r9o8.mp4/w6AWQb3r9o8.mp467yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/standard-cellhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6189e926.jpgStandard cellTesting out a cell which holds the metals at a constant distance. We add it to salt water and then check the deflection. Can this be used as a standard unit?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Nue0DINMRPM.mp4/Nue0DINMRPM.mp469yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/how-much-electrolyte-does-a-single-cell-needhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb94b6e87.jpgHow much electrolyte does a single cell need?Observation: when we pull our cell out of the electrolyte it still causes a deflection, which increases when pressure is applied. How could this lead to more efficient batteries?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PI01CwKmiZE.mp4/PI01CwKmiZE.mp440yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/discovery-of-electromagnetismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1360256658.jpgDiscovery of electromagnetismHans Christian Ørsted made this famous observation in 1819.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9u0ApENWT-Q.mp4/9u0ApENWT-Q.mp441yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/electromagnetic-field-above-vs-belowhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x03a17a1c.jpgElectromagnetic field (above vs. below)Testing the direction of force when the current carrying wire is above vs. below a compass. What does this tell us?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/POrFhETplGs.mp4/POrFhETplGs.mp427yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/electromagnetic-field-forward-vs-reversehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8a55734d.jpgElectromagnetic field (forward vs. reverse)Apply current in both directions and notice the response is different.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/x-6yMjpsqJU.mp4/x-6yMjpsqJU.mp435yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/primitive-electric-motorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1360457116.jpgElectromagnetic field (loop)Applying current in various directions to a single loop of wire. Primitive electric motor?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KCVl-zdGYUU.mp4/KCVl-zdGYUU.mp472yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/current-change-due-to-electromagnet-loadhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9996cd00.jpgSeries loadWhy does the deflection change when an electromagnet is attached to the circuit? Does it matter what side of the electromagnet we test?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZjTS8dBsF4w.mp4/ZjTS8dBsF4w.mp472yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/pencil-resistorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x65642d70.jpgPencil resistorA pencil causes a change in the deflection, similar to the effect of adding an electromagnet. Why?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Y8yga-UzFBY.mp4/Y8yga-UzFBY.mp464yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/variable-resistor-pencilhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x90a40960.jpgVariable resistor (pencil)We use the inside of a pencil (graphite) to apply different "lengths of pencil" to the circuit. What relationship do you observe between length of graphite and deflection angle?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EYlT-9KYPO0.mp4/EYlT-9KYPO0.mp488yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/listen-to-variable-resistancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x68c0a6e6.jpgListen to variable resistanceHere we draw a line on a page and use it as a variable resistor in series with a speaker. What relationship do we hear? Does it sound linear?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LsvqEN3XVX4.mp4/LsvqEN3XVX4.mp471yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/motor-hd-youtubehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x291987f1.jpgSpinning compassBy pulsing the connection to the battery we can cause a compass to spin. How is this working?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BMvR86gG0Ew.mp4/BMvR86gG0Ew.mp448yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/build-your-own-motorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1116719782.jpgBuild your own motorIn this video we show you how to build a simple motorhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jabo8iTesqQ.mp4/jabo8iTesqQ.mp4439yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/discovery-of-electrostaticshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1369811787.jpgDiscovery of triboelectric effectOur ancestors noticed that when amber was rubbed against fur it attracted small objects...why is this?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nrcKGJj7RVw.mp4/nrcKGJj7RVw.mp452yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/pith-ball-electroscopehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1391394258.jpgPith ball electroscopePrimitive device for measuring electrostatic forcehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3B3gBDPBAFs.mp4/3B3gBDPBAFs.mp439yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/foil-leaf-electroscopehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1391264814.jpgFoil leaf electroscopeFoil Leaf Electroscope. Aluminum leaves repel in the presence of a charged objecthttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Evo0sf5FztI.mp4/Evo0sf5FztI.mp452yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/ping-pong-ball-launcher-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1065807725.jpgPing pong ball launcher introductionThis video highlights the projectile (ping pong ball) launcherhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rrAKZWfhzrE.mp4/rrAKZWfhzrE.mp4100yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/build-a-ping-pong-ball-launcherhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1061773886.jpgBuild a ping pong ball launcherThis project shows you how to build a ping pong and test an adjustable ping pong ball launcher.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SlQDuTS6FR4.mp4/SlQDuTS6FR4.mp4627yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/update-and-modify-your-ping-pong-ball-launcherhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1061855678.jpgUpdate and modify your ping pong ball launcherWe upgrade our ping pong ball launcher to make it safer, more accurate and more reliable.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Bdd1Lu5jN08.mp4/Bdd1Lu5jN08.mp4657yes https://puzzicle.org/science/physics/v/thermo-canhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1079514170.jpgThermo canThis project shows how to power a boat with a candle.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UQK7EAgRBpE.mp4/UQK7EAgRBpE.mp4234yes https://puzzicle.org/science/teacher-resources-ngss-science-domain/v/introduction-to-hands-on-science-activitieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x675f7f0d3ba46e43.jpgIntroduction to hands-on science activitiesKhan Academy’s hands-on science activities allows learners to DO science—by conducting investigations, developing models, analyzing data, and so much more. Each activity includes a student and teacher guide, uses accessible materials, and is completely free!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hFXLX12vQbc.mp4/hFXLX12vQbc.mp490yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/mirror-formula-magnification-formula-sign-conventionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd4982592bc77e638.jpgMirror formula, magnification formula, sign conventionLet's summarise mirror formula, magnification formula, and sign conventions. And use them to solve NCERT probelm 14 & 15https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xtaPhji5ksE.mp4/xtaPhji5ksE.mp4511yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/curved-surface-refraction-formulahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x60901d960d482b96.jpgCurved surface refraction formulaLet's derive a formula connecting object distance (u) and image distance (v) for refraction at a curved surface.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BM7xvaTIm9k.mp4/BM7xvaTIm9k.mp4788yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/simple-microscopehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa350def7f7b7719e.jpgSimple microscopeLet's explore how a magnifying glass (simple microscope) really works.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wJpg7oMgkVc.mp4/wJpg7oMgkVc.mp4850yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/compound-microscopehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6ba46f3a3b6c8fcb.jpgCompound microscopeLet's explore the principle of a compound microscope and then logically build one, step by step.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IeqD7aPKpGo.mp4/IeqD7aPKpGo.mp4605yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/telescopehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x915274d333b67ba1.jpgTelescopeUnderstand the working of a telescope with visual angle, ray diagrams, and magnification explained step by step. Perfect for Class 12 Physics and competitive exams.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pZrLZ8ukd3Q.mp4/pZrLZ8ukd3Q.mp4414yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/huygen-s-theory-of-light-wavefrontshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe15035557da872ef.jpgHuygen's theory of light & wavefrontsHuygen's proposed that light is a longitudinal wave in the aether medium - a medium that pervades the entire universe. The set of particles oscillating in phase with each other is called a wavefront. Point sources give out spherical wavefronts, while sources at infinity give plane wavefronts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FpTFU4Yh7gQ.mp4/FpTFU4Yh7gQ.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/coulombs-law-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x650c1508.jpgCoulomb's lawCoulomb's law describes the strength of the electrostatic force (attraction or repulsion) between two charged objects. The electrostatic force is equal to the charge of object 1 times the charge of object 2, divided by the distance between the objects squared, all times the Coulomb constant (k).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2GQTfpDE9DQ.mp4/2GQTfpDE9DQ.mp4711yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/electric-dipoles-dipole-momentshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5bd4a0993d16cfbd.jpgElectric dipoles & dipole momentsTwo equal and opposite charges separated by some distance constitute a dipole. The product of the charge and distance between them is called the dipole moment. Dipole moment represents the strength of the dipole. The electric field generated by the dipole is proportional to the dipole moment. Let's explore more about dipoles and dipole moments in this video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p_I_8hl-Gok.mp4/p_I_8hl-Gok.mp4766yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/electric-field-due-to-dipole-on-the-axis-electric-charges-fields-physics-khan-achttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb9ebd8aea0ff7b7d.jpgElectric field due to dipole on the axisTwo equal and opposite charges separated by some distance constitute a dipole. The electric field strength due to a dipole, far away, is always proportional to the dipole moment and inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. Dipole moment is the product of the charge and distance between the two charges. Let's derive the expression for this field on the axis of the dipolehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/j2lHyYQ2PJo.mp4/j2lHyYQ2PJo.mp4751yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/electric-field-due-to-dipole-on-the-equatorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd89cf4b6761a9eb0.jpgElectric field due to dipole on the equatorTwo equal and opposite charges seperated by some distance constitute a dipole. The electric field strength due to a dipole, far away, is always proportional to the dipole moment and inversely proportional to the cube of the distance. Dipole moment is the product of the charge and distance between the two charges. Let's derive the expression for this field on the equator of the dipole.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EmbzBpan-jI.mp4/EmbzBpan-jI.mp4752yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/gauss-law-of-electricityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x114088d5ce3a3abe.jpgGauss law of electricityGauss law says the electric flux through a closed surface = total enclosed charge divided by electrical permittivity of vacuum. Let's explore where this comes from and why this is useful.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/owMznEZPNt4.mp4/owMznEZPNt4.mp4952yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/electric-potential-workhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf6e7d5fb5b6b550d.jpgElectric potential & workThe potential at a point can be calculated as the work done by the field in moving a unit positive charge from that point to the reference point - infinity. You can also calculate the potential as the work done by the external force in moving a unit positive charge from infinity to that point without acceleration.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/z-jLzKFtjgg.mp4/z-jLzKFtjgg.mp4823yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/electric-potential-charge-configurationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x27cbb5ac.jpgElectric potential from multiple chargesIn this video David shows how to find the total electric potential at a point in space due to multiple charges.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MxjdCPeoYvg.mp4/MxjdCPeoYvg.mp4321yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/equipotential-surfaces-why-they-are-perpendicular-to-fieldhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7563befc44f6110f.jpgEquipotential surfaces (& why they are perpendicular to field)Equipotential surfaces have equal potentials everywhere on them. For stronger fields, equipotential surfaces are closer to each other! These equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to the electric field direction, at every point.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KJSgRc9_zBs.mp4/KJSgRc9_zBs.mp4733yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/worked-example-combinations-of-capacitorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb28515f923f45bac.jpgWorked example: Combinations of CapacitorsLet's solve a few questions on combination of capacitorshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CUvSyBmudeo.mp4/CUvSyBmudeo.mp4564yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/energy-stored-in-capacitor-derivation-why-it-s-not-qvhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe75b7aabe7c43568.jpgEnergy stored in capacitor derivation (why it's not QV)To calculate the energy stored in a capacitor, we calculate the work done in separating the charges. As we separate more charges, it takes more work to separate even more, due to increased repulsion. Hence, to find the total work done, one needs to integrate. Let's see how we can set up this integral and find the total work done.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bfW04jsoqJg.mp4/bfW04jsoqJg.mp4804yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/circuits-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25699.jpgOhm's lawOhm's Law is V = IR, where V = voltage, I = current, and R = resistance. Ohm's Law allows you to determine characteristics of a circuit, such as how much current is flowing through it, if you know the voltage of the battery in the circuit and how much resistance is in the circuit.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/F_vLWkkOETI.mp4/F_vLWkkOETI.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/drift-velocity-formula-derivationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6274e1f42c5b1fb4.jpgDrift velocity - formula & derivationLet's derive the drift velocity formula (v = eEt/m), in terms of relaxation time. Drift velocity is the average velocity with which, the electrons drift in the opposite direction of the field. We start with the acceleration of the electrons, a = F/m = eE/m. The average velocity gained, i.e. the drift velocity, due to this acceleration = a*t = eEt/m. Here, t = relaxation time, the time between two successive collisions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xfxEPjyIaZM.mp4/xfxEPjyIaZM.mp4738yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/cells-emf-terminal-voltage-internal-resistancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc17a1d7ffc0d61a8.jpgCells, EMF, terminal voltage & internal resistanceEMF is the work done by the cell in moving a coulomb of charge across its terminals. It represents the energy transferred per coulomb to the charges. Some of this energy is lost as heat due to internal energy. Hence the net energy gained by the charge = the emf - heat lost. This net energy gained per coulomb is called the terminal voltage. This is the voltage across the ends of the battery.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gwSbQBo55QI.mp4/gwSbQBo55QI.mp4870yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/kirchhoff-s-voltage-law-conceptualhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4b35f5eee1076c72.jpgKirchhoff's voltage law (conceptual)Kirchhoff voltage law states the sum of all the changes in voltage, around a closed-loop, must be zero.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lsqIyTAGJnA.mp4/lsqIyTAGJnA.mp4812yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/wheatstone-bridge-its-logichttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf28d11375ba57e29.jpgWheatstone bridge & its logicWheatstone bridge is a special circuit consisting of 5 resistors. When the resistances in the adjacent arms have the same ratio, no current flows through the middle resistor! This is called a balanced Wheatstone bridge. It's used in calculating unknown resistances using a meter-bridge set up.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-gcBVaCIKhE.mp4/-gcBVaCIKhE.mp4782yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/biot-savart-law-vector-formhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0124785aa49041a4.jpgBiot Savart law (vector form)Biot Savart law states that the magnetic field due to a tiny current element at any point is proportional to the length of the current element, the current, the sine of the angle between the current direction and the line joining the current element and the point, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance of that point. The direction of the magnetic field is in the direction of dl cross r. You can also use the right hand clasp rule to figure out the direction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/I8X1EpH_VQY.mp4/I8X1EpH_VQY.mp4770yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/magnetism-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25715.jpgMagnetic force on a chargeSal shows how to find the size and direction of the magnetic force using F=qvB and the right hand rule.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NnlAI4ZiUrQ.mp4/NnlAI4ZiUrQ.mp4538yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/torque-acting-on-current-loopshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7dc6d31c0bae98c4.jpgTorque acting on current loopsA current-carrying coil kept in a magnetic field experiences a torque, which is the cross product of the magnetic moment and the field vector. Hence, the torque is maximum when the dipole moment is perpendicular to the field, and zero when it's parallel or antiparallel to the field. When the dipole moment is parallel to the field, the dipole is in stable equilibrium. When it's antiparallel, it's in an unstable equilibrium state.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hJxCLn4HNQ4.mp4/hJxCLn4HNQ4.mp4709yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/moving-coil-galvanometer-workinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6a0b5b15630e246b.jpgMoving coil galvanometer workingA moving coil galvanometer works on the principle that a current-carrying coil placed in a magnetic field, experiences a torque. The coil springs along with the radial field ensure the deflection to be proportional to the strength of the current.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EZ4qUCY0Tg4.mp4/EZ4qUCY0Tg4.mp4902yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/magnetic-declination-earth-s-magnetismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x72e28d7c9f1769b8.jpgMagnetic declination - Earth's magnetismMagnetic declination at a point on earth is the angle between the earth's geographic & magnetic meridian at that point. Meridians can be thought of as great circles that pass through a point on earth and either the geographic or the magnetic poles.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AV_sLtXUvXE.mp4/AV_sLtXUvXE.mp4807yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/magnetic-susceptibility-permeabilityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b596a520ea45c43.jpgMagnetic susceptibility & permeabilityMagnetic susceptibility is a measure of how readily materials tend to get magnetized. Diamagnets have a small negative susceptibility while paramagnets have a small positive susceptibility. Ferromagnets have a large susceptibility. Relative permeability is a measure of how readily materials allow the field lines to pass through them, compared to vacuum.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_9RcHLSmmjo.mp4/_9RcHLSmmjo.mp4781yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/hysteresis-magnetic-retentionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe11e7c66615c8313.jpgHysteresis & magnetic retentionThe magnetic field inside a ferromagnet lags the vacuum field, and this lagging is called the hysteresis. Let's explore this hysteresis curve of ferromagnets.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sEGLcpmIIBY.mp4/sEGLcpmIIBY.mp4819yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/faradays-law-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3d842420.jpgFaraday's Law IntroductionHow a current can be induced in a loop of wire by a change in magnetic flux.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vcStzn55MG0.mp4/vcStzn55MG0.mp4337yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/eddy-currents-their-applications-how-to-reduce-themhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0b765de3d0210183.jpgEddy currents & their applications (& how to reduce them)Eddy currents are current loops formed over conductor surfaces due to changing magnetic flux. They are useful in induction heating, levitating, electromagnetic damping, and electromagnetic braking. They can be minimized by adding slots in the conductor surface & laminating.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/y-569cdIPeM.mp4/y-569cdIPeM.mp4842yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/self-inductance-of-a-long-solenoidhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5e3b3ffe5017af1a.jpgSelf inductance of a long solenoidLet's calculate the self-inductance of a long solenoid.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OhHcE9zLA7E.mp4/OhHcE9zLA7E.mp4645yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/mutual-induction-inductancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe0c6475c1f9566e2.jpgMutual induction & inductanceWhen changing current in one coil induces an EMF in the other, the phenomenon is called mutual induction. The strength of the EMF induced depends on the mutual inductance of the pair of coils. The S.I. unit of mutual inductance is Henry, the same as that of self-inductance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9UVu7DvaNMk.mp4/9UVu7DvaNMk.mp4565yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/lcr-resonance-resonant-frequency-ac-physics-khan-academyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x76dd5bcc3295abd2.jpgLCR resonance & resonant frequencyAt the resonant frequency, the L.C.R. circuit has a minimum impedance and maximum current. Impedance is a minimum when capacitive reactance equals inductive reactance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/t7dmb3RmKfg.mp4/t7dmb3RmKfg.mp4690yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/what-is-power-factor-power-in-ac-circuitshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf35fd1a8288cddad.jpgWhat is power factor? (Power in AC circuits)The power factor represents the fraction of the available power (also called apparent power) that is consumed (also called the true power) by the circuit. Low power factors cause higher heating losses in transmission lines. Let's explore this in more detail.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OF4eBIdlmyc.mp4/OF4eBIdlmyc.mp4656yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/transformers-working-applications-step-up-and-step-downhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xeadd840fb15d1bf2.jpgTransformers - working & applications (step up and step down)Transformers step up (increase) or step down (decrease) AC voltage using the principle of electromagnetic induction - mutual induction. A changing current in the primary coil induces an e.m.f in the secondary. Since the e.m.f generated depends on the number of turns, the voltage induced in the secondary can be changed - stepped up or down - by altering the turn's ratio.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zf8vnCcETqM.mp4/zf8vnCcETqM.mp4543yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/displacement-current-ampere-maxwell-s-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b9217afb5333442.jpgDisplacement current & Ampere Maxwell's lawLet's explore what displacement current is and how it corrects Ampere's law.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/t-W6_fn_1bI.mp4/t-W6_fn_1bI.mp4596yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/photoelectric-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc8910b5d.jpgPhotoelectric effectExplaining the photoelectric effect using wave-particle duality, the work function of a metal, and how to calculate the velocity of a photoelectron.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vuGpUFjLaYE.mp4/vuGpUFjLaYE.mp4624yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/bohr-model-energy-levelshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb74206bb.jpgBohr model energy levelsCalculating electron energy for levels n=1 to 3. Drawing a shell model diagram and an energy diagram for hydrogen, and then using the diagrams to calculate the energy required to excite an electron between different energy levels.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nJ-PtF14EFw.mp4/nJ-PtF14EFw.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/emission-spectrum-of-hydrogenhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6ab04571.jpgEmission spectrum of hydrogenThe Balmer Rydberg equation explains the line spectrum of hydrogen. A line spectrum is a series of lines that represent the different energy levels of the an atom. In this video, we'll use the Balmer-Rydberg equation to solve for photon energy for n=3 to 2 transitionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Kv-hRvEOjuA.mp4/Kv-hRvEOjuA.mp4650yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/nuclear-size-and-densityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa02585f1e26053fa.jpgNuclear size and densityLet's derive an expression for the nuclear radius and calculate a numerical value for the density of a nucleus!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vjfWsQK0wo4.mp4/vjfWsQK0wo4.mp4563yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/binding-energy-graphhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5b745c95f0a968bf.jpgBinding energy graphLet's explore the graph of binding energy per nucleon vs Mass number, and make predictions of the nature of nuclear force, and nuclear reactions (fission & fusion)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kVqCLiRmom4.mp4/kVqCLiRmom4.mp4710yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/activity-and-mean-lifehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7729a24c483a3859.jpgActivity and Mean lifeIn this video, we explore what the rate of decay of radioactive nuclei depends upon and also how we know if the rate is fast or slow.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dyM8zPMWe2E.mp4/dyM8zPMWe2E.mp4639yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/the-pn-junction-class-12-india-physics-khan-academyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe96ab40f1dc12f01.jpgThe PN junctionA P-type has a lot of holes and an N-type lot of electrons. What if we put them together? In this video, let's explore the famous PN junction. We will see what happens when we have a single crystal with a P-type semiconductor on one side and an N-type on the other.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JRf2VuwBVvs.mp4/JRf2VuwBVvs.mp4606yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/diffusion-drift-barrier-voltage-class-12-india-physics-khan-academyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbc3d45f6c241b5f5.jpgDiffusion, drift & barrier voltageLet's look at the different currents in a PN junction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YsrAoCIhROc.mp4/YsrAoCIhROc.mp4649yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/half-wave-rectifiers-class-12-india-physics-khan-academyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcf4fe140f60807fd.jpgHalf wave rectifiersHow do you convert AC to DC? The circuits that do that are called Rectifiers. Turns out there are different kinds of rectifiers, some simple and some more advanced. In this video, we will learn the simplest kind of rectifier, a half wave rectifier.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9xoByZ9qyPo.mp4/9xoByZ9qyPo.mp4656yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/full-wave-rectifiers-class-12-india-physics-khan-academyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa0c40816b07cdcff.jpgFull wave rectifiersHalf-wave rectifiers only keep the circuit on for half the time. To get more output we need a full wave rectifier In this video, let's see how we can build a full wave rectifier with just 2 diodes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Oy4384Od1vA.mp4/Oy4384Od1vA.mp4483yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/transistor-working-class-12-india-physics-khan-academyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd21d555b93795f7d.jpgTransistor workingAmplifying an electric signal. Let's explore how a transistor (more specifically a Bipolar junction transistor) works as an amplifier.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZXsmVBHqaf8.mp4/ZXsmVBHqaf8.mp4690yes https://puzzicle.org/science/tg-physics-class-12-board-exam-revision-with-pyqs/v/active-saturation-cutoff-class-12-india-physics-khan-academyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x13e00436d041f228.jpgActive, saturation, & cutoff state of NPN transistorLet's explore the three different behaviours the transistor exhibits. These are pretty important for electronic engineers to design any circuit with transistors.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cuOFG_ISHno.mp4/cuOFG_ISHno.mp4736yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/v2-sat-command-of-evidence-textual-videohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd51f91ef41b6b6d7.jpgCommand of evidence: Textual (literary) | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a literary command of textual evidence question on your SAT. Start by identifying the claim, then restate it in your own words, then find the best support in the choices. Remember, the answer needs to fully match your claim, not just partly!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cuZw0a4-ct8.mp4/cuZw0a4-ct8.mp4327yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/command-of-evidence-scientific-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb8e97c73079395b5.jpgCommand of evidence: Textual (scientific) | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a scientific command of textual evidence question on your SAT. First, spot the claim you need to support. This often the "hypothesis" in scientific texts. Then, rephrase the claim in your own words, and look for the best evidence to back it up in the choices.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JsVB9a7bBPs.mp4/JsVB9a7bBPs.mp4317yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/command-of-evidence-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfab551cbf078967f.jpgCommand of evidence: Textual | Quick exampleHere's a quick example of an SAT Command of Evidence question. We'll walk through some tips and strategies for answering this type of question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/85Xhdt1Ipms.mp4/85Xhdt1Ipms.mp4217yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/command-of-quantitative-evidence-reading-and-writing-test-sat-khan-academyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xec055ec886d494cf.jpgCommand of evidence: Quantitative | Worked exampleLearn how to ace SAT command of quantitative evidence questions! This kind of question combines reading skills with interpreting data from graphs or tables. We can approach command of quantitative evidence questions in steps: 1) skim the graph or table, 2) read the paragraph, 3) test the choices against the graph, 4) find the best evidence.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/chpIHzpWxW0.mp4/chpIHzpWxW0.mp4390yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/command-of-evidence-quantitative-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x08d750ff0b1ca40b.jpgCommand of evidence: Quantitative | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT command of quantitative evidence question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4e_ceqc8AdM.mp4/4e_ceqc8AdM.mp4169yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/central-ideas-and-details-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4ec6cc863d96a923.jpgCentral ideas and details | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a central ideas and details question on your SAT. Start by stating the main idea of the text in your own words, then find the choice that best matches your summary, using the process of elimination. Remember, everything you need is in the text. You've got this!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5G2LYyXSAn8.mp4/5G2LYyXSAn8.mp4321yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/central-ideas-and-details-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2ecc374cae838f02.jpgCentral ideas and details | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT Central Ideas and Details question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ouKsrpbLVI0.mp4/ouKsrpbLVI0.mp4186yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/inferences-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x098fb80f05ba4bf4.jpgInferences | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach an inference question on your SAT. Start by breaking down the argument into bullet points, then find the choice that best strengthens or completes the argument. Remember to stay specific to the text and pay close attention to transition words.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mDJuTM4mqhs.mp4/mDJuTM4mqhs.mp4362yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/inferences-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc17240c704fc30f3.jpgInferences | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT inferences question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Qzevsh2Befo.mp4/Qzevsh2Befo.mp4410yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/words-in-context-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1f12cc8007cd4106.jpgWords in context | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a words in context question on your SAT. Remember, it's not about fancy words, it's about understanding the context A "precise" word is one that means exactly what it should in a given situation: it will fit its sentence perfectly and reinforce the text's meaning. You can use the context clues to make a prediction, then look for the closest match to your prediction in the choices.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uKid6-WPRe8.mp4/uKid6-WPRe8.mp4359yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/words-in-context-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x364f58acf6b23281.jpgWords in context | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT Words in Context question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wN3c73QdjFg.mp4/wN3c73QdjFg.mp4130yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/text-structure-and-purpose-videohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x828b01827600e406.jpgText structure and purpose | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a text structure and purpose question on your SAT. Purpose is the why behind the passage, and structure is how a passage works to achieve its purpose. It helps to summarize the text in your own words. While a summary isn't exactly the same as a structure or purpose, it should still help you get to the correct choice.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lbZjD48fWd8.mp4/lbZjD48fWd8.mp4366yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/text-structure-and-purpose-quick-example-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcb7a9d935228458b.jpgText structure and purpose | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT Text Structure and Purpose question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mMpDeV_dOyU.mp4/mMpDeV_dOyU.mp4232yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/cross-text-connections-videohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9c84d88358cf96b7.jpgCross-text connections | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a cross-text connections question on your SAT. Cross-text connections questions will always focus on point of view, so we can read the texts with this particular aspect in mind. It's not about knowing all the words or terms a text uses, it's about understanding the relationship between the two texts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZP4_thuNHr0.mp4/ZP4_thuNHr0.mp4467yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/cross-text-connections-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6afb8fbda650c089.jpgCross-text connections | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT Cross-Texts Connections question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mJ-yhHw5DH8.mp4/mJ-yhHw5DH8.mp4281yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/transitions-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe144ddf390dec62e.jpgTransitions | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a transitions question on your SAT. Transitions reflect the relationship between ideas, which usually fall into the following categories: agreement or disagreement, sequence and order, addition and exemplification, and cause and effect. Summarize the ideas before and after the blank, then choose the transition that best captures the relationship between those ideas.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jaex5w0-2GQ.mp4/jaex5w0-2GQ.mp4335yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/transitions-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5b59a7fb9ce331c0.jpgTransitions | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT Transitions question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4OtZktsyqLA.mp4/4OtZktsyqLA.mp4137yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/rhetorical-synthesis-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d6f6795da8f67e9.jpgRhetorical synthesis | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a rhetorical synthesis question on your SAT. It's all about using the information in the bullet points to meet the goal. Don't get lost in the details, just find the goal and match it to the right choice. Keep it simple and strict, and don't worry about grammar.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FJnzYoKM_tk.mp4/FJnzYoKM_tk.mp4311yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/rhetorical-synthesis-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6fb9fb8010874e59.jpgRhetorical synthesis | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT Rhetorical Synthesis question.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/r2XfkWXYU44.mp4/r2XfkWXYU44.mp4153yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/form-structure-and-sense-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8412e8dda6c26ded.jpgForm, structure, and sense | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT Form, Structure, and Sense question. Form, structure, and sense questions focus on these Standard English conventions: subject-verb agreement, pronoun-antecedent agreement, verb forms, subject-modifier placement, and plural and possessive nouns. To learn more about these conventions, check out our corresponding grammar guides and lesson videos!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dAUFviUBnLc.mp4/dAUFviUBnLc.mp4411yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/boundaries-quick-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x30f1be4ff5d3a0f4.jpgBoundaries | Quick exampleA quick example of an SAT Boundaries question. Punctuation adds structure to a sentence and makes the meaning of each part of the sentence clear. This Boundaries question asks us whether a question mark or a period is needed at the end of the sentence, and how to construct the sentence accordingly. Check out the Boundaries overview article for other punctuation rules that you might encounter in these questions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xkqNB-z0l4Q.mp4/xkqNB-z0l4Q.mp4141yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/subject-verb-agreement-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x092eac757f2a79fd.jpgSubject-verb agreement | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a subject-verb agreement Form, Structure, and Sense question on the SAT. Remember, subjects and their verbs must match in number: singular subjects need singular verbs, and plural subjects need plural verbs. Watch out for nouns within prepositional phrases—the subject is the noun that is doing the verb!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/06A5X87nA_M.mp4/06A5X87nA_M.mp4236yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/pronoun-antecedent-agreement-videohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd4e1613bbb66ac97.jpgPronoun-antecedent agreement | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a pronoun-antecedent agreement question on the SAT. The "antecedent" is the noun that the pronoun represents. Pronouns and their antecedents should always match: singular antecedents must have singular pronouns, and plural antecedents must have plural pronouns.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SeVlVEoMQag.mp4/SeVlVEoMQag.mp4302yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/plural-possession-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcb658a590ddf41e0.jpgPlurals and possessives | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a plurals and possessives question on the SAT. To succeed on questions about plural and possessive nouns, you'll need to know the rules for using apostrophes with singular possessive nouns and plural possessive nouns. You'll also need to know the rules for possessive pronouns, and you'll need to be able to distinguish the possessive from a contraction (for example, "it's" versus "its"). Make sure to look for errors with possessives and plurals if the choices add or remove apostrophes or change the placement of apostrophes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DzrWvi5ChRE.mp4/DzrWvi5ChRE.mp4344yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/verb-form-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7fa14c3757f6f036.jpgVerb forms | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a verb form question on the SAT. You'll know to look for verb form errors if 1) different choices use different verb tenses (past/present/future), or 2) some choices add or remove helping verbs. Use the context to figure out which verb form belongs in the blank.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Yzuf-m2M98E.mp4/Yzuf-m2M98E.mp4269yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/subject-modifier-placement-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcbcc6953978e0aef.jpgSubject-modifier placement | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a subject-modifier placement question on the SAT. You may want to look for subject-modifier placement errors if the blank is longer than a few words or the choices rearrange words or phrases into different orders. Remember, the subject ALWAYS goes right next to the modifier.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DqJZ1nJ9CXo.mp4/DqJZ1nJ9CXo.mp4305yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/linking-clauses-videohttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4357c855b6c5024c.jpgLinking clauses | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a linking clauses question on the SAT. A clause is a series of words that contains a subject and a conjugated verb. There are two main types of clauses: an independent clause, which can stand on its own as a complete sentence, and a dependent clause, which must be linked to an independent clause. The SAT focuses on how clauses can be linked together (or kept apart). These conventions may be tested in Boundaries questions that you encounter on test day.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l98aa1ShJWs.mp4/l98aa1ShJWs.mp4442yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/boundaries-supplements-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfc0e46e130c44f69.jpgSupplements | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a supplements question on the SAT. Supplements are words, phrases, and relative clauses that add extra information to a sentence, often for the purpose of description or elaboration. There are two main types of supplements: essential elements and nonessential elements. Essential elements are necessary for the sentence to function and don't require punctuation. Nonessential elements are not necessary for the sentence to function, and they must be separated from the main sentence by a pair of punctuation marks.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PZRUVNqXhhY.mp4/PZRUVNqXhhY.mp4441yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/get-ready-for-sat-prep-reading-and-writing/v/boundaries-punctuation-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9b8d98532c7170c4.jpgPunctuation | Worked exampleLearn the best way to approach a punctuation question on the SAT. Whether we're linking clauses or adding supplements to a sentence, we'll need to appropriately employ punctuation. We may also need to identify instances where no punctuation is necessary. The SAT may test your knowledge of commas, semicolons, colons, and dashes. It's important to know the proper ways to use each punctuation mark.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qrmwZdWzfvs.mp4/qrmwZdWzfvs.mp4398yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-the-conclusion-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xebff7e7f9520f100.jpgIdentify the conclusion | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you to identify the conclusion of an argument on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/m7WtZQYGPdU.mp4/m7WtZQYGPdU.mp4374yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-an-entailment-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x82acb19549bc56d1.jpgIdentify an entailment | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach questions that ask you to identify an entailment that would follow logically from a series of statements.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SbZMwnhW4P4.mp4/SbZMwnhW4P4.mp4521yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-strongly-supported-inferences-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x67736ed5eeeb21ed.jpgStrongly supported inferences | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you to find a statement that is most strongly supported by the argument presented in a Logical Reasoning question on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HDjwGxLQWto.mp4/HDjwGxLQWto.mp4367yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-disputes-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdda29e7f4d5a8212.jpgDisputes | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach questions about disputes on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BETyptZvpps.mp4/BETyptZvpps.mp4398yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-the-technique-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8674c3cc2b0d0ee1.jpgIdentify the technique | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of how to approach a question that asks you to identify the technique on the logical reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YjJVK1Ku5nk.mp4/YjJVK1Ku5nk.mp4405yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/gtp-lsat-subtype-logical-reasoning-worked-example-video-identify-the-role-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x90c7483cb139e0ec.jpgIdentify the role | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of how to approach questions that ask you to identify the role a statement plays in a passage on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MEfnMNz5NpU.mp4/MEfnMNz5NpU.mp4445yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-the-principle-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4c69a50a70b2e63d.jpgIdentify the principle | Video lessonWatch one way to approach questions that ask you to identify a principle that is reflected by an argument in the logical reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OKdvICM_W0g.mp4/OKdvICM_W0g.mp4434yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-match-structure-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaeac28d66f76b5ee.jpgMatch the structure | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you to identify a choice that has the same argument structure as the passage on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CtxK4-dKS-I.mp4/CtxK4-dKS-I.mp4498yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-match-principles-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x481023e6d0f597a0.jpgMatch principles | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you to identify a statement that reflects a principle from the passage on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l85IhnQT5a8.mp4/l85IhnQT5a8.mp4378yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-a-flaw-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2b1ff9a1d0f004e4.jpgIdentify a flaw | Video lessonWatch an explanation of how to approach identify the flaw questions on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hTI7dJSDINw.mp4/hTI7dJSDINw.mp4457yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-match-flaw-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x66b8567d93c7d6c4.jpgMatch flaws | Video lessonWatch one way to approach a Matching Flaws question on the Logical reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7rbROb6kwkk.mp4/7rbROb6kwkk.mp4463yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-necessary-assumptions-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x591c478115091a0c.jpgNecessary assumptions | Video lessonLearn how to approach a question that asks you to identify a necessary assumption of an argument on the logical reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a0JbDI-FPgQ.mp4/a0JbDI-FPgQ.mp4561yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-sufficient-assumptions-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8d25a6c8ef8fd87a.jpgSufficient assumptions | Video lessonWatch one way to approach a question that asks you to identify a sufficient assumption on the logical reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/G_znYHmjy6A.mp4/G_znYHmjy6A.mp4596yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-strengthen-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x66d0cb6177697c3e.jpgStrengthen | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you to select a choice that would strengthen an argument on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hL0JR8bazXY.mp4/hL0JR8bazXY.mp4425yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-weaken-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x09be751213ae1221.jpgWeaken | Video lessonWatch one way to approach a question that asks you to identify a choice that weakens an argument on the logical reasoning section of the LSAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Yi7xgPW443I.mp4/Yi7xgPW443I.mp4623yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-helpful-to-know-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b1fdb82068bb815.jpgHelpful to know | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you to find a statement that would be helpful to know in order to evaluate an argument on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zsbkoUcGO9Q.mp4/zsbkoUcGO9Q.mp4438yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-explain-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x86baaf598185def2.jpgExplain | Video lessonWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you to explain an apparent discrepancy on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6iwbaPb8n8Y.mp4/6iwbaPb8n8Y.mp4362yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-resolve-a-conflict-lessonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x61eea5dca2b7a03f.jpgResolve a conflict | Video lessonWatch how we approach a question on the Logical Reasoning section of the LSAT that asks us to resolve or explain an apparent discrepancy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QdkFRlji7Rw.mp4/QdkFRlji7Rw.mp4402yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-the-conclusion-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xce4e8792f9500455.jpgIdentify the conclusion | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a logical reasoning question that asks you to identify the conclusion of an argument.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fmclsSgMxBI.mp4/fmclsSgMxBI.mp4319yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-entailment-implication-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc7f8bddb8fad0ed2.jpgIdentify an entailment | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you to identify an entailment that follows logically from a set of premiseshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3NVwUmCMmoQ.mp4/3NVwUmCMmoQ.mp4405yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-strongly-supported-inferences-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5befa601634b991c.jpgStrongly supported inferences | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks "What is most strongly supported?"https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GuEfmE6Mh68.mp4/GuEfmE6Mh68.mp4267yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-disputes-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0e013737255b0fdd.jpgWorking with disputes | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to solve a question that asks you to infer the dispute presented in the stimulus.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fDZ_6dM8ZXw.mp4/fDZ_6dM8ZXw.mp4267yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-the-technique-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf212316d3bce9d7f.jpgIdentify the technique | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach questions that ask you to identify the technique used in an argument.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_u60Tr8Zb3k.mp4/_u60Tr8Zb3k.mp4259yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-the-role-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x434c8463a6c0ebcc.jpgIdentify the role | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach questions that ask you to identify the role a piece of information plays in an argumenthttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZHJsaV_LQRU.mp4/ZHJsaV_LQRU.mp4334yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-the-principle-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4c5f326094972b55.jpgIdentify the principle | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach questions that ask you to identify a principle from a stimulus at work in other situationshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KOBf4vEfMoQ.mp4/KOBf4vEfMoQ.mp4219yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-match-structure-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9b8f26791e118169.jpgMatch the structure | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach questions that ask you to match the structure of a stimulus to that of one of the choiceshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/na9PZgESprA.mp4/na9PZgESprA.mp4446yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-match-principles-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7ffb8e1068d3ce6c.jpgMatch principles | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach question that ask you to match principles in the stimulus to principles in the choiceshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/D3jmuSbDE0U.mp4/D3jmuSbDE0U.mp4272yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-identify-a-flaw-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3dc49401782e1234.jpgIdentify a flaw | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "Flaw" question on the logical reasoning section of the LSAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oC-D_2vjFW8.mp4/oC-D_2vjFW8.mp4302yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-match-flaws-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf296af8b243270cf.jpgMatch flaws | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach matching flaw questionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/idAeZKgTrTs.mp4/idAeZKgTrTs.mp4493yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-necessary-assumptions-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9a3101b701c4121a.jpgNecessary assumptions | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach necessary assumption questionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KPxEE-vOMGs.mp4/KPxEE-vOMGs.mp4266yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-sufficient-assumptions-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0105b86ea3321012.jpgSufficient assumptions | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a sufficient assumption questionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_eWvKWRxVDw.mp4/_eWvKWRxVDw.mp4416yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-strengthen-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdc3061ec103134a8.jpgStrengthen | Worked exampleExample video demonstrating one way to approach Strengthen questionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9ZmINDWljSY.mp4/9ZmINDWljSY.mp4370yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-weaken-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa0e70b3e5b8bee29.jpgWeaken | Worked exampleExample video demonstrating one way to approach Weaken questionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ANSVWIfNSEo.mp4/ANSVWIfNSEo.mp4228yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-helpful-to-know-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7be885546e270670.jpgHelpful to know | Worked exampleWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a question that asks you what additional info would be most useful to know to make an argument validhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ouf0gOsc2vs.mp4/ouf0gOsc2vs.mp4222yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-explain-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1fd262b969bb3fda.jpgExplain | Worked exampleExample video demonstrating one way to approach questions that ask you to select a choice that contains info that would explain a situation described in the stimulushttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K1XEYPXL6Qo.mp4/K1XEYPXL6Qo.mp4212yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/logical-reasoning-video-resolve-a-conflict-worked-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3507d8f003c58896.jpgResolve a conflict | Worked exampleExample video demonstrating one way to approach questions that ask you to select a choice that contains info that would resolve a conflict in the stimulushttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cEa1YJ2NReg.mp4/cEa1YJ2NReg.mp4319yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/overview-law-passage-sowellhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x745211497be9f143.jpgLaw passage overview | Cosmic Justice (paired passages)Watch a demonstration of how to approach a pair of comparative reading passages about law on the LSAT reading comprehension section.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1grM0KDnNSk.mp4/1grM0KDnNSk.mp4703yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/lsat-main-point-law-passage-sowellhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1a1e29ecadbeddb0.jpgMain point | Law passage | Cosmic JusticeWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a main point question about a LSAT reading comprehension law passage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9tu8v53nOeM.mp4/9tu8v53nOeM.mp4156yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/lsat-recognition-law-passage-sowellhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x535d233c231d230e.jpgRecognition | Law passage | Cosmic JusticeWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "recognition" question on a LSAT reading comprehension law passage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/N9VVR-JOwQc.mp4/N9VVR-JOwQc.mp4225yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/lsat-inferences-about-views-law-passage-sowellhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x52da5e101be46fb5.jpgInferences about views | Law passage | Cosmic JusticeWatch a demonstration of one way to approach an "inference about views" question about a LSAT reading comprehension law passage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UUtlTKMoj1Y.mp4/UUtlTKMoj1Y.mp4202yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/lsat-inferences-about-info-law-passage-sowellhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6d140d447d6110be.jpgInferences about info | Law passage | Cosmic JusticeWatch a demonstration of one way to approach an "inference about information" question about a LSAT reading comprehension law passage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2FwjkH_B_Po.mp4/2FwjkH_B_Po.mp4231yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/lsat-principles-analogies-law-passage-sowell-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa30d1fb8c0fe9400.jpgPrinciples | Law passage | Cosmic JusticeWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a principles question about a LSAT reading comprehension law passage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SoxAP5LwrYs.mp4/SoxAP5LwrYs.mp4301yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/lsat-principles-analogies-law-passage-sowell-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9f083316cc60be24.jpgAnalogies | Law passage | Cosmic JusticeWatch a demonstration of one way to approach an analogy question on a LSAT reading comprehension law passage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ICFpNAUhZjU.mp4/ICFpNAUhZjU.mp4230yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/lsat-overview-law-passage-copyright-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x076648149cead688.jpgLaw passage overview | CopyrightWatch a demonstration of one way to use active reading strategies to approach a law passage on the LSAT reading comprehension sectionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p-o12ShtSOM.mp4/p-o12ShtSOM.mp4497yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/main-point-law-passage-copyrighthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1415472e999a1c91.jpgMain point | Law passage | CopyrightWatch a demonstration of one way to approach questions in the LSAT that ask you to identify the main point of a passage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5zChRhMejL8.mp4/5zChRhMejL8.mp4200yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/purpose-reference-law-passage-copyright-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x312279d78e987f5b.jpgPurpose of reference | Law passage | CopyrightWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "purpose of reference" question on the reading comprehension section of the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bGgtesvEuDw.mp4/bGgtesvEuDw.mp4321yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/applying-new-contexts-law-passage-copyrighthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa943404dc72584d1.jpgApplying to new contexts | Law passage | CopyrightWatch a demonstration of one way to approach questions in the LSAT that ask you to apply information presented in the passage to new contexts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TkvZYpHjqGc.mp4/TkvZYpHjqGc.mp4229yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/overview-humanities-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7c70126636817757.jpgHumanities passage overview | Music (paired passages)Watch a demonstration of how to use active reading strategies to approach two paired passages about a humanities topic on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iTJ-ZcSKZr0.mp4/iTJ-ZcSKZr0.mp4544yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/main-point-1-humanities-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdfd7f819f2864b57.jpgMain point 1 | Humanities passage | MusicWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "main point" question for a humanities passage in the reading comprehension section.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QGAev6Wau84.mp4/QGAev6Wau84.mp4224yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/main-point-2-humanities-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x47af33940cb851e7.jpgMain point 2 | Humanities passage | MusicWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "main point" question for a humanities passage in the reading comprehension section.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p9ohfaRg398.mp4/p9ohfaRg398.mp4131yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/recognition-humanities-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5d68f85b51eec690.jpgRecognition | Humanities passage | MusicWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "recognition" question for a humanities passage in the reading comprehension section.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rhG8db_ZEVA.mp4/rhG8db_ZEVA.mp4173yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/inferences-about-views-humanities-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6dcbb6d0ce893184.jpgInferences about views | Humanities passage | MusicWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "inferences about views" question for a humanities passage in the reading comprehension section.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bWtF_sbXPnQ.mp4/bWtF_sbXPnQ.mp4254yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/principles-analogies-humanities-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5bb75983291d1930.jpgPrinciples and analogies | Humanities passage | MusicWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "principles and analogies" question for a humanities passage in the reading comprehension section.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mpMBPeleT18.mp4/mpMBPeleT18.mp4168yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/additional-evidence-humanities-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x063ec2a218c3406a.jpgAdditional evidence | Humanities passage | MusicWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "additional evidence" question for a humanities passage in the reading comprehension section.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RxR1ZguNwC0.mp4/RxR1ZguNwC0.mp4243yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/primary-purpose-humanities-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x899dc6f198f2599b.jpgPrimary purpose | Humanities passage | MusicWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a "primary purpose" question for a humanities passage in the reading comprehension section.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/g5IOIg4J_10.mp4/g5IOIg4J_10.mp4100yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/overview-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x06b9d9af8cdaf024.jpgScience passage overview | The SunWatch a demonstration of one way to use active reading strategies to approach a science passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qB7y6_49mhI.mp4/qB7y6_49mhI.mp4443yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/recognition-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x75928c057c78aa10.jpgRecognition 1 | Science passage | The SunWatch a demonstration of one way to answer a Recognition question from a science passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/feBbLqGv33A.mp4/feBbLqGv33A.mp4152yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/recognition-science-passage-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0ebc9eef0a761ebe.jpgRecognition 2 | Science passage | The SunWatch a demonstration of one way to answer a Recognition question from a science passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UBYqFpRNpxA.mp4/UBYqFpRNpxA.mp4182yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/organizing-information-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x18a185f428e4ee24.jpgOrganizing info | Science passage | The SunWatch a demonstration of one way to answer an Organizing information question from a science passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mQioBI4w3Tg.mp4/mQioBI4w3Tg.mp4265yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/inferences-about-views-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7fa34bec2b957e01.jpgInferences about views 1 | Science passage | The SunWatch a demonstration of one way to answer an Inferences about views question from a science passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pMtckW2Tg7o.mp4/pMtckW2Tg7o.mp4274yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/inferences-about-views-science-passage-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5fa60a0ae5476364.jpgInferences about views 2 | Science passage | The SunWatch a demonstration of one way to answer a question from a science passage on the LSAT that asks you to make inferences about a view that is represented in a passage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Di33DkMxMno.mp4/Di33DkMxMno.mp4190yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/inferences-about-views-science-passage-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x79745ee948ef6c33.jpgInferences about views 3 | Science passage | The SunWatch a demonstration of one way to answer an Inferences about views question from a science passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7PrH63pRYNA.mp4/7PrH63pRYNA.mp4229yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/inferences-about-info-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xabfa1df7dd595e98.jpgInferences about info | Science passage | The SunWatch a demonstration of one way to answer an Inferences about information question from a science passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YknzU8tCvqk.mp4/YknzU8tCvqk.mp4247yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/overview-social-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0c8630e0edb799f6.jpgSocial science passage overview | WoolWatch a demonstration of one way to use active reading strategies to tackle a social science reading passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EtyBA0dCadw.mp4/EtyBA0dCadw.mp4485yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/main-point-social-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe1989311cf8938e3.jpgMain point | Social science passage | WoolWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a Main Idea question on a social science reading passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6OLggllQQZg.mp4/6OLggllQQZg.mp4160yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/recognition-social-science-passage-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x836cc6ed484855ca.jpgRecognition 1 | Social science passage | WoolWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a Recognition question on a social science reading passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5Zb_22zzYwM.mp4/5Zb_22zzYwM.mp4146yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/recognition-social-science-passage-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x18578adee43599cd.jpgRecognition 2 | Social science passage | WoolWatch a demonstration of one way to approach a Recognition question on a social science reading passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yvgPhZP3LGw.mp4/yvgPhZP3LGw.mp4233yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/inferences-about-info-social-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x97312f437c64d18d.jpgInferences about info | Social science passage | WoolWatch a demonstration of one way to approach an Inferences about Info question on a social science reading passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-eyhR51Pzek.mp4/-eyhR51Pzek.mp4217yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/lsat-prep/v/inferences-about-attitudes-social-science-passagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b0adba573c516b0.jpgInferences about attitudes | Social science passage | WoolWatch a demonstration of one way to approach an Inferences about attitudes question on a social science reading passage on the LSAT.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/D9Vcx_y6FdY.mp4/D9Vcx_y6FdY.mp4200yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/how-to-use-khanmigo-to-help-with-mcat-prephttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4096b148a6e97320.jpgHow to use Khanmigo to help with MCAT prepA helpful guide to using Khanmigo with the MCAT prep course on Khan Academy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UjbPt3X1fw4.mp4/UjbPt3X1fw4.mp4701yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cars-overviewhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2fc0705c.jpgCARS overviewMaster the MCAT's critical analysis and reasoning skills section with Jennifer Riley's expert guidance. Learn about the three question types, foundations of comprehension, reasoning within the text, and reasoning beyond the text. Discover how these skills are vital for future physicians to reason through clinical information. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4dKtWI0rROA.mp4/4dKtWI0rROA.mp4231yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fochttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x22a40bba.jpgFoundations of comprehensionMaster the art of tackling 'foundations of comprehension' questions on the MCAT. Learn to identify main ideas, interpret author's claims, understand specific words or phrases, and decode the author's attitude. Also, discover how to analyze passage structure and interpret rhetorical devices for a comprehensive understanding. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5fCQ2ktIFHA.mp4/5fCQ2ktIFHA.mp4672yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/rwthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc7ee56bf.jpgReasoning within the textMaster the MCAT's critical analysis and reasoning skills section with a deep dive into reasoning within the text questions. Learn to identify and evaluate the author's arguments, understand the relationship between claims and evidence, and spot weaknesses in the author's reasoning. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5CQTgY2fqxM.mp4/5CQTgY2fqxM.mp4492yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/rbthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8fbcd122.jpgReasoning beyond the textLet's tackle the Reasoning Beyond the Text questions on the MCAT's Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills section. Learn to spot these questions, apply passage concepts to new situations, and integrate new information for a fresh interpretation. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0KZwYQPggl8.mp4/0KZwYQPggl8.mp4358yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/rationalizedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9ef5ce21.jpgWorked example: Living in a rational societyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zRmrBU5ZtWg.mp4/zRmrBU5ZtWg.mp41172yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/happyamerican-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc761838a.jpgWorked example: The happy AmericanVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R9BTEtHqawc.mp4/R9BTEtHqawc.mp41123yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/homer-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x58ad369d.jpgWorked example: Seeing color through Homer's eyesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0SLO_MnouhU.mp4/0SLO_MnouhU.mp41225yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/pehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x532605da.jpgWorked example: Physical education in the UKVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8AStSJA6FkY.mp4/8AStSJA6FkY.mp4910yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/honesty-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1408bd56.jpgWorked example: The honest truth about dishonestyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5Lr6WqMsfZg.mp4/5Lr6WqMsfZg.mp41673yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/classification-amino-acidshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa5d86a39.jpgClassification of amino acidsAmino acids can be classified according to their side chain's chemical properties (the R-group). This video will show you how! By Tracy Kovach.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OPAvXQsPCqQ.mp4/OPAvXQsPCqQ.mp4366yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/special-cases-histidine-proline-glycine-cysteinehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd30895ea.jpgSpecial cases: Histidine, proline, glycine, cysteineCertain amino acids stand out for their unique properties. In this video, you'll learn more about what makes histidine, proline, glycine, and cysteine unique. By Tracy Kovach.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2_IJz1ivopQ.mp4/2_IJz1ivopQ.mp4498yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3639c4fb.jpgIsoelectric point and zwitterionsThe isoelectric point of an amino acid is the pH at which the amino acid has a neutral charge. You will learn how to calculate the isoelectric point, and the effects of pH on the amino acid's overall charge. We will also discuss zwitterions, or the forms of amino acids that dominate at the isoelectric point. By Tracy Kovach.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/42llTiRn-b8.mp4/42llTiRn-b8.mp4325yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/four-levels-of-protein-structurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xebba8bf7.jpgFour levels of protein structureThe four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. It is helpful to understand the nature and function of each level of protein structure in order to fully understand how a protein works. By Tracy Kovach.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/O5gN-IK6uKs.mp4/O5gN-IK6uKs.mp4529yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/conformational-stability-protein-folding-and-denaturation-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaff1b54c.jpgConformational stability: Protein folding and denaturationDifferent bonds/interactions contribute to the stability of each level of protein structure. Let's explore some common ones such as peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds. By Tracy Kovach.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dNHtdiVjQbM.mp4/dNHtdiVjQbM.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/an-introduction-to-enzymes-and-catalysishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcf1aa38a.jpgIntroduction to enzymes and catalysisExplore the vital role of enzymes in speeding up biochemical reactions in the body, as you learn about the different catalytic strategies enzymes use, including acid/base catalysis, covalent catalysis, electrostatic catalysis, and proximity and orientation effects. Understand how enzymes enhance reaction speed and efficiency in cellular processes. By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/G7ZAwUdBNFE.mp4/G7ZAwUdBNFE.mp4365yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/the-induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-catalysishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8b5ec2a3.jpgInduced fit model of enzyme catalysisGet a better appreciation for how enzymes and substrates bind together. Uncover the mysteries of enzyme catalysis through the induced fit model. Learn how enzymes speed up reactions, the uniqueness of their active sites, and the transformations during substrate binding. Discover the crucial roles of active and allosteric sites in enzyme regulation. By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8lUB2sAQkzw.mp4/8lUB2sAQkzw.mp4404yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cofactors-coenzymes-and-vitaminshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x24388d68.jpgCo-factors, co-enzymes, and vitaminsCo-factors and co-enzymes assist enzymes in their function. We will learn what both co-enzymes and co-factors are, and how they might affect the catalysis of a reaction. By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OJhdag89Pq4.mp4/OJhdag89Pq4.mp4321yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/the-six-types-of-enzymeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x22f8074c.jpgSix types of enzymesEnzymes are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. There are six different types of enzymes. Oxidoreductases manage redox reactions, transferring electrons between molecules. Transferases are responsible for moving functional groups from one molecule to another. Hydrolases are able to break chemical bonds, while lyases create new bonds by removing or adding functional groups. Isomerases rearrange atoms within a molecule, and ligases help join two separate molecules together.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AD3-v1oKjSk.mp4/AD3-v1oKjSk.mp4424yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/enzymes-and-their-local-environmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4da6e810.jpgEnzymes and their local environmentIn this video, we'll learn how different environments might affect an enzyme's function. Discover how specific environments, like pH and temperature, affect enzyme functionality. Learn how digestive enzymes like alpha amylase and pepsin work under different conditions, and how changes in pH or temperature can disrupt enzyme function. By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LC5I8BsO18I.mp4/LC5I8BsO18I.mp4271yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/non-enzymatic-protein-functionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe819d5b4.jpgNon-enzymatic protein functionExplore the fascinating world of non-enzymatic protein function! Dive into the roles of proteins as receptors, ion channels, transporters, motor proteins, and antibodies. Uncover how these proteins bind biomolecules to perform a vast array of functions, essential for life.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eVmLvbB6L18.mp4/eVmLvbB6L18.mp4644yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/an-introduction-to-enzyme-kineticshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x463bb2f6.jpgAn introduction to enzyme kineticsExplore enzyme kinetics and how enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. Learn about the two-step process of enzyme catalysis, understand the concept of Vmax, and learn about the assumptions made in enzyme kinetics. Discover how substrate concentration and enzyme concentration can affect reaction rateshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/X_YXTWU2maY.mp4/X_YXTWU2maY.mp4284yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/steady-states-and-the-michaelis-menten-equationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0fa2bed6.jpgSteady states and the Michaelis Menten equationContinue your exploration of enzyme kinetics with a focus on Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the steady-state assumption. Explore how enzymes speed up reactions, the role of substrate concentrations, and the importance of the Michaelis constant. Discover how to score an enzyme's catalytic efficiency using Kcat and KMhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7u2MkbsE_dw.mp4/7u2MkbsE_dw.mp4452yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cooperativityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x694f3983.jpgCooperativityExplore the intriguing world of enzyme kinetics and cooperative binding. Delve into the two-step process of enzyme catalysis, the Michaelis Menten equation, and the effects of increasing substrate concentration. Understand the concept of multiple substrate binding sites and the three types of cooperativity: Positive, Negative, and Non-Cooperative. Get insights into the oxygen binding molecules, haemoglobin and myoglobin, and their different types of cooperativity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5xp9lI_fXDo.mp4/5xp9lI_fXDo.mp4266yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/allosteric-regulation-and-feedback-loopshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd3a7e1dc.jpgAllosteric regulation and feedback loopsBuild on your understanding of the two-step process of enzyme catalysis and the Michaelis-Menten Equation as you uncover how allosteric regulation influences enzymatic activity. Discover the role of activators and inhibitors, and unravel the mystery of feedback loops in multi-step processes like glycolysis.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UWrJssS76XE.mp4/UWrJssS76XE.mp4365yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/covalent-modifications-to-enzymeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfa409d6b.jpgCovalent modifications to enzymesLearn about covalent modifications and how they change enzyme behavior. Learn about post-translational modifications like methylation, acetylation, and glycosylation. Understand zymogens, the inactive proteins that need covalent modification to activate. Finally, discover suicide inhibitors, the enzyme inhibitors that permanently bind their target.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yqwnRekNLg4.mp4/yqwnRekNLg4.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/telomeres-and-single-copy-dna-vs-repetitive-dnahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaf847fc3.jpgTelomeres and single copy DNA vs repetitive DNATelomeres, the protective caps on chromosome ends, prevent deterioration and chromosome sticking. They contain no genes, acting as a buffer zone during replication. Telomerase can lengthen telomeres, allowing cells to replicate more. The video also discusses single copy and repetitive DNA, with telomeres being highly repetitive DNA. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cGrqnKiOUio.mp4/cGrqnKiOUio.mp4334yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/dna-repair-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x28d92c9b.jpgDNA repair 1DNA polymerase III plays a crucial role in DNA replication, proofreading and correcting errors. It works alongside DNA helicase and other enzymes to ensure accurate replication. When mistakes occur, the mismatch repair mechanism steps in post-replication to fix errors, preventing mutations and maintaining DNA integrity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o4yJF90OR9M.mp4/o4yJF90OR9M.mp4676yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/dna-repair-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x61ed11c4.jpgDNA repair 2Let's continue to explore the fascinating world of DNA damage and repair. It explains how UV rays can cause pyrimidine dimers, leading to structural damage in DNA. The video also distinguishes between mutations and DNA damage, and explores both endogenous and exogenous factors that can cause DNA damage. Finally, it discusses the process of nucleotide excision repair and the potential consequences of faulty repair mechanisms.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PySVsEUnrng.mp4/PySVsEUnrng.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x26d6c1bf.jpgCentral dogma of molecular biologyDiscover the central dogma of molecular biology, the fundamental process that decodes our genetic information. Learn how DNA replicates itself, how DNA is transcribed into RNA, and how RNA is translated into proteins. Learn about the roles of nucleic acids and amino acids in this process.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KIvBn6gfRgY.mp4/KIvBn6gfRgY.mp4262yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/central-dogma-revisitedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2958f130.jpgCentral dogma - revisitedNew discoveries have expanded on or even contradicted the original Central dogma of molecular biology as proposed by Watson and Crick. These discoveries include multiple alternate pathways of the molecules as well as different types of RNA that you'll need to know. By Tracy Kovach.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Yv94eGD7cUU.mp4/Yv94eGD7cUU.mp4372yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/protein-modificationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0b4ccf48.jpgProtein modificationsExplore the fascinating world of protein modifications! This lesson dives into co-translational and post-translational modifications, including acetylation, glycosylation, lipidation, phosphorylation, methylation, proteolysis, and ubiquitination. Discover how these changes impact protein function, structure, and gene regulation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K2bGjTaNsnM.mp4/K2bGjTaNsnM.mp4943yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/jacob-monod-the-lac-operonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xae77a655.jpgJacob-Monod: The Lac operonExplore the Jacob-Monod model and its groundbreaking insights into gene expression. Dive into the workings of the Lac Operon, a cluster of genes regulated by a single promoter. Discover how cells control enzyme levels, switch energy sources, and manage gene expression through the interaction of inducer and repressor molecules.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jRCdXNfngLc.mp4/jRCdXNfngLc.mp4371yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/jacob-monod-lac-operonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x62a965e4.jpgJacob Monod lac operonDiscover how gene expression is regulated at the transcription level, ensuring cells only produce necessary proteins. Learn about the Jacob Monod lac operon model, which illustrates this process in E. coli bacteria.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/H3i-OUb5z1k.mp4/H3i-OUb5z1k.mp4718yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/oncogeneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6b4f4ba8.jpgOncogenesOncogenes, initially proto-oncogenes, direct cell growth and can transform into cancer-causing agents through deletion, gene amplification, or chromosomal rearrangement. This leads to overexpression or hyperactivity of normal proteins. Examples include SRC, RAS, MYC, receptor tyrosine kinase, and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, all playing pivotal roles in cell proliferation and cancer development.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QRPRmRAOCog.mp4/QRPRmRAOCog.mp4421yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/tumor-suppressorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4708fb6d.jpgTumor suppressorsTumor suppressor genes play a crucial role in halting cell cycle regulation and promoting apoptosis, acting as a safeguard against cancerous growth. They fall into categories such as DNA repair proteins and cell cycle repressors. The "Two-Hit Hypothesis" suggests both alleles must mutate for cancer to manifest. Key proteins like Retinoblastoma and p53 are highlighted.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XhSsMjuzt9Y.mp4/XhSsMjuzt9Y.mp4284yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/the-different-types-of-mutationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x160dd9bd.jpgThe different types of mutationsThere are different types of genetic mutations that can occur in a cell. Point mutations involve the replacement of one base with another.Frame-shift mutations occur when a base is added or removed from the sequence. Non-sense mutations create a stop codon, which can prevent the protein from being produced entirely, while missense mutations result in the substitution of one amino acid for another.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xYOK-yzUWSI.mp4/xYOK-yzUWSI.mp4352yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/the-causes-of-genetic-mutationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc5b66ac4.jpgThe causes of genetic mutationsExplore the causes of genetic mutations, diving into the world of point and frame-shift mutations. Understand how base substitutions, like transitions and transversions, lead to point mutations. Discover how insertions and deletions can cause frame-shift mutations. Finally, get a glimpse of large-scale mutations, such as translocation and inversion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rtUoWyIE1FM.mp4/rtUoWyIE1FM.mp4314yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/an-introduction-to-mendelian-geneticshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x26977c57.jpgAn Introduction to Mendelian GeneticsLet's explore the kinds of inheritance patterns seen in Mendelian Genetics! Uncover the secrets of alleles, and explore the difference between homozygous and heterozygous traits. Learn about dominant and recessive traits, and how they influence genotypes and phenotypes. Finally, discover how a Punnett Square can predict gene inheritance. By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NR3779ef9yQ.mp4/NR3779ef9yQ.mp4310yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/sex-linked-traitshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/23946.jpgSex-linked traitsSex-linked traits are characteristics that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes. Inheritance patterns for these traits can differ for males and females, since the X and Y chromosomes differ. One example of a sex-linked trait is color blindness, which is primarily seen in males. X-inactivation can also influence the expression of sex-linked traits.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-ROhfKyxgCo.mp4/-ROhfKyxgCo.mp4859yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/genetic-recombination-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6e2290ad.jpgGenetic recombinationGenetic recombination is a process that occurs during meiosis, which is the type of cell division that produces gametes. During this process, homologous chromosomes pair up and form a unit called a tetrad. The chromosomes can then cross over and exchange genetic material, which results in new combinations of alleles. This process is important because it increases genetic variability, which can be beneficial for a species.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BlnUNmfGn7I.mp4/BlnUNmfGn7I.mp4372yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gene-mappinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2e49d122.jpgGene mappingDiscover the fascinating world of genetic recombination and gene mapping. Learn how the distance between genes on a chromosome influences their likelihood to recombine. Dive into the concept of centimorgans, the unit of measurement for gene distance, and how it relates to the frequency of recombination.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZeATszO-6e0.mp4/ZeATszO-6e0.mp4800yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/extranuclear-inheritance-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x51994d7d.jpgExtranuclear inheritance 2Explore the fascinating world of extranuclear inheritance with Carl Correns' experiments on the 4 o'clock plant. Discover how leaf color, determined by chloroplast DNA, exhibits maternal inheritance. Dive into the endosymbiotic theory explaining why mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA. It's a journey through genetics beyond the nucleus!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RjzzgiUpaQY.mp4/RjzzgiUpaQY.mp4834yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/evidence-that-dna-is-genetic-material-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3d699a3c.jpgEvidence that DNA is genetic material 1Discover the groundbreaking experiments of Friedrich Miescher and Wilhelm Roux that led to the identification of DNA as genetic material. Learn how Miescher isolated nucleic acid from cell nuclei and how Roux's study of cell division revealed the orderly distribution of this crucial substance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IMvBKaeaxco.mp4/IMvBKaeaxco.mp4290yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/evidence-that-dna-is-genetic-material-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x95c0a545.jpgEvidence that DNA is genetic material 2Learn how Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase's groundbreaking 1952 experiment proved that nucleic acid, not protein, is the genetic material. Their work with bacteriophages led to a better understanding of DNA and RNA, paving the way for Watson and Crick's DNA structure revelation in 1953.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oC_-oUOEaVM.mp4/oC_-oUOEaVM.mp4616yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/dna-libraries-generating-cdnahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x840edeaa.jpgDNA libraries & generating cDNADiscover the process of creating a DNA library from proteins. Learn how scientists use messenger RNA, reverse transcriptase, and DNA polymerase to generate a complimentary DNA sequence. Explore how this sequence is amplified, sequenced, and added to an online database, enabling easy access to the DNA sequence of any protein. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/aQxyXfIfa9A.mp4/aQxyXfIfa9A.mp4223yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/hybridization-microarrayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x18d18fff.jpgHybridization (microarray)DNA hybridization and microarray technology offer a powerful way to compare gene expression in cancer cells and normal cells. By labeling mRNA from each cell type with different colors, scientists can identify upregulated and downregulated genes, aiding in tailored cancer therapies. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xoxUWGl8WFs.mp4/xoxUWGl8WFs.mp4537yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/expressing-cloned-geneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x21623e6b.jpgExpressing cloned genesExplore the fascinating process of scientific cloning! Discover how to clone a gene by isolating messenger RNA, converting it into complimentary DNA, and amplifying it. Dive into the role of plasmids, antibiotic-resistant genes, and bacteria in cloning. Uncover the magic of replication and the production of the gene of interest Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bCcxJlPHSmc.mp4/bCcxJlPHSmc.mp4202yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/southern-blothttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd79432d0.jpgSouthern blotSouthern Blotting is a technique used to identify specific DNA sequences in a complex mixture. It involves cutting DNA into fragments, separating them by size through gel electrophoresis, transferring them onto a filter, and exposing them to a radio-labeled DNA probe. This process helps visualize the presence of a gene of interest. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Zps2uH8aWVU.mp4/Zps2uH8aWVU.mp4310yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gene-expression-and-functionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x94c27abc.jpgGene expression and functionExplore gene expression, the process where a gene synthesizes a product, often a protein. Discover how to determine a gene's function through knock-out experiments and reverse genetics, and learn about homologous sequences and their role in identifying gene functions. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vP23dkY0mPo.mp4/vP23dkY0mPo.mp4211yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/restriction-enzymeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x182964ae.jpgRestriction enzymesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U2cKywEn6KY.mp4/U2cKywEn6KY.mp4478yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/safety-and-ethics-of-dna-technologieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xda6f743f.jpgSafety and ethics of DNA technologiesDNA technologies offer great benefits but also pose safety and ethical concerns. The video discusses the risks of recombinant DNA, the implications of genome modification, and privacy issues related to genetic fingerprinting. It emphasizes the need for guidelines and regulations to ensure safe and ethical use of these technologies. Visit us for health and medicine content or for MCAT content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7fztCjCfhZQ.mp4/7fztCjCfhZQ.mp4260yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/evolution-natural-selectionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb358a3c7.jpgEvolution and natural selectionExplore the fascinating concept of natural selection, a key driver of evolution. Learn how advantageous traits increase survival and reproduction chances, leading to population changes over time. Remember, it's all about heritable, genetic traits, not individual changes or acquired skills By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Me_041nrRZk.mp4/Me_041nrRZk.mp4301yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fitness-and-fecundityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d066b76.jpgFitness and fecundityExplore the concept of fitness and fecundity in natural selection. Understand how these traits, crucial for survival and reproduction, influence evolution. Dive into the role of fecundity, or the ease and frequency of producing offspring, in shaping population dynamics. By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l5aJ1Y1CiEs.mp4/l5aJ1Y1CiEs.mp4267yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/alternative-selectionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfbcf3fec.jpgAlternative selectionLearn about driving forces of evolution other than natural selection. Group selection and artificial selection are just a few of these forms of "Alternative Selection." By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/RB7H7paHXd0.mp4/RB7H7paHXd0.mp4274yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/inbreedinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x918eb2d9.jpgInbreedingLearn about inbreeding and how it can hurt a population's genetic diversity. By Ross Firestone.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eg7ltl5vll0.mp4/eg7ltl5vll0.mp4283yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gibbs-free-energy-introductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd9cd47f4.jpgGibbs free energy introductionExplore the concept of Gibbs free energy and its role in spontaneous chemical reactions. Understand how it's calculated and its relationship with enthalpy, temperature, and entropy. Discover how it influences metabolic pathways and the energy release in our bodies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZBLoUQAMWP8.mp4/ZBLoUQAMWP8.mp4588yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gibbs-free-energy-an-analogyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x34d1968c.jpgAn analogy for Gibbs free energyContinue to explore Gibbs free energy as you learn about the mathematical expression for delta G, and understand how enthalpy and entropy contribute to its overall sign. Unravel the mystery of spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions, and see how temperature can tip the balance. A beach analogy brings it all home, connecting chemistry to everyday life.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qTXZ6UrO54U.mp4/qTXZ6UrO54U.mp4559yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/thermodynamics-vs-kineticshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe46d55e0.jpgThermodynamics vs kineticsExplore the role of thermodynamics and kinetics in chemical reactions. Understand what it means for a reaction to be thermodynamically and/or kinetically favored. Dive into the concept of free energy change, activation energy, and how enzymes can speed up reactions. A perfect blend of biochemistry and real-life analogies!https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l-l_8cSQdEw.mp4/l-l_8cSQdEw.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/overview-of-metabolism-anabolism-and-catabolismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb2f307f7.jpgOverview of metabolism: Anabolism and catabolismWhat is the purpose of metabolism? Learn about the two major divisions in metabolism: anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down). By Jasmine Rana.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ST1UWnenOo0.mp4/ST1UWnenOo0.mp4521yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/atp-hydrolysis-gibbs-free-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb219c635.jpgATP hydrolysis: Gibbs free energyHow does ATP provide energy for biosynthesis reactions? Use an understanding of Gibbs Free Energy to understand how ATP is coupled to energy-requiring processes. By Jasmine Rana.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/76O8KpO_4Zw.mp4/76O8KpO_4Zw.mp4461yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/atp-hydrolysis-transfer-of-a-phosphate-grouphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8f9c2be6.jpgATP hydrolysis: Transfer of a phosphate groupHow is ATP coupled to energy-requiring processes? How does the transfer of a phosphate group "fuel" chemical reactions?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AcNDiCzz3do.mp4/AcNDiCzz3do.mp4586yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/oxidation-and-reduction-in-metabolismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc553bc46.jpgOxidation and reduction in metabolismHow is metabolism similar to a galvanic cell? Apply fundamental principles of electrochemistry to understand the energy harnessed from the oxidation-reduction processes of metabolism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/g7GXj5QTnJw.mp4/g7GXj5QTnJw.mp4607yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/electron-carrier-moleculeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x654477f1.jpgElectron carrier moleculesWhat are electron carrier molecules? What role do they play in metabolism? Learn how electron carrier molecules capture the flow of electrons from the breakdown of a fuel (e.g. glucose) to produce ATP.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yDCeMg0krRM.mp4/yDCeMg0krRM.mp4602yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/atp-hydrolysishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaa3f87dd.jpgATP hydrolysis mechanismExplore the fascinating process of ATP hydrolysis! Discover how water interacts with ATP molecules, triggering a release of energy as bonds break and electrons find a more comfortable state. Dive into the detailed mechanism of this vital biological reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/M-aktLHDZEA.mp4/M-aktLHDZEA.mp4335yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/carbohydrates-naming-and-classificationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1761796b.jpgCarbohydrates - naming and classificationExplore the world of carbohydrates, essential compounds for our bodies. Dive into the structure of monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, and learn how they provide energy. Discover the role of polysaccharides like cellulose in plant cell walls. Uncover the beauty of ribose in RNA. Understand the naming conventions based on carbon chain length and functional groups.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/doe_zZDjU5c.mp4/doe_zZDjU5c.mp4627yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/carbohydrates-absolute-configuration-epimers-common-nameshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xadddf3af.jpgCarbohydrates - absolute configuration, epimers, common namesLet's continue to learn about different types of carbohydrates and the naming systems that we use for this class of molecules! Dive into the stereochemistry of D and L sugars, understand the role of chiral centers, and unravel the mystery of enantiomers and diastereomers. Learn about common monosaccharides like glucose, mannose, and fructose, and how they differ from each other.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U5xnGyw2llY.mp4/U5xnGyw2llY.mp4675yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb4a4cc38.jpgCarbohydrates - Cyclic structures and anomersExplore how chains of carbon atoms form carbohydrates, discover the magic of intramolecular reactions, and learn about the formation of stable rings. Uncover the secrets of pyranoses and furanoses, and get to grips with the Haworth diagram and chair confirmation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4ztQjBGbecw.mp4/4ztQjBGbecw.mp4672yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/carbohydrates-di-and-polysaccharideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2a49b048.jpgCarbohydrates- di and polysaccharidesLet's explore two types of carbohydrates: disaccharides and polysaccharides. Explore how monosaccharides link to form disaccharides through glycosidic linkages, and how these expand into polysaccharides. Understand the role of common disaccharides like lactose, maltose, and sucrose, and polysaccharides like cellulose, starch, and glycogen in our daily lives.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e_WWO2O5Nb8.mp4/e_WWO2O5Nb8.mp4781yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gluconeogenesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4162ad15.jpgGluconeogenesis: the big pictureWhat are the reactions that are unique to gluconeogenesis (vs. glycolysis)?Where does gluconeogenesis fit into carbohydrate metabolism? What is the big picture?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FJkxYCVwJO0.mp4/FJkxYCVwJO0.mp4571yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gluconeogenesis-unique-reactionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe52e787e.jpgGluconeogenesis: unique reactionsGluconeogenesis: unique reactions from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5oDjsuH-Rms.mp4/5oDjsuH-Rms.mp4584yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/regulation-of-glycolysis-and-gluconeogenesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6a6c4fa2.jpgRegulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesisExplore the regulation of metabolic pathways, a crucial balancing act in the body. Dive into glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and understand when each pathway dominates. Discover how the body maintains this balance using fast-acting regulation like Le Chatelier's Principle and slow-acting regulation through transcriptional changes. Uncover the role of hormonal regulation in managing these metabolic pathways.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7fuLw031H-g.mp4/7fuLw031H-g.mp4709yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/pentose-phosphate-pathwayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7027a9d4.jpgPentose phosphate pathwayExplore the unique Pentose Phosphate Pathway, a crucial part of carbohydrate metabolism. Discover how glucose breakdown produces two primary products: Ribose-five-phosphate, a key precursor for DNA and RNA, and NADPH, a vital electron donor for anabolic reactions and antioxidant maintenance. Dive into this ATP-independent pathway and its two phases: oxidative and non-oxidative.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EP_E-7jPnNs.mp4/EP_E-7jPnNs.mp4772yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/regulation-of-pyruvate-dehydrogenasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x41c430a6.jpgRegulation of pyruvate dehydrogenaseDive into the regulation of the citric acid cycle, exploring how Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle and gets oxidized into carbon dioxide. Uncover the irreversible reaction from pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, and how it's a prime target for cellular regulation. Learn about the major roles of Acetyl-CoA and the allosteric regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o0Bi_U_8T_E.mp4/o0Bi_U_8T_E.mp4542yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/regulation-of-krebs-tca-cyclehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8f03dc77.jpgRegulation of Krebs-TCA cycleThe citric acid cycle, always active to varying degrees, is crucial for ATP production. Acetyl-CoA enters the cycle, undergoes oxidations, and exits as carbon dioxide, producing FADH2 and NADH. This cycle is regulated through allosteric regulation and substrate availability, responding swiftly to the cell's energy needs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e6dpcBpUNTY.mp4/e6dpcBpUNTY.mp4705yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/electron-transport-chainhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/23964.jpgElectron transport chainExplore the electron transport chain's role in cellular respiration. Learn how NADH and FADH2 contribute to ATP production. Discover how energy is released when electrons transition from high to low energy states, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase. Dive into the cutting-edge research in this field.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mfgCcFXUZRk.mp4/mfgCcFXUZRk.mp41036yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/oxidative-phosphorylation-and-chemiosmosishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/23966.jpgOxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosisOxidative phosphorylation is a vital cellular respiration process that generates ATP. It involves the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and phosphorylation. The process creates a hydrogen gradient, enabling chemiosmosis and ATP synthesis. This energy conversion is essential for all life forms, from bacteria to sharks.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/W_Q17tqw_7A.mp4/W_Q17tqw_7A.mp4299yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/regulation-of-oxidative-phosphorylationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x898b1905.jpgRegulation of oxidative phosphorylationOxidative phosphorylation, a key cellular process, is regulated by the body's energy needs, specifically the levels of ADP and ATP. This process, which occurs in the mitochondria, efficiently produces ATP, a vital energy source for tissues like the brain and heart. It's the common end pathway of aerobic respiration, accepting various fuels like glucose and fatty acids.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/d24GaPv6DkA.mp4/d24GaPv6DkA.mp4590yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/calculating-atp-produced-in-cellular-respirationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x41c900ac.jpgCalculating ATP produced in cellular respirationUnravel the mystery of ATP production in cellular respiration. Explore how glucose oxidation contributes to ATP synthesis, understand the roles of NADH and FADH2, and learn why ATP yield varies. Dive into the electron transport chain and the proton gradient's role in ATP synthase.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OXgOsy8yQuk.mp4/OXgOsy8yQuk.mp4925yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-energy-storagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x99119a39.jpgIntroduction to energy storageExplore the body's energy storage methods and the role of ATP in metabolism. Discover how our bodies store fuel like glucose, fatty acids, and proteins from food and convert them into energy. Dive into why fats, or triacylglycerides, are our primary energy storage due to their energy-rich structure and hydrophobic nature.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GnXNTC3EyWg.mp4/GnXNTC3EyWg.mp4987yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/digestion-mobilization-and-transport-of-fats-part-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb68b3dd1.jpgDigestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats - Part IHow are fats digested, mobilized, and transported inside the body in the fed and fasted states? Explore the journey of fat from digestion to storage in the human body. Learn how fat molecules in food are broken down by enzymes, absorbed in the small intestine, and transported for storage. Understand the role of bile, lipoproteins, and the lymphatic system in fat metabolism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i0kHf_5s3J8.mp4/i0kHf_5s3J8.mp4608yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/digestion-mobilization-and-transport-of-fats-part-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xffc2dc5e.jpgDigestion, Mobilization, and Transport of Fats - Part IIDiscover the journey of chylomicrons, protein carriers that transport fats and cholesterol from the small intestine to various tissues in the body. Learn about the role of enzymes like lipoprotein lipase in breaking down fats, and how the liver and adipose cells store and release fatty acids. Explore how hormone levels influence fat metabolism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/u5VmmOji1ho.mp4/u5VmmOji1ho.mp4886yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fatty-acid-synthesis-part-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc21e9df0.jpgFatty Acid Synthesis - Part IExplore the fascinating process of fat metabolism, where triacylglycerides and free fatty acids journey from our diet, adipose cells, and liver into the bloodstream. Discover how these molecules provide cellular energy in the form of ATP, and delve into the intricate steps of fatty acid synthesis within liver cells.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6YV0bHzHAfw.mp4/6YV0bHzHAfw.mp4839yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fatty-acid-synthesis-part-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd91b1bca.jpgFatty Acid Synthesis - Part IIContinue to explore the fascinating process of fatty acid synthesis, a vital anabolic reaction in our bodies. Dive into the role of ATP, the energy currency of cells, and how it couples with non-spontaneous reactions to make them possible. Understand the formation of palmitic acid, a 16-carbon fatty acid, and the key enzymes involved in this process, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/do8WhQaAyso.mp4/do8WhQaAyso.mp41041yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/overview-of-fatty-acid-oxidationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7c36e80f.jpgOverview of Fatty Acid OxidationHow do we extract ATP from fat? How much ATP do we produce? Discover how our bodies extract ATP, the chemical energy, from fats. Learn about the role of fatty acid chains, which contribute 95% of the energy we can extract from fats. Understand the oxidation process, the production of ATP in the Krebs Cycle, and compare the ATP yield from fats and glucose.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/acA5iF1zrDI.mp4/acA5iF1zrDI.mp4365yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fatty-acid-oxidation-part-ihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd318a3e5.jpgFatty Acid Oxidation - Part IWhat are the three phases required for fatty acid oxidation? Where in the cell do these reactions take place? How is this process regulated? Explore the three major phases of oxidizing and extracting ATP from fatty acids within a cell. Dive into the activation process, understand the role of coenzyme A, and learn about the transport process involving carnitine. Uncover the fascinating interplay between fatty acid synthesis and oxidation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/epABNPUtkVc.mp4/epABNPUtkVc.mp4560yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fatty-acid-oxidation-part-iihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc4a5fd0b.jpgFatty Acid Oxidation - Part IIContinue to explore the fascinating process of fatty acid oxidation in the human body. Uncover how acyl carnitine molecules traverse mitochondrial membranes, the role of protein transporters, and the significance of beta oxidation. Dive into the regulation of this process and understand the interplay between fatty acid synthesis and oxidation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ITPKSc5NrQQ.mp4/ITPKSc5NrQQ.mp4766yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/how-does-the-body-adapt-to-starvationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x856f12f7.jpgHow does the body adapt to starvation?1D: How does the body utilize the major energy storage fuels? What are ketones? Why can't fatty acids be converted to glucose?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/I4lU4zQJQRk.mp4/I4lU4zQJQRk.mp4896yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/overview-of-amino-acid-metabolismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x89ac1728.jpgOverview of Amino Acid Metabolism1D: What is unique about the catabolism of amino acids (vs. glucose and fatty acids)?https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l0V-Xmps1mE.mp4/l0V-Xmps1mE.mp4800yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/phospholipid-structurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x05715c46.jpgPhospholipid structurePhospholipids are molecules that form the cell membrane. They consist of a polar phosphate head group and two nonpolar fatty acid tails joined by a glycerol backbone. The phosphate group can link with different molecules, such as serine or choline, to generate diverse kinds of phospholipids. The fatty acid tails can have cis or trans double bonds, which influence the membrane fluidity. The molecular details of phospholipids and their variations can be drawn as shown.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CBEys2CTkgE.mp4/CBEys2CTkgE.mp4421yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cell-membrane-fluidityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9267dcbc.jpgCell membrane fluidityCell membrane fluidity is the property of the cell membrane that allows it to adapt its shape and movement to different conditions. Three key factors influence cell membrane fluidity: temperature, cholesterol, and the kind of fatty acids in the phospholipids that form the cell membrane. These factors alter the space and interaction between the phospholipids, and how this affects the fluidity of the cell membrane.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BWQCAsM-CF4.mp4/BWQCAsM-CF4.mp4424yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/membrane-dynamicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf01a1e18.jpgMembrane dynamicsLet's explore some of the ways that the structure of the fluid mosaic model influences its function by focusing on the movement of phospholipids. Learn about the different types of diffusion, including transbilayer (flip-flop) and lateral, and the role of catalysts like flippase, floppase, and scramblase in these processes. By William Tsai.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/twhqVIokAQc.mp4/twhqVIokAQc.mp4329yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/how-do-things-move-across-a-cell-membranehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8e48b09e.jpgHow do things move across a cell membrane?Let's explore cell transport mechanisms that regulate what can go into or out of a cell. You'll examine the distinctions between passive and active transport, and learn how ions like potassium and sodium, along with glucose, traverse cell membranes. Uncover the function of endocytosis and exocytosis in the transport of larger molecules, and the energy utilization involved in these processes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/knv4fNNoEG8.mp4/knv4fNNoEG8.mp4710yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/passive-transport-by-facilitated-diffusionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa05fa4cf.jpgPassive Transport by Facilitated DiffusionExplore the process of passive transport in cells, when a substances moves along its concentration gradient, traveling from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Learn about the function of the phospholipid bilayer, along with the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, in this process. Understand how facilitated diffusion employs chloride channels to transport ions from the cell's exterior to its interior, all without expending any energy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZAbrCJxk8fs.mp4/ZAbrCJxk8fs.mp4316yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cell-junctionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x904a9870.jpgCell JunctionsCell junctions, the connectors between cells, come in three major types: tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions. Tight junctions create a watertight seal, blocking water and ions, while desmosomes allow for some flow between cells. Gap junctions, on the other hand, act like tunnels for water and ions, especially in cells that propagate electrical signals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pVWQm-GYK_Y.mp4/pVWQm-GYK_Y.mp4269yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/ligand-gated-ion-channelshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbc73c884.jpgLigand Gated Ion ChannelsLigand-gated ion channels, a type of membrane receptor, respond rapidly to ligands, making them crucial in neurons. These channels open or close when a ligand binds, altering the cell's electrical properties. This process transforms an extracellular ligand signal into an intracellular electrical signal, triggering a cellular response.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Pl7nzXaVqak.mp4/Pl7nzXaVqak.mp4443yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/enzyme-linked-receptorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd63ac3ee.jpgEnzyme Linked ReceptorsEnzyme-linked receptors, specifically receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), are unique transmembrane proteins that act as enzymes and signal receivers. They play a crucial role in cell growth, differentiation, and survival by responding to ligands like growth factors and hormones. When activated, RTKs trigger a series of enzymatic reactions, leading to gene expression changes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kaoRrzakjGE.mp4/kaoRrzakjGE.mp4531yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/characteristics-of-eukaryotic-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdef80168.jpgCharacteristics of eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells, found in multicellular organisms, are defined by their compartmentalization into organelles, each with a unique function. The nucleus, a key organelle, houses genetic material. Other organelles include mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Eukaryotic cells divide through mitosis, a more complex process than prokaryotic binary fission. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7FN1NBoV2u0.mp4/7FN1NBoV2u0.mp4535yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/the-nucleushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xce265a8a.jpgThe nucleusLet's learn about the structure and function of the eukaryotic cell's nucleus. Discover the role of the outer and inner membranes, the nucleoplasm, and the nuclear pore in isolating the nucleus and facilitating transport. Explore the nucleolus, the site of ribosome assembly, and its relationship with the endoplasmic reticulum. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gGeC0ntvxR8.mp4/gGeC0ntvxR8.mp4365yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/mitochondriahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x90c8c801.jpgMitochondriaUncover the intriguing details of mitochondria, known as the cell's powerhouse. Learn about their distinctive structure, including the outer and inner membranes, and their vital role in cellular respiration. Understand how these self-replicating organelles, equipped with their own genome, aid in ATP production and fuel the cell with energy. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K7IxN3EDqm4.mp4/K7IxN3EDqm4.mp4911yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0411ee0e.jpgEndoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatusThe endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle budding off the cell nucleus, plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. It's divided into two parts: the ribosome-studded rough endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis occurs, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for lipid synthesis and detoxification. Proteins synthesized here follow the secretory pathway, moving through the Golgi apparatus to their final destinations. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jDadorSbhi4.mp4/jDadorSbhi4.mp4581yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/lysosomes-and-peroxisomeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6dba09d9.jpgLysosomes and peroxisomesLysosomes, the cell's recycling centers, use acid hydrolases to break down waste into reusable parts through autophagy and crinophagy. Peroxisomes protect cells by isolating and breaking down harmful hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. These organelles ensure efficient and safe cellular function. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OZdmaf2R9ys.mp4/OZdmaf2R9ys.mp4343yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissuehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x194ffe84.jpgEpithelial and connective tissueLearn about animal tissue types. Here's you'll focus on epithelial and connective tissues, explaining their structure and function. Epithelial tissues line our bodies and organs, while connective tissues provide support and connection. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sKins25SEVk.mp4/sKins25SEVk.mp4440yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-cytoskeletonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf047dc12.jpgIntroduction to cytoskeletonExplore the intricacies of the cytoskeleton, the cellular framework composed of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments. Delve into their pivotal roles in maintaining cellular structure, facilitating motility, and enabling intracellular transport. Understand their critical involvement in processes such as mitosis and cell morphogenesis.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oIrnecBfHzg.mp4/oIrnecBfHzg.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/microfilaments-and-intermediate-filaments-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x99e95f87.jpgMicrofilaments and intermediate filamentsExplore the dynamic world of microfilaments and intermediate filaments in cells. Discover how actin polymers twist to form microfilaments, aiding cell movement and division. Learn about the diverse proteins in intermediate filaments, providing structural support and resisting mechanical stress.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pyEVmWLOePw.mp4/pyEVmWLOePw.mp4207yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/microtubules-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb644781e.jpgMicrotubulesMicrotubules, composed of alpha and beta tubulin, dynamically change length to fulfill their functions. They form a network within neurons for internal transport. Centrosomes, containing centrioles, anchor microtubules during cell division. Basal bodies, similar to centrioles, anchor cilia and flagella, aiding in cell movement.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-qV__tYb4c4.mp4/-qV__tYb4c4.mp4784yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cellular-movementhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x33fd3fc5.jpgCellular movementCellular movement is crucial for functions like development and immune response. Sperm cells use flagella for propulsion, while white blood cells rely on the cytoskeleton. Cell migration plays a key role in these processes. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FD-A0MhYc7Y.mp4/FD-A0MhYc7Y.mp4454yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/history-and-development-of-cell-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf69d6cb8.jpgHistory and development of cell theoryExplore the fascinating journey of cell theory development, from Anton van Leeuwenhoek's discovery of bacteria to Louis Pasteur's debunking of Abiogenesis. Learn how scientists like Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, and Theodor Schwann contributed to the three major tenets of cell theory, shaping modern biology.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/L3nH3KTNS3E.mp4/L3nH3KTNS3E.mp4674yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cell-cycle-phaseshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6d2116ce.jpgCell cycle phasesThis video discusses the cell cycle, focusing on the growth and division of cells. It explains the different phases, including interphase and mitosis. It also highlights how cancer cells differ by dividing more than they grow. Learn about the different "seasons" of a cell's life and how it grows with time. By Raja Narayan. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U5vAO_f2LDQ.mp4/U5vAO_f2LDQ.mp4343yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/mitochondria-apoptosis-oxidative-stresshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1f1c19ca.jpgMitochondria, apoptosis, and oxidative stressExplore the fascinating role of mitochondria in apoptosis, a controlled cell death process vital for organism health. Uncover how various signals, including DNA damage and infection, can trigger apoptosis, and how this leads to changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability. Dive into the cascade of enzyme actions that result in cell degradation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/paw2SUY22_s.mp4/paw2SUY22_s.mp4692yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/egg-sperm-and-fertilizationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x775087f6.jpgEgg, sperm, and fertilizationSperm and egg cells are special sex cells for reproduction. Sperm cells are small, have a tail for movement, and carry male genetic material. The egg is large, round, and has a protective layer called the zona pellucida. During fertilization, sperm meets egg, and their genetic material combines.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7ww5T7hCdn4.mp4/7ww5T7hCdn4.mp4695yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x64e1d5b5.jpgEarly embryogenesis - Cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and neurulationUnpack early embryogenesis, starting with zygote creation and rapid cleavage. Learn about the morula's transition into a blastocyst, the formation of germ layers, and the primitive streak's role in gastrulation. Conclude with neurulation, focusing on the formation of the neural tube and neural crest cells.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dAOWQC-OBv0.mp4/dAOWQC-OBv0.mp4740yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/implantationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x99609191.jpgImplantationUnpack the journey from fertilization to the formation of the placenta as you explore the stages of embryonic development, including zygote and blastocyst, and the process of implantation. Learn about trophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and cytotrophoblasts, and their role in transferring nutrients from mother to fetus.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1KL8HAm3uSY.mp4/1KL8HAm3uSY.mp4290yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gestationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbbba6969.jpgGestationExplore the journey of pregnancy, from gestation to birth. Understand key terms like trimesters and embryogenesis. Learn how fertilization occurs around week two, leading to organogenesis and fetal development. Discover important gestational milestones, including the 50% survival rate at 24 weeks and full term at 39 weeks.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_-1m1GsuH1M.mp4/_-1m1GsuH1M.mp4265yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/germ-layer-derivativeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6e7f0f8f.jpgGerm layer derivativesExplore the formation of specific structures from the three primary germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm - during early embryogenesis. Discover how endoderm cells shape our gastrointestinal and pulmonary systems, mesoderm forms muscles, skeletal system, and genitourinary tracts, and ectoderm creates skin, related structures, and the nervous system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QPvhl66QCqo.mp4/QPvhl66QCqo.mp4131yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/stem-cellshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2a7ce386.jpgStem cellsStem cells, originating from zygotes, play crucial roles in body repair and regeneration. Explore embryonic, somatic, and induced pluripotent stem cells, their differentiation process, and their potential in regenerative medicine. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uUH5YI5dTOg.mp4/uUH5YI5dTOg.mp4714yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/mitochondria-apoptosis-and-oxidative-stresshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x08a677c2.jpgMitochondria, apoptosis, and oxidative stressExplore the vital role of mitochondria in apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Learn about the different triggers for apoptosis, from DNA damage to infection, and how these signals impact the mitochondria. Dive into the process of apoptosis, highlighting the importance of caspases and cytochrome c in this controlled cell death pathway. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0v1C5x1ALI8.mp4/0v1C5x1ALI8.mp4692yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/telomeres-and-cell-senescencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x721dc3db.jpgTelomeres and cell senescenceThis video discusses cellular division in our bodies, highlighting the active division of mitotic cells and the limited regeneration of post-mitotic cells. It also explains senescence, where cells stop dividing to prevent DNA damage, and the role of telomeres in safeguarding our DNA during replication. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/R5YiO6rKr-w.mp4/R5YiO6rKr-w.mp4653yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/brain-parts-functionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7c04070075feebb3.jpgHuman brain (parts & functions)Let's explore the different parts and the functions of the brainhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NJcBSE5QMQ0.mp4/NJcBSE5QMQ0.mp4281yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/blood-cell-lineageshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa549333a.jpgBlood cell lineagesAll blood cells develop from a single type of cell called a pluripotent cell (also known as a hematopoetic stem cell or a hemocytoblast). Pluripotent cells can give way to different lineages of cells, including lymphocytes or myelocytes. The lymphocyte lineage is composed mainly of T- and B-cells (white blood cells), while the myelocyte lineage includes a variety of immune cells, as well as red blood cells.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ddifthdMNVc.mp4/ddifthdMNVc.mp4484yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/tissue-specific-metabolism-and-the-metabolic-stateshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7eb846b2.jpgTissue specific metabolism and the metabolic statesExplore the metabolic pathways in the human body during absorptive and post-absorptive states. Understand how the liver, adipose tissue, muscle, and brain store and utilize energy from nutrients. Discover the role of glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides in energy storage and usage. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/l_e1jq_I3sY.mp4/l_e1jq_I3sY.mp4749yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/insulin-and-glucagonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0d3463ae.jpgInsulin and glucagonUnpack the body's energy dynamics with a focus on metabolism, insulin, and glucagon. Learn how these hormones manage glucose levels, influencing our health. Get to know the processes of glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Id2E72P8Fe0.mp4/Id2E72P8Fe0.mp4703yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/production-of-insulin-and-glucagonhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x59043895.jpgProduction of insulin and glucagonThe pancreas, located behind the liver, has a unique blood supply that triggers hormone release. It houses insulin and glucagon in structured cells called the islet of langerhans. Beta cells release insulin while alpha cells release glucagon. The process of insulin release involves glucose, ATP, potassium, and calcium. The mechanism of glucagon release remains a mystery. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PwH4oEz94qE.mp4/PwH4oEz94qE.mp4486yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/glucose-insulin-and-diabeteshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/51012921.jpgGlucose insulin and diabetesExplore how glucose, a simple sugar, fuels cells in the human body. Understand the crucial role of insulin in glucose absorption, and learn about the complications that arise when this process is disrupted, leading to conditions like type 1 and type 2 diabetes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rPLjSY00JlE.mp4/rPLjSY00JlE.mp4444yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/hormone-control-of-hungerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x974d9f00.jpgHormone control of hungerExplore how hormones like insulin, leptin, and ghrelin regulate hunger and fullness. Understand the role of the hypothalamus in interpreting energy-rich nutrients in the bloodstream and stomach signals. Discover why leptin levels, based on adipose tissue, rarely change, and how this impacts our sense of hunger. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EVkFPeP5sFI.mp4/EVkFPeP5sFI.mp4217yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/hormones-body-mass-and-obesityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5bc05694.jpgHormones, body mass, and obesityHormones like insulin, leptin, and ghrelin contribute to regulating body mass. Learn how diet, activity, and basal metabolic rate contribute to energy balance. Understand the impact of genetic factors on body mass, illustrated by a mouse experiment involving the hormone leptin. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Mb9TudBudWk.mp4/Mb9TudBudWk.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/vectors-and-scalars-in-2d-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x565cceab.jpgVisualizing vectors in 2 dimensionsLearn about two-dimensional vectors, their magnitude and direction. Discover how to add vectors visually and break them down into horizontal and vertical components. This technique transforms complex two-dimensional problems into manageable one-dimensional problems, a key strategy in classical mechanics. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/O-Onby3soVo.mp4/O-Onby3soVo.mp4721yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/unit-vector-notationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25609.jpgUnit vector notationLearn how to factor in magnitude and direction when adding and subtracting vectors. See how to break vectors into x and y components, and how to use unit vector notation to label vectors in a way that represents them more efficiently and analytically, making it easier to add and subtract them.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FaF3v-ezbSk.mp4/FaF3v-ezbSk.mp4594yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/unit-vector-notation-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25611.jpgUnit vector notation (part 2)More on unit vector notation. Showing that adding the x and y components of two vectors is equivalent to adding the vectors visually using the head-to-tail methodhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/595Tiga1gIg.mp4/595Tiga1gIg.mp4553yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/calculating-average-speed-and-velocity-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4b26c427.jpgCalculating average speed and velocity editedLearn how to calculate average velocity and speed, understand the difference between distance and displacement, and explore unit conversion from kilometers per hour to meters per second. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6G1MQi2VFMI.mp4/6G1MQi2VFMI.mp4678yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/solving-for-timehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/113633128.jpgSolving for timeRate of change in position, or speed, is equal to distance traveled divided by time. To solve for time, divide the distance traveled by the rate. For example, if Cole drives his car 45 km per hour and travels a total of 225 km, then he traveled for 225/45 = 5 hours.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/awzOvyMKeMA.mp4/awzOvyMKeMA.mp4575yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/displacement-from-time-and-velocity-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/113633129.jpgDisplacement from time and velocity exampleWorked example of calculating displacement from time and velocity. Learn how velocity, time, and direction factor into calculating displacement. Understand the importance of unit conversion in these calculations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lQ-dvt3V4yQ.mp4/lQ-dvt3V4yQ.mp4300yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/accelerationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/115608380.jpgAccelerationAcceleration (a) is the change in velocity (Δv) over the change in time (Δt), represented by the equation a = Δv/Δt. This allows you to measure how fast velocity changes in meters per second squared (m/s^2). Acceleration is also a vector quantity, so it includes both magnitude and direction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FOkQszg1-j8.mp4/FOkQszg1-j8.mp4546yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/airbus-a380-take-off-timehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/115608382.jpgAirbus A380 take-off timeFiguring how long it takes an A380 to take off given a constant acceleration. Explore the physics of an Airbus A380 take-off with Khan Academy. Learn how to calculate the time it takes for the aircraft to reach takeoff velocity using principles of acceleration and velocity. This practical example brings the concepts of speed, time, and acceleration to life.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p4DTormtEG0.mp4/p4DTormtEG0.mp4488yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/airbus-a380-take-off-distancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/115608385.jpgAirbus A380 take-off distanceHow long of a runway does an A380 need? Learn how to calculate the minimum runway length needed for an Airbus A380 to take off. This tutorial uses principles of constant acceleration and average velocity, demonstrating how these concepts apply to real-world physics.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fQt69_Q2CTw.mp4/fQt69_Q2CTw.mp4329yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/why-distance-is-area-under-velocity-time-linehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/115608383.jpgWhy distance is area under velocity-time lineExplore the relationship between velocity, time, and displacement. Discover how the area under a velocity-time graph represents distance traveled. Understand how the slope of the graph indicates acceleration. Delve into scenarios of constant velocity and constant acceleration, and learn to calculate distance in each casehttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/d-_eqgj5-K8.mp4/d-_eqgj5-K8.mp4566yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/average-velocity-for-constant-accelerationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/115608384.jpgAverage velocity for constant accelerationInvestigate the relationships between velocity, acceleration, and distance in a physics context. Learn how to use formulas to calculate final velocity and total distance traveled given an initial velocity, constant acceleration, and time.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MAS6mBRZZXA.mp4/MAS6mBRZZXA.mp4850yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/newton-s-first-law-of-motionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/116854909.jpgNewton's first law of motionNewton's First Law of Motion, also known as the Law of Inertia, states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. This law, originally formulated by Galileo, is fundamental to understanding motion and forces.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CQYELiTtUs8.mp4/CQYELiTtUs8.mp4572yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/newton-s-first-law-of-motion-conceptshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/904189322.jpgApplying Newton's first law of motionNewton's first law quiz 1. If the net force on an object is zero, its velocity won't change. (True) 2. An unbalanced force on an object will always impact the object's speed. (False) 3. Moving objects come to rest in everyday life because of unbalanced forces. (True) 4. An unbalanced force on an object will always change the object's direction. (False)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/D1NubiWCpQg.mp4/D1NubiWCpQg.mp4434yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/newton-s-second-law-of-motionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/116854910.jpgNewton's second law of motionNewton's second law of motion states that F = ma, or net force is equal to mass times acceleration. A larger net force acting on an object causes a larger acceleration, and objects with larger mass require more force to accelerate. Both the net force acting on an object and the object's mass determine how the object will accelerate.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ou9YMWlJgkE.mp4/ou9YMWlJgkE.mp4434yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/newton-s-third-law-of-motionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/116854911.jpgNewton's third law of motionNewton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The "action" and "reaction" refer to forces; if Object A exerts a force on Object B, then Object B exerts an equal amount of force on Object A in the opposite direction. Examples include pushing an object, stepping on the ground, and rockets.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/By-ggTfeuJU.mp4/By-ggTfeuJU.mp4480yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/center-of-masshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25601.jpgCenter of massSal gives a conceptual understanding of what center of mass means. Learn about the concept of center of mass and its real-world applications. Understand how objects with uniform density have their center of mass at the geometric center, and how this changes with non-uniform density. Discover the role of center of mass in motion, including rotation and high jumping techniques.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VrflZifKIuw.mp4/VrflZifKIuw.mp4576yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-torquehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25603.jpgIntroduction to torqueAn introduction to torque, a force that causes rotation. Understand how torque is calculated as the product of force and distance, and how it differs from work. Learn about the direction of torque and its units. Get a grasp on the concept of net torque and its role in rotational motion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QhuJn8YBtmg.mp4/QhuJn8YBtmg.mp4564yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/slow-sock-on-lubricon-vihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/897500670.jpgSlow sock on Lubricon VIWhat would happen to a slowly moving frozen sock on a frictionless planet? Explore the intriguing world of Lubricon-VI, a fictional planet with zero friction and no atmosphere. This video delves into the forces acting on a frozen sock sliding on its surface. It highlights the absence of tangential forces, ensuring the sock's eternal journey at a constant speed.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CEdXvoAv_oM.mp4/CEdXvoAv_oM.mp4287yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/normal-forces-on-lubricon-vihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/897521821.jpgNormal forces on Lubricon VIExplore the intriguing world of Lubricon VI, a fictional non-rotating planet, and its unique physics! Understand the forces acting on a stationary frozen banana and a perpetually orbiting frozen sock. Delve into the concepts of gravity, normal force, and centripetal acceleration in this engaging thought experiment.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hJ18CrKU3Zc.mp4/hJ18CrKU3Zc.mp4432yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/inclined-plane-force-componentshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/123032796.jpgInclined plane force componentsExplore the various forces acting on a block sitting on an inclined plane. Learn how to break the force of gravity into two components - one perpendicular to the ramp and one parallel to the ramp. Finally, using geometry and trigonometry, learn how to calculate the magnitude of each component of force that is acting on the block.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TC23wD34C7k.mp4/TC23wD34C7k.mp4762yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/ice-accelerating-down-an-inclinehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/123032792.jpgIce accelerating down an inclineExplore the physics of an ice block sliding down an icy incline. Understand the forces at play, including gravity and the normal force, and how they contribute to the block's acceleration. Learn to calculate these forces using trigonometry and Newton's second law.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Mz2nDXElcoM.mp4/Mz2nDXElcoM.mp4637yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/force-of-friction-keeping-the-block-stationary-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x143370ae.jpgForce of friction keeping the block stationaryInvestigate the forces at play when a block of wood on a wedge is stationary. Understand the role of friction and the normal force in balancing the force of gravity. Learn how to calculate the coefficient of static friction and its implications in real-world scenarios. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rMklxFGEClE.mp4/rMklxFGEClE.mp4499yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/correction-of-force-of-friction-keeping-the-block-stationaryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/123032797.jpgCorrection to force of friction keeping the block stationaryThe video corrects a calculation error from a previous lesson on determining the coefficient of static friction. The instructor recalculates the coefficient using the correct values, resulting in a coefficient of static friction of 0.59.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BukTc4q9BMc.mp4/BukTc4q9BMc.mp451yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/force-of-friction-keeping-velocity-constant-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x964428a2.jpgForce of friction keeping velocity constantWe delve into the world of friction, focusing on static and kinetic types, and their impact on forces on inclined planes. The discussion highlights how friction adjusts with applied force and its role in motion. We also learn how to calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JxZ8WGsuuvI.mp4/JxZ8WGsuuvI.mp4538yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-tensionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25561.jpgIntroduction to tensionLearn how tension, the force within or applied by a string or wire, counteracts gravity to keep objects stationary. Explore how tension varies in different scenarios, like in a system with multiple strings at different angles.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_UrfHFEBIpU.mp4/_UrfHFEBIpU.mp4619yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/tension-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25563.jpgIntroduction to tension (part 2)Expand your understanding of the concept of tension in physics with a slightly more difficult tension problem that focuses on stationary points and net forces. Learn how to calculate tension in wires using trigonometry, vector components, and algebra. Understand how tension varies in different wires based on their angle and force of gravity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zwDJ1wVr7Is.mp4/zwDJ1wVr7Is.mp4619yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/tension-in-an-accelerating-system-and-pie-in-the-facehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25573.jpgTension in an accelerating system and pie in the faceThe second part to the complicated problem. We figure out the tension in the wire connecting the two masses. Then we figure out how much we need to accelerate a pie for it to safely reach a man's face.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/52wxpYnS64U.mp4/52wxpYnS64U.mp4568yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/intuition-on-static-and-kinetic-friction-comparisonshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/123032798.jpgIntuition on static and kinetic friction comparisonsExplore the intriguing concept of friction at the atomic level. Understand why static friction can be higher than kinetic friction, and how surface irregularities and temporary chemical bonds play a role.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/J9BWNiOSGlc.mp4/J9BWNiOSGlc.mp4441yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/static-and-kinetic-friction-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/123032793.jpgStatic and kinetic friction exampleExplore how different kinds of friction impact acceleration with the example of a block of wood on some dirt. Determine the acceleration of the block when pushed with a force of 100 N, taking into account the coefficients of static and kinetic friction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZA_D4O6l1lo.mp4/ZA_D4O6l1lo.mp4590yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-work-and-energyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25587.jpgIntroduction to work and energyExplore the physics concepts of work and energy. Understand work as energy transferred by force, and kinetic energy as the work needed to accelerate an object. Learn how to calculate work and kinetic energy using formulas, and get introduced to the law of conservation of energy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2WS1sG9fhOk.mp4/2WS1sG9fhOk.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/work-and-energy-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25589.jpgWork and energy (part 2)Continue to explore the relationship between work and kinetic energy, seeing how applying force to an object over a distance generates kinetic energy. You'll also be introduced to the concept of potential energy, seeing how work done to lift an object creates gravitational potential energy. Finally, you'll get a hint towards the law of conservation of energy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3mier94pbnU.mp4/3mier94pbnU.mp4591yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/work-example-problemshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe52a1e85.jpgWork example problemsDavid goes through some example problems on the concept of work. By reviewing these, you'll have a better knowledge of how to calculate work done by individual forces on an object in motion. You'll also understand the formula definition of work and how forces like tension, friction, and gravity play a role, and be able to apply the work-energy principle to determine an object's final speed.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/udgMh3Y-dTk.mp4/udgMh3Y-dTk.mp4290yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/conservation-of-energy-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb0fc6be7.jpgConservation of energyThis exploration of energy conservation underscores the shift from potential to kinetic energy. Real-world examples include a falling object and an object sliding down an icy incline, demonstrating how to determine velocity at different points. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3ZdZ8VgyKnc.mp4/3ZdZ8VgyKnc.mp4597yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/work-energy-problem-with-frictionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25593.jpgWork/energy problem with frictionExplore the concept of conservation of energy with a twist - introducing friction! Learn how energy isn't always fully conserved due to nonconservative forces like friction. Understand how potential energy converts into kinetic energy, and how friction impacts this transformation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YvacYWgygaA.mp4/YvacYWgygaA.mp4605yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/intro-to-springs-and-hooke-s-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25637.jpgIntro to springs and Hooke's lawDiscover the phenomena of springs and Hooke's Law. Explore how force applied to a spring results in compression or elongation, and how this relationship is linear. Uncover the concept of restorative force and how it counteracts applied force, keeping our spring in equilibrium.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZzwuHS9ldbY.mp4/ZzwuHS9ldbY.mp4605yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/potential-energy-stored-in-a-springhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25639.jpgPotential energy stored in a springLearn about the force required to compress a spring, and the work done in the process, and how this relates to Hooke's Law, which defines the restorative force of a spring. Using a graph, see how force increases proportionally with displacement, and how one can use the area under the graph to calculate the work done to compress the spring. Finally, relate this work to the potential energy stored in the spring.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eVl5zs6Lqy0.mp4/eVl5zs6Lqy0.mp4600yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/spring-potential-energy-example-mistake-in-mathhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25641.jpgSpring potential energy example (mistake in math)A spring, a frozen loop-d-loop and more! Explore the concept of energy conservation with a thrilling ice loop-d-loop scenario as you see how potential energy from a compressed spring can propel a block of ice through a loop, using kinetic and gravitational energy. (See if you can find the mistake I made and get the right answer!)https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P3QV9ktuYlQ.mp4/P3QV9ktuYlQ.mp4578yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-mechanical-advantagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25595.jpgIntroduction to mechanical advantageExplore the concept of mechanical advantage with simple machines like levers. Understand how input force can be multiplied to output a greater force, albeit over a shorter distance, using the law of conservation of energy. Discover the relationship between force, distance, and work, and get introduced to the concept of moments.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pfzJ-z5Ij48.mp4/pfzJ-z5Ij48.mp4602yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25649.jpgPressure and Pascal's principle (part 1)Sal explains the difference between liquids and gasses (both fluids). He then starts a calculation of the work done on a liquid in a U-shaped container.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Pn5YEMwQb4Y.mp4/Pn5YEMwQb4Y.mp4586yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25651.jpgPressure and Pascal's principle (part 2)Sal finishes the calculation of work to determine the mechanical advantage in a U-shaped tube. He also explains pressure and Pascal's Principle.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lWDtFHDVqqk.mp4/lWDtFHDVqqk.mp4612yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25653.jpgPressure at a depth in a fluidSal derives the formula to determine the pressure at a specific depth in a fluid.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5EWjlpc0S00.mp4/5EWjlpc0S00.mp4594yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-4https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25655.jpgFinding height of fluid in a barometerUsing our understanding of fluid pressure to figure out the height of a column of mercury.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/i6gz9VFyYks.mp4/i6gz9VFyYks.mp4609yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-5https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25657.jpgArchimedes principle and buoyant forceExplore Archimedes' principle and the buoyant force in fluid dynamics. Understand how pressure varies with depth and acts in all directions, leading to the upward net force on submerged objects. This principle explains why objects float and is key to fluid displacement and the concept of buoyancy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vzID7ds600c.mp4/vzID7ds600c.mp4521yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/buoyant-force-example-problems-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x797560f7.jpgBuoyant force example problems editedExplore the concept of buoyant force! Learn how the weight difference of an object in and out of water helps calculate its volume. Discover how the density of an object determines the percentage submerged in water. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e5oGdNL1GkA.mp4/e5oGdNL1GkA.mp4562yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/specific-gravityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcdac65f7.jpgSpecific gravityIn this video David explains what specific gravity means. He also shows how to calculate the value for specific gravity and use it to determine the percent of an object that will be submerged while floating.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nVPrWz8Jfgo.mp4/nVPrWz8Jfgo.mp4190yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-7https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25661.jpgVolume flow rate and equation of continuityA fluid’s motion is affected by its speed, density, and viscosity, and weight, as wells as drag and lift. Use an example of a pipe with different sized openings on either end to observe and quantify laminar flow of liquids. Learn about the concept of flux, and how it is used to calculate the power of a system with moving fluid.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/G4CgOF4ccXk.mp4/G4CgOF4ccXk.mp4599yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-8https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25663.jpgBernoulli's equation derivation part 1Bernoulli's equation is an equation from fluid mechanics that describes the relationship between pressure, velocity, and height in an ideal, incompressible fluid. Learn how to derive Bernoulli’s equation by looking at the example of the flow of fluid through a pipe, using the law of conservation of energy to explain how various factors (such as pressure, area, velocity, and height) influence the system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uqyLOuAzbvo.mp4/uqyLOuAzbvo.mp4608yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-9https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25665.jpgBernoulli's equation derivation part 2This is the second of two videos where Sal derives Bernoulli's equation. In the second half of the video Sal also begins an example problem where liquid exits a hole in a container.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QX2YLR09Q78.mp4/QX2YLR09Q78.mp4609yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-10https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25667.jpgFinding fluid speed exiting holeExplore the principles of fluid dynamics with Bernoulli's equation as Sal finishes the example problem where liquid exits a hole in a container. Understand how fluid velocity and pressure interact in systems like a canister with a small hole. Discover why the external pressure at the hole matters and how the output velocity is calculated.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NGpJPz44JYc.mp4/NGpJPz44JYc.mp4515yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-11https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25669.jpgMore on finding fluid speed from holeClarification of, and more thoughts on, the Bernoulli's equation example problem where liquid exits a hole in a container.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HnfBFeLunk4.mp4/HnfBFeLunk4.mp4319yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fluids-part-12https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25671.jpgFinding flow rate from Bernoulli's equationSal solves a Bernoulli's equation example problem where fluid is moving through a pipe of varying diameter. Understand how pressure differentials and pipe dimensions influence flow rate and velocity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xlJYYM5TWoA.mp4/xlJYYM5TWoA.mp4466yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/viscosity-and-poiseuille-flowhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0934a85a.jpgViscosity and Poiseuille flowUnderstand the concept of viscosity and how it affects the motion of fluids. Learn about the velocity gradient, the role of adhesive forces, and the impact of fluid depth. Discover the units of viscosity and real-life examples of different viscosities. Get introduced to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and the practical application of Poiseuille's Law.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/G3bO8RcRgxQ.mp4/G3bO8RcRgxQ.mp4666yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/turbulence-at-high-velocities-and-reynolds-numberhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8b8f2b8c.jpgTurbulence at high velocities and Reynold's numberExplore the concept of Reynold's Number, a key predictor of fluid turbulence. Understand how this dimensionless quantity, calculated using viscosity, fluid density, and tube radius, helps identify the critical speed at which fluid flow becomes chaotic. This knowledge is particularly useful in predicting blood flow turbulence in the aorta.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZcaPndok1hc.mp4/ZcaPndok1hc.mp4130yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/surface-tension-and-adhesionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1bb34950.jpgSurface Tension and AdhesionUnravel the enigma of surface tension and adhesion in liquids, particularly water. Discover how cohesion between water molecules forms surface tension, enabling denser objects, like a needle, to sit on its surface. Investigate practical applications in clinical tests, camping, and hand washing. Explore adhesion, the pull of water molecules to other materials, and its contribution to capillary action.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pmagWO-kQ0M.mp4/pmagWO-kQ0M.mp4398yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/venturi-effect-and-pitot-tubeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb5f9185e.jpgVenturi effect and Pitot tubesThe Venturi effect demonstrates how fluid speed increases and pressure decreases in constricted areas. This video breaks down Bernoulli's equation, revealing the surprising principle that faster fluid equals lower pressure. It also introduces the Pitot tube, a practical tool for measuring fluid velocity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Qz1g6kqvUG8.mp4/Qz1g6kqvUG8.mp4598yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/absolute-temperature-and-the-kelvin-scalehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfe49b572.jpgAbsolute temperature and the kelvin scaleThis video explains temperature as a measure of average kinetic energy in a system. It highlights the Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit scales, detailing their differences, conversion methods, and applications. The concept of absolute zero, the coldest possible temperature, is also introduced.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eEJqaNaq9v8.mp4/eEJqaNaq9v8.mp4614yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/pressure-and-the-simple-mercury-barometerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x71043bcd.jpgPressure and the simple mercury barometerUnpack the unique properties of gases, their kinetic energy, and their ability to exert pressure on surroundings. Understand the connection between temperature, force, and pressure in gases. Learn about atmospheric pressure and its measurement using a barometer. Get to know gas laws and pressure units such as atmospheres, tor, and pascals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kkUvU-elGtw.mp4/kkUvU-elGtw.mp4471yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/dideal-gas-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3eb7e857.jpgDefinition of an ideal gas, ideal gas lawDive into the dynamics of gas pressure, temperature, and volume. Learn how these factors interplay in the Ideal Gas Equation, PV=nRT. Understand the conditions that define an ideal gas and how this equation can determine pressure, volume, or temperature.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/88uEsGgXJrU.mp4/88uEsGgXJrU.mp4343yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/derivation-of-gas-constants-using-molar-volume-and-stphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa6b20b55.jpgDerivation of gas constants using molar volume and STPThis video explains the ideal gas law, focusing on the constant 'R'. It demonstrates how 'R' remains the same for any ideal gas, regardless of changes in other variables. The video also clarifies the calculation of 'R' under standard temperature and pressure (STP) using different units of measurement.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dfZ9_vFwCA4.mp4/dfZ9_vFwCA4.mp4451yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/boyles-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5b496e70.jpgBoyle's lawExplore Robert Boyle's 17th-century experiments with gases that led to Boyle's Law. Discover how Boyle's Law, demonstrating the inverse relationship between gas pressure and volume, laid the groundwork for the ideal gas equation. This historical journey illuminates key principles in gas behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PIM4G3IZk5Y.mp4/PIM4G3IZk5Y.mp4645yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/charles-lawhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5ab8b71e.jpgCharles's lawLearn about Jacques Charles's experiments with gas and temperature, and discover how heating a gas in a closed container under constant pressure increases its volume. Uncover Charles's Law, the concept that volume divided by temperature is constant, and see it applied to real-world problemshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o52BW3B4efc.mp4/o52BW3B4efc.mp4487yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/partial-pressure-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe9d2f7f8.jpgPartial pressureThis video explores the concept of partial pressure in a gas mixture. It explains how to calculate the total pressure and the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture using the ideal gas law and mole fractions. The video emphasizes the importance of considering the number of particles, not just the mass, when calculating pressure. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ch61milcTUU.mp4/ch61milcTUU.mp4738yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/heat-capacity-at-constant-volume-and-pressurehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2f230069.jpgHeat capacity at constant volume and pressureExplore the kinetic energy of a monatomic ideal gas and how it changes with heat and work. Uncover the first law of thermodynamics and its implications on internal energy. Dive into the concept of heat capacities at constant volume and pressure, and their relationship with the Ideal Gas Law.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kZO-XQdBwqk.mp4/kZO-XQdBwqk.mp4736yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/kinetic-molecular-theory-of-gaseshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe949cc39.jpgKinetic molecular theory of gasesExplore the kinetic-molecular theory of gases and its implications for macroscopic properties like pressure, volume, and temperature. Uncover the relationship between microscopic properties and macroscopic properties, and delve into the concept of average kinetic energy in a gas.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UMXSNjjUVt4.mp4/UMXSNjjUVt4.mp4900yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/triboelectric-effect-and-chargehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6f14be01.jpgTriboelectric effect and chargeExplore the intriguing world of electrostatics with the triboelectric effect. Understand how rubbing a balloon on your hair leads to a transfer of electrons, creating positive and negative charges. Discover the concept of charge at an atomic level, and learn how protons, electrons, and neutrons play their part. You'll become familiar with the unit of charge, the coulomb, and its relationship to the elementary unit of charge.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IDQYakHRAG8.mp4/IDQYakHRAG8.mp4706yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/conservation-of-chargehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7abf73f6.jpgConservation of chargeThe law of conservation of charge states that the total amount of electric charge in a closed system must remain constant. See how this law can be applied to various scenarios, such as when particles collide or decay. Learn how the law of conservation of charge can be used to deduce charges of unknown or undetected particles within a closed system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Sn5CwAODVdI.mp4/Sn5CwAODVdI.mp4528yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/conductors-and-insulatorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x337984d0.jpgConductors and insulatorsA conductor is a material that allows electrons to flow freely through it, making it useful for carrying electric current. An insulatoris a material that resists the flow of electrons, so it does not allow electric current to pass through it. Learn about how conductors and insulators work and how they are effected by changes in electrical current.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZgDIX2GOaxQ.mp4/ZgDIX2GOaxQ.mp4813yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/electrostatics-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25685.jpgElectric fieldWe can think of the forces between charges as something that comes from a property of space. That property is called the electric field. Charges shape the space around them, forming an electric field that interacts with other charges. The tutorial covers Coulomb's Law, electric field lines, and the role of distance in field strength. Ideal for premed students delving into electrostatics.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0YOGrTNgGhE.mp4/0YOGrTNgGhE.mp4812yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/voltagehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25695.jpgVoltageExplore the distinction between electric potential energy and electric potential, often confused terms in electrostatics. Understand how electric potential, or voltage, is associated with position, while electric potential energy is tied to a charge. Reinforce your understanding of these concepts through examples involving charged plates and electric fields.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zqGvUbvVQXg.mp4/zqGvUbvVQXg.mp4535yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/electric-potential-at-a-point-in-spacehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xac18fc84.jpgElectric potential at a point in spaceElectric potential, a key concept in physics, is an abstract number associated with points in space. It's different from electric potential energy, but related. The units of electric potential are joules per coulomb, hinting at its connection to energy. The video explains how to calculate electric potential and its relationship with voltage.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ks1B1_umFk8.mp4/ks1B1_umFk8.mp4675yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/circuits-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25701.jpgResistors in seriesExplore the fundamentals of circuits and Ohm's law with a focus on series circuits. Discover how voltage remains constant between elements and how current remains constant throughout the circuit. Learn how resistors in series increase total resistance, and how to calculate current using Ohm's law.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7vHh1sfZ5KE.mp4/7vHh1sfZ5KE.mp4668yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/circuits-part-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25703.jpgResistors in parallelExplore the intriguing world of parallel resistors in circuits. Learn how current splits and combines in different branches, and how voltage remains constant across resistors. Uncover the formula for total resistance and apply it to solve real-world problems.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZrMw7P6P2Gw.mp4/ZrMw7P6P2Gw.mp4740yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/circuits-part-4https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25705.jpgExample: Analyzing a more complex resistor circuitMaster the art of solving complex circuit problems with this guide. Learn how to simplify circuits by finding equivalent resistances, understand the concept of resistors in series and parallel, and apply Ohm's law to find the current.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3NcIK0s3IwU.mp4/3NcIK0s3IwU.mp4427yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/electrolytic-conductivityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x40f10fec.jpgElectrolytic conductivityLiquids can also conduct electricity. Explore the concept of electrolytic resistivity and conductivity in liquids. Learn how to measure these properties using a known voltage, an ammeter, and two plates submerged in a solution. Discover how impurities can affect the current flow and the resistivity of the solution.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uUhBEufepWk.mp4/uUhBEufepWk.mp4239yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/capacitancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/25697.jpgCapacitanceExplore the relationship between voltage and charge in capacitors. This tutorial illuminates the concept of capacitance, demonstrating how it's directly proportional to voltage. Learn how to calculate voltage differences, understand the electric field's role, and grasp the significance of the permittivity of free space.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ngOC4eUQl8Y.mp4/ngOC4eUQl8Y.mp4815yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/magnetism-part-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x48de90e0.jpgMagnetism - Part 1Introduction to magnetism: lodestones; like poles repel, opposite poles attract; no magnetic monopoles; magnetic spin. Uncover the origins of magnetism, understand the concept of magnetic dipoles, and delve into the role of electron spins in generating magnetic fields. This engaging explanation demystifies magnetism, setting the stage for further exploration of this fundamental force.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/n_npNIK1kMc.mp4/n_npNIK1kMc.mp4645yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/magnetism-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x571d6aa7.jpgMagnetism - Part 2This lesson covers the visualization of magnetic fields and their effects on moving charges. It explains the properties of magnetic forces and their definition based on the impact on a moving charge. You'll lean aboutnorth and south poles; relation between electrostatics and magnetics; the magnetic force; the Tesla, which is the unit of magnetic field.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wzZfyhaUvfY.mp4/wzZfyhaUvfY.mp4540yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/magnetism-part-3https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x47aed94f.jpgMagnetism - Part 3Explore the force on a moving charge from a magnetic field, using the cross product of velocity and the magnetic field. Discover how this force, perpendicular to the velocity, causes the particle to move in a circular path. Uncover the intriguing fact that the force depends on the particle's velocity and charge, not its mass.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/22HqkuYT270.mp4/22HqkuYT270.mp4649yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/magnetism-part-4https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd89068a8.jpgMagnetism - Part 4Learn how magnetic force functions as a centripetal force. See how to calculate the radius of the path traveled by a proton. Explore some applications of magnetic force, including cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors and cyclotrons in particle accelerators.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S6PZYpgoLjQ.mp4/S6PZYpgoLjQ.mp4640yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/free-energy-and-cell-potential-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5ae1e5fb.jpgFree energy and cell potentialExplore the relationship between cell potential and free energy in voltaic cells. Understand how to calculate Faraday's constant and use it to determine the standard change in free energy. Discover the conditions for standard cell potential and how it links to spontaneous redox reactions. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/puJN5OuzXeY.mp4/puJN5OuzXeY.mp4468yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/voltage-as-an-intensive-property-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb4b0e758.jpgVoltage as an intensive propertyExplore how voltage, an intensive property, remains constant regardless of the quantity in electrochemical reactions. Understand the relationship between standard reduction potentials, free energy, and moles of electrons. Discover why voltage doesn't change when forming different amounts of silver in reduction reactions. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WegXPG-h8Ng.mp4/WegXPG-h8Ng.mp4279yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/standard-cell-potential-and-the-equilibrium-constant-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3ab031b3.jpgStandard cell potential and the equilibrium constantExplore the relationship between standard cell potential and the equilibrium constant. Understand how to calculate the standard cell potential using the Nernst equation. Learn how temperature, Faraday's constant, and the gas constant affect cell potential. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/v-Drg73XrS4.mp4/v-Drg73XrS4.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/calculating-the-equilibrium-constant-from-the-standard-cell-potential-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xeeac86c0.jpgCalculating the equilibrium constant from the standard cell potential editedearn how to calculate the equilibrium constant, k, for a redox reaction using standard reduction potentials. Discover the relationship between the equilibrium constant, k, and the standard cell potentials, e zero. Understand how to balance equations and calculate the standard cell potential to find the equilibrium constant. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zSIJcGPIzro.mp4/zSIJcGPIzro.mp4579yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/nerst-equation-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x98181192.jpgNernst equationExplore the Nernst equation and its importance in calculating cell potential under non-standard state conditions. Understand how changing concentrations can alter the instantaneous cell potential. Learn about the different forms of the Nernst equation, including the base 10 logarithm form. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5Ixp_0r5YWk.mp4/5Ixp_0r5YWk.mp4351yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/concentration-cell-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7944a39b.jpgConcentration cellConcentration cells are relevant when varying zinc sulfate concentrations generate voltage. Oxidation and reduction play key roles in balancing these concentrations. The Nernst equation steps in to calculate cell potential, providing a complete understanding of electrochemistry basics. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xdarp2VBwNk.mp4/xdarp2VBwNk.mp4543yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/quantiative-electrolysis-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7ada2742.jpgQuantitative electrolysisExplore the electrifying world of electrolytic cells! Discover how a non-spontaneous redox reaction is driven by current from an external voltage source. Learn about the formation of solid zinc at the zinc electrode and the oxidation of solid copper. Get charged up with quantitative electrolysis problems, using Faraday's constant and mole ratios to calculate the mass of zinc deposited. Visit us for health and medicine content or for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rzkgZWxT4UM.mp4/rzkgZWxT4UM.mp4400yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/electrolysis-of-molten-sodium-chloride-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe471248d.jpgElectrolysis of molten sodium chloride editedLearn how electrolysis works with molten sodium chloride. See how a negative battery terminal provides electrons, causing a reduction half reaction. Understand that chloride anions oxidize to chlorine gas at the anode. Find out how to calculate the time needed to produce a certain amount of sodium using a constant current. Grasp the connection between moles of sodium and moles of electrons, and how to figure out the volume of chlorine produced. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S7C-Q-RkX0I.mp4/S7C-Q-RkX0I.mp4627yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-the-doppler-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/28120.jpgDoppler effect introductionLearn about the Doppler effect and how it explains the change in frequency of a wave when its source and an observer are moving. Understand how moving sound sources can alter the frequency and pitch we hear.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dc7l7Qqa8xk.mp4/dc7l7Qqa8xk.mp4636yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequencyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/28121.jpgDoppler effect formula for observed frequencyThe Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a wave as the source moves relative to an observer, and explains why the pitch of a sound sometimes changes as it moves closer or further to or from an observer. Learn how to derive the formula for perceived frequency of a sound using an equation that accounts for a sound and observer’s velocities relative to one another.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kGrk6V8tWDY.mp4/kGrk6V8tWDY.mp4613yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/doppler-effect-formula-when-source-is-moving-awayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/28122.jpgDoppler effect formula when source is moving awayContinue your exploration of the Doppler effect by looking at the case where the source is moving away from the listener. Understand the formulas for observed frequency when the source is moving towards or away from the observer. Apply these concepts to real-world scenarios like the changing pitch of a moving train's horn.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KkJ0wL9f2VY.mp4/KkJ0wL9f2VY.mp4558yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/when-the-source-and-the-wave-move-at-the-same-velocityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/28123.jpgWhen the source and the wave move at the same velocityWhat happens when both the listener and the source are moving together? In this exploration, you'll uncover what happens when the velocity of a wave source matches the wave's speed. You'll delve into the effects on observed frequency and period, leading to a deeper understanding of phenomena like sonic booms. Remember, this discussion applies to any wave, not just sound.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4Xgk3vusxT8.mp4/4Xgk3vusxT8.mp4455yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/wave-interferencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8a6b85c9.jpgWave interferenceWaves add and subtract their amplitudes when they overlap, a phenomenon known as wave interference. Learn how overlapping waves can lead to constructive interference, forming amplified waves, or destructive interference, resulting in cancelled waves. Uncover the significance of phase shifts and path length differences in shaping wave behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/blur0MemUQA.mp4/blur0MemUQA.mp4869yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/object-image-and-focal-distance-relationship-proof-of-formulahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/8187530.jpgObject image and focal distance relationship (proof of formula)The video provides a detailed walkthrough of deriving the lens formula, which relates the object distance, image distance, and focal length in a convex lens. It uses similar triangles and algebraic manipulation to arrive at the formula \[1/f = 1/d_0 + 1/d_i\], a key concept in optics for premed students.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rse0I7rZ8jM.mp4/rse0I7rZ8jM.mp4749yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/object-image-height-and-distance-relationshiphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/8187531.jpgObject image height and distance relationshipThe video explores the relationship between the size of an object and its image when viewed through a convex lens. It demonstrates that the ratio of the distance from the object to the lens, to the distance from the image to the lens, is the same as the ratio of the height of the object to the height of the image.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/acQYX4nwhCk.mp4/acQYX4nwhCk.mp4142yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/thin-lens-equation-and-problem-solvinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x39cece9e.jpgThin lens equation and problem solvingThis video explains the thin lens formula and its components: focal length, object distance, and image distance. It emphasizes how to determine whether these values are positive or negative based on the lens type (converging or diverging) and their positions. The video also introduces the magnification formula for determining image height.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7GV1UZSTNJg.mp4/7GV1UZSTNJg.mp4777yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/multiple-lens-systemshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3d81e0e3.jpgMultiple lens systemsThe video breaks down the process of solving a two-lens system problem in physics. It explains how to treat each lens separately using the thin lens formula to determine the image created by each lens. The video also discusses the concept of magnification and how to calculate the overall magnification of a multiple lens system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GPomGcZ3_kk.mp4/GPomGcZ3_kk.mp4847yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/diopters-aberration-and-the-human-eyehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc12d168d.jpgDiopters, Aberration, and the Human EyeThe video explores the concept of lens power in optics, explaining how smaller focal lengths result in more powerful lenses. It introduces the term 'diopters' as the unit for lens power. The video also discusses lens aberrations, including spherical and chromatic aberrations. Lastly, it explains how the human eye works and how corrective lenses help with vision problems like nearsightedness and farsightedness.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eji8zKa7H7s.mp4/eji8zKa7H7s.mp4777yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/parabolic-mirrors-and-real-imageshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/8187524.jpgParabolic mirrors and real imagesParabolic Mirrors and Real Imageshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8X1AS9qD5AQ.mp4/8X1AS9qD5AQ.mp4697yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/parabolic-mirrors-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/8187525.jpgParabolic mirrors 2Parabolic Mirrors 2https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7m0u6dxA5Xo.mp4/7m0u6dxA5Xo.mp4769yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/convex-parabolic-mirrorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/8187526.jpgConvex parabolic mirrorsConvex Parabolic Mirrorshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dWY25vb1ZB0.mp4/dWY25vb1ZB0.mp4360yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/specular-and-diffuse-reflection-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/8187517.jpgSpecular and diffuse reflection 2Specular and Diffuse Reflection 2https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XR52dXLyz-M.mp4/XR52dXLyz-M.mp4461yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/refraction-in-waterhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/8187519.jpgRefraction in waterRefraction in Waterhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jxptCXHLxKQ.mp4/jxptCXHLxKQ.mp4264yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/snells-law-example-1-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb93e38c8.jpgSnell's law example 1Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5MUAgzSUHRc.mp4/5MUAgzSUHRc.mp4491yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/snells-law-example-2-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbf437128.jpgSnell's law example 2Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2eTsa6Jx424.mp4/2eTsa6Jx424.mp4588yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/total-internal-reflection-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0648071f.jpgTotal internal reflectionVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZDbM6uugJkk.mp4/ZDbM6uugJkk.mp4451yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/dispersionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8919196d.jpgDispersionThe index of refraction in a material isn't always the same for every wavelength. This is how prisms split white light into so many colors.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LksVHUrn8CI.mp4/LksVHUrn8CI.mp4135yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/mass-defect-and-binding-energy-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x579546a7.jpgMass defect and binding energyVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vYKhS35m5Fs.mp4/vYKhS35m5Fs.mp4688yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/nuclear-stability-and-nuclear-equationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9722cb54.jpgNuclear stability and nuclear equationsUsing the ratio of neutrons to protons to figure out of a nucleus will be stable or radioactive.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gqrh8wbPXVE.mp4/gqrh8wbPXVE.mp4505yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/alpha-beta-and-gamma-decayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8f704f5f.jpgWriting nuclear equations for alpha, beta, and gamma decayAlpha, beta, and gamma decay are all ways that an unstable atom can decay into a more stable form. Let’s model each type of decay through equations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mzLOT6uOfO4.mp4/mzLOT6uOfO4.mp4487yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/types-of-decayhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/406026.jpgTypes of decayAlpha, Beta, Gamma Decay and Positron Emissionhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3koOwozY4oc.mp4/3koOwozY4oc.mp41023yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/exponential-decay-formula-proof-can-skip-involves-calculushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/375067.jpgExponential decay formula proof (can skip, involves calculus)We can use half-lifes of radioactive substances to determine how old something is. Using your calculus skills, learn how to use the N(t)=Ne^(-kt) exponential decay equation to measure the amount of a radioactive substance we have at time T.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/H7nrVDV8ahc.mp4/H7nrVDV8ahc.mp4742yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-exponential-decay-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa31de9c8.jpgIntroduction to exponential decayVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bnGjN-Xsg9U.mp4/bnGjN-Xsg9U.mp4412yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/exponential-decay-and-semi-log-plotshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9cb7fbc5.jpgExponential decay and semi-log plotsUsing exponential decay equation to solve for relationship between k and half-life. Using semi-log plot to get graph of a straight line with slope of -k.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vnNlvnnBX0I.mp4/vnNlvnnBX0I.mp4616yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/exponential-decay-examples-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4d868c24.jpgMore exponential decay examplesVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LaEokkaZkrw.mp4/LaEokkaZkrw.mp4426yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/mass-spectrometerhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x89aa63ad.jpgMass spectrometerMass spectrometer from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-YfemQNTkvA.mp4/-YfemQNTkvA.mp4690yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/bohr-model-radii-derivation-using-physicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf312fc13.jpgBohr model radii (derivation using physics)Learn about the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom and the physics behind it. Use equations such as Coulomb's law and Newton's second law, along with the assumption that angular momentum of an electron is quantized, to calculate the radius of the atom for a ground state electron.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Qcd0IhW_85I.mp4/Qcd0IhW_85I.mp4652yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/bohr-model-radiihttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x209bd4dc.jpgBohr model radiiUsing equation for Bohr model radii to draw shell model for n=1 to 3, and calculating the velocity of a ground state electron.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Hbuh5m3p0x0.mp4/Hbuh5m3p0x0.mp4417yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/absorption-and-emissionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd763131b.jpgAbsorption and emissionUsing shell model diagram to relate absorption to emission. Derives relationship between emitted photon and energy levels, the Balmer-Rydberg equation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/AznXSVx2xX0.mp4/AznXSVx2xX0.mp4630yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/emission-spectrum-of-hydrogen-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x49860a08.jpgEmission spectrum of hydrogenVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/12yg1R0RtSk.mp4/12yg1R0RtSk.mp4646yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/heisenberg-uncertainty-principle-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa32ce8f9.jpgHeisenberg uncertainty principleVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fpLNz9ZsdO8.mp4/fpLNz9ZsdO8.mp4579yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/empirical-formula-from-mass-composition-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd74ceedc.jpgEmpirical formula from mass composition editedVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ph8_diBYnGM.mp4/Ph8_diBYnGM.mp4373yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/molecular-and-empirical-formulas-editedhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8f07ed9b.jpgMolecular and empirical formulasVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Q1u51peRHmA.mp4/Q1u51peRHmA.mp4911yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/acid-base-definitions-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd0514fbc.jpgAcid-base definitionsThis video breaks down the definitions of acids and bases according to Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis. It explains how a Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor, using HCl and water as examples. The Lewis definitions, which are broader, are also discussed, with water and boron trifluoride serving as examples.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ss7Ap-6bFYw.mp4/ss7Ap-6bFYw.mp4469yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/autoionization-of-waterhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaaa92ed9.jpgAutoionization of waterAutoionization of water from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Xwf3ZsGYzCU.mp4/Xwf3ZsGYzCU.mp4455yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/definition-of-phhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3cdd507c.jpgDefinition of pHDefinition of pH from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gJfOlBMfYkg.mp4/gJfOlBMfYkg.mp4730yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/buffer-solutionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d80621f.jpgBuffer solutionsBuffer solutions maintain a stable pH by neutralizing added acids or bases. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base, which exchange protons and hydroxide ions to form water. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation expresses the pH as a function of the PKa and the ratio of the base and acid concentrations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oIlMsYOKEsc.mp4/oIlMsYOKEsc.mp4397yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/extractionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc80e4cd2.jpgExtractionsLearn about how chemicals can be separated through acid-base extraction. By Angela Guerrero.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NgsuPTLkPgs.mp4/NgsuPTLkPgs.mp4519yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/thin-layer-chromatographyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7d03c65d.jpgThin layer chromatography (TLC)Learn about how chemicals can be separated based on polarity through thin layer chromatography (TLC). By Angela Guerrero.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e3lRt9XdV0s.mp4/e3lRt9XdV0s.mp4307yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/column-chromatographyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x78f82f7d.jpgColumn chromatographyLearn how to separate chemicals using column chromatography. By Angela Guerrero.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EOJrRnpiq5s.mp4/EOJrRnpiq5s.mp4399yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gas-chromatographyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8f8294e8.jpgGas chromatographyUnderstand how to separate and purify chemicals through gas chromatography and how to interpret a gas chromatogram. By Angela Guerrero.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4Xaa9WdXVTM.mp4/4Xaa9WdXVTM.mp4518yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gel-electrophoresishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x42794516.jpgGel electrophoresisLearn how gel electrophoresis separates DNA and protein fragments based on size and why one would use agarose gel electrophoresis versus SDS-PAGE. By Angela Guerrero.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mN5IvS96wNk.mp4/mN5IvS96wNk.mp4419yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/resolution-of-enantiomershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc7c3f9d1.jpgResolution of enantiomersUnderstand how enantiomers can be isolated from a racemic mixture using chromatography with a chiral stationary phase. By Angela Guerrero.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/b2IpkXid-ec.mp4/b2IpkXid-ec.mp4302yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/nucleic-acid-structure-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2fb5e8b8.jpgNucleic acid structure 1Nucleic acid structure 1 from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/NX0ZPtB_QFY.mp4/NX0ZPtB_QFY.mp4603yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/saponification-base-promoted-ester-hydrolysishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3a46fc9e.jpgSaponification - Base promoted ester hydrolysisSaponification - Base promoted ester hydrolysis from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bXmODOOJcQU.mp4/bXmODOOJcQU.mp4476yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/lipids-structure-in-cell-membraneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb0227c35.jpgLipids - Structure in cell membranesLipids - Structure in cell membranes from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EL5kJ-Mzuug.mp4/EL5kJ-Mzuug.mp4611yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/lipids-as-cofactors-and-signaling-moleculeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1b8b18c6.jpgLipids as cofactors and signaling moleculesLipids as cofactors and signaling molecules from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lsvqJfvWRfs.mp4/lsvqJfvWRfs.mp4463yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/carbohydrates-naming-and-classification-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xca4b068d.jpgCarbohydrates - Naming and classificationCarbohydrates - Naming and classification from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UBIyl4_oNYU.mp4/UBIyl4_oNYU.mp4628yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/fischer-projectionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/1258919438.jpgFischer projectionsFischer projections are a way to represent three-dimensional molecules in two dimensions. By following specific rules for drawing these projections, one can depict complex carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose in a way that conveys their structural information.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gmo5TOxk_E0.mp4/gmo5TOxk_E0.mp4832yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/carbohydrates-epimers-common-nameshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc9c3e3c8.jpgCarbohydrates - Epimers, common namesCarbohydrates - Epimers, common names from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Pz-uLRZS8YM.mp4/Pz-uLRZS8YM.mp4677yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/carbohydrate-glycoside-formation-hydrolysishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9a7e09a7.jpgCarbohydrate - Glycoside formation hydrolysisCarbohydrate - Glycoside formation hydrolysis from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/g9qJ19vmGQA.mp4/g9qJ19vmGQA.mp4642yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/disaccharides-and-polysaccharideshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7ad8555e.jpgDisaccharides and polysaccharidesDisaccharides and polysaccharides from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/N2c78pv7f1g.mp4/N2c78pv7f1g.mp4783yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/alpha-amino-acid-synthesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x66e29107.jpgAlpha amino acid synthesisAlpha amino acid synthesis from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/T_mFhtBja5A.mp4/T_mFhtBja5A.mp4324yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/conformational-stability-protein-folding-and-denaturationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x903d5032.jpgConformational stability: Protein folding and denaturationConformational stability: Protein folding and denaturation from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gXa6JIv5WlQ.mp4/gXa6JIv5WlQ.mp4464yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x60bbc15a.jpgCarbohydrates - cyclic structures and anomersCarbohydrates - cyclic structures and anomers from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UPgpYH9ZtMA.mp4/UPgpYH9ZtMA.mp4671yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/alcohol-nomenclature-ruleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7b36cf45.jpgAlcohol nomenclatureAlcohol nomenclature from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h3iIi56Yae8.mp4/h3iIi56Yae8.mp4727yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/properties-of-alcoholshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x45bfbd29.jpgProperties of alcoholsProperties of alcohols from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8p6R5yJjAGE.mp4/8p6R5yJjAGE.mp4677yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/oxidation-of-alcoholshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x48815a7c.jpgOxidation of alcoholsOxidation of alcohols from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wyxqq9Tc7GQ.mp4/wyxqq9Tc7GQ.mp4759yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfb40ae53.jpgOxidation of alcohols (examples)Oxidation of alcohols (examples) from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P4DiY4DvvmY.mp4/P4DiY4DvvmY.mp4423yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/biologic-redox-reactions-of-alcohols-and-phenolshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb19c1cd0.jpgBiological redox reactions of alcohols and phenolsBiological redox reactions of alcohols and phenols from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0w96SqrvVjw.mp4/0w96SqrvVjw.mp4587yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/aromatic-stability-of-benzenehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd613715e.jpgAromatic stability of benzeneAromatic stability of benzene from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4eZpJo_60QQ.mp4/4eZpJo_60QQ.mp4360yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/aromatic-heterocycleshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf8b0b315.jpgAromatic heterocyclesAromatic heterocycles from MCAThttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IaE632EzCxM.mp4/IaE632EzCxM.mp4709yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/alpha-substitution-of-carboxylic-acidshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8f5687c8.jpgAlpha-substitution of carboxylic acidsHow to use the Hell-Volhard-Zelinksy (HVZ) reaction to synthesize alpha-amino acids. By Jay.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kxS37n0ASqg.mp4/kxS37n0ASqg.mp4546yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/changes-in-free-energy-and-the-reaction-quotienthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbd98aaa4.jpgChanges in free energy and the reaction quotientThe relationship between Gibbs free energy, standard Gibbs free energy, and the reaction quotient Q. Predicting the direction of the reaction when we don't have standard conditions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tB4lr5Qh3DI.mp4/tB4lr5Qh3DI.mp4947yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/standard-change-in-free-energy-and-the-equilibrium-constanthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7345ecd1.jpgStandard change in free energy and the equilibrium constantThe relationship between standard Gibbs free energy change and the equilibrium constant K. Calculating K when you know the standard free energy of reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/U5-3wnY04gU.mp4/U5-3wnY04gU.mp4646yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/bioenergetics-the-transformation-of-free-energy-in-living-systemshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6eeebe75.jpgBioenergetics: The transformation of free energy in living systemsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P2WD9jFePwo.mp4/P2WD9jFePwo.mp4462yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/why-we-need-metabolismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb1e47c02.jpgWhy we need metabolism?Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CPB7C36zyjM.mp4/CPB7C36zyjM.mp4462yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/zeroth-law-of-thermodynamicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5c11e165.jpgZeroth law of thermodynamicsVisit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/j-enxYaQMdA.mp4/j-enxYaQMdA.mp4372yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/second-law-of-thermodynamicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x04af081f.jpgSecond law of thermodynamicsSecond law of thermodynamicshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Iwmb1p25ws4.mp4/Iwmb1p25ws4.mp4821yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/heat-transfer-1https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0c3b1a42.jpgHeat transferLearn how energy moves from warmer to cooler objects, like your hand to a glass of water. Dive into the difference between heat and temperature, and explore how heat transfer shapes our everyday experiences.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JoFSRuJDp5o.mp4/JoFSRuJDp5o.mp4255yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/enthalpyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/403032.jpgEnthalpyUnderstanding why enthalpy can be viewed as "heat content" in a constant pressure system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fucyI7Ouj2c.mp4/fucyI7Ouj2c.mp4907yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/heat-of-formationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/414006.jpgHeat of formationStandard heat of formation or standard enthalpy change of formation. How heats of formation are calculated.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PK_JXzYcme0.mp4/PK_JXzYcme0.mp4755yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/hess-s-law-and-reaction-enthalpy-changehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/412026.jpgHess's law and reaction enthalpy changeUsing Hess's Law and standard heats of formation to determine the enthalpy change for reactionshttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/chXMpDwjBDk.mp4/chXMpDwjBDk.mp4940yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/410037.jpgGibbs free energy and spontaneityIntuition behind why spontaneity is driven by enthalpy, entropy and temperature. Introduction to Gibbs free energy.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ViAmQivKif0.mp4/ViAmQivKif0.mp41060yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gibbs-free-energy-examplehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/368056.jpgGibbs free energy exampleDetermining if a reaction is spontaneous by calculating the change in Gibbs free energy. Also calculates the change in entropy using table of standard entropies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sG1ZAdYi13A.mp4/sG1ZAdYi13A.mp4597yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/more-rigorous-gibbs-free-energy-spontaneity-relationshiphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/389055.jpgMore rigorous Gibbs free energy / spontaneity relationshipMore formal understanding of why a negative change in Gibbs Free Energy implies a spontaneous, irreversible reaction.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7aur5h44pV4.mp4/7aur5h44pV4.mp4836yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/a-look-at-a-seductive-but-wrong-gibbs-spontaneity-proofhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/427003.jpgA look at a seductive but wrong Gibbs spontaneity proofA look at why the "proof" of the relation between changes in Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity is wrong in many textbooks.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yYbzJs6vgv8.mp4/yYbzJs6vgv8.mp4401yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/absolute-threshold-of-sensationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x05a57f29.jpgAbsolute threshold of sensationThe "absolute threshold of sensation" refers to the minimum intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect half the time. This threshold is not fixed, but varies from person to person and can be influenced by psychological factors, such as expectations, motivation, and alertness. The absolute threshold is different from the "difference threshold," which measures the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0jK5x_hsTvY.mp4/0jK5x_hsTvY.mp4283yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/the-vestibular-system-balance-and-dizzinesshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x55a3648e.jpgThe vestibular system, balance, and dizzinessThe vestibular system, crucial for balance and spatial orientation, relies on the inner ear's semi-circular canals and otolithic organs. The canals detect head rotation, while otolithic organs sense linear acceleration and head positioning. When these systems malfunction, it can lead to dizziness and vertigo.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1AZnFszUroI.mp4/1AZnFszUroI.mp4405yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/dream-theories-freud-activation-synthnesis-hypothesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5526efc2.jpgDream theories Freud, activation synthesis hypothesisDream theories explore the meaning behind our dreams. Sigmund Freud's theory suggests dreams represent our unconscious wishes, urges, and feelings, divided into manifest and latent content. On the other hand, the activation synthesis hypothesis proposes dreams are our brain's attempt to make sense of random signals from the brain stem. These contrasting ideas offer insights into the importance of dreams.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UAXapQvZe2w.mp4/UAXapQvZe2w.mp4300yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/sleep-wake-disorders-breathing-related-sleep-disordershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x59f8196d.jpgBreathing related sleep disordersBreathing-related sleep disorders stem from three key areas: the brain, airways, and lungs. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when soft tissues block airflow during sleep. Central sleep apnea involves malfunctioning brain control systems for breathing. Hypoventilation disorders, due to issues with the lungs or chest wall, lead to a buildup of carbon dioxide and potentially low oxygen levels.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_w9AwycMm2g.mp4/_w9AwycMm2g.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/the-spotlight-model-of-attention-and-our-ability-to-multitaskhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d9e0890.jpgThe spotlight model of attention and our ability to multitaskThe spotlight model of attention focuses on how we consciously process specific stimuli, much like a flashlight in a dark room. It explains why we can't multitask effectively, as our attention shifts between tasks rather than covering them simultaneously. This model is crucial in understanding behaviors like distracted driving and poor academic performance due to social media use.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/THJgaznSBu8.mp4/THJgaznSBu8.mp4448yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/schemas-assimilation-and-accommodation-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xebe93b19.jpgSchemas, assimilation, and accommodationPiaget's theory of cognitive development revolves around schemas, mental models we use to interpret new information. Through assimilation, we fit new experiences into our existing schemas. When new experiences don't fit, we adjust our schemas or create new ones through accommodation. This cycle of equilibrium, disequilibrium, and restoration promotes learning and development.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xoAUMmZ0pzc.mp4/xoAUMmZ0pzc.mp4324yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/theories-of-intelligencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3905d9e0.jpgTheories of intelligenceThe video explores various theories of intelligence, including Charles Spearman's general intelligence theory, L.L. Thurnston's primary mental abilities theory, Howard Gardner's multiple intelligence theory, and Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory. It discusses the ongoing debate about whether intelligence is a single entity or has multiple aspects. The video also questions the importance of labeling abilities as "intelligence".https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oaJ01Ex7DLw.mp4/oaJ01Ex7DLw.mp4431yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cognitive-dissonancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd7de34ec.jpgCognitive dissonanceCognitive dissonance is the discomfort we feel when our beliefs, values, or attitudes contradict our actions. This discomfort can lead us to change our attitudes or behaviors to restore harmony. Smokers, for example, might modify their beliefs about smoking or trivialize its risks to reduce this discomfort.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FT8eIAMLbo4.mp4/FT8eIAMLbo4.mp4288yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/what-is-stresshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xac1ccb66.jpgWhat is stress?Stress is a process involving a threat or challenge (stressor) and our physical and emotional response (stress reaction). Psychologist Richard Lazarus suggests stress arises more from our assessment (appraisal) of events rather than the events themselves. Humans can not only respond to stressors but also anticipate them.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fL73baMxbf8.mp4/fL73baMxbf8.mp4366yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/stressorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf04d3566.jpgStressorsThe video explains four major types of stressors: significant life changes, catastrophic events, daily hassles, and ambient stressors. It provides examples for each and discusses how they impact our lives and contribute to our overall stress levels.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZO46gFypWKM.mp4/ZO46gFypWKM.mp4411yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/responding-to-stresshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x47439c46.jpgResponding to stressThe video discusses our body's response to stress, focusing on the Fight or Flight and Tend and Befriend reactions. It explains how the sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system work together during stress. It also introduces the General Adaptation Syndrome, which outlines the stages of stress response: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rj6u2SIdEeg.mp4/rj6u2SIdEeg.mp4526yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/physical-effects-of-stresshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd07b9d29.jpgPhysical effects of stressStress can impact your body in many ways. It can increase blood pressure, leading to hypertension and vascular disease. It can also affect metabolism, causing extra blood sugar and exacerbating conditions like diabetes. Stress can hinder reproductive abilities and disrupt immune function, making you more susceptible to illness. It's essential to manage stress for overall well-being.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oUqJ-AKSsuE.mp4/oUqJ-AKSsuE.mp4635yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/behavioral-effects-of-stresshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfe0b499a.jpgBehavioral effects of stressThe video explains how chronic stress affects our brain, leading to emotional and behavioral changes. Key areas impacted are the hippocampus and frontal cortex, which can result in depression, anger, anxiety, and addiction. Understanding these effects can help in managing stress and promoting mental health.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tOWDKfDjmnk.mp4/tOWDKfDjmnk.mp4378yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/stress-managementhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x23b431cc.jpgStress managementCoping with stress involves perceived control, optimism, and social support. Managing unavoidable stress can be achieved through exercise, meditation, faith, and cognitive flexibility. These strategies help reduce stress levels, promote healthier lifestyles, and improve overall well-being, crucial for aspiring medical professionals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-Ysfp7x200Q.mp4/-Ysfp7x200Q.mp4440yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/gray-and-white-matterhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcf330c2e.jpgGray and white matterThe central nervous system, with its gray and white matter, houses neuron somas and myelinated axons. The unique structure of the brain and spinal cord is explored. The cerebral cortex, nuclei, and tracts play vital roles in the brain's intricate functions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZZQzMeFoZY0.mp4/ZZQzMeFoZY0.mp4378yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/hemispheric-differences-and-hemispheric-dominancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6e5e3159.jpgHemispheric differences and hemispheric dominanceThe brain's two halves, while physically identical, perform different functions. The left side, or dominant hemisphere, controls the right body side and handles language, logic, and math. The right side, or nondominant hemisphere, controls the left body side and manages emotional language tone, creativity, music, and spatial processing. They communicate via the corpus callosum.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/X4IL333rppM.mp4/X4IL333rppM.mp4277yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/the-old-brainhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8fc48fb6.jpgThe old brainThe human brain, a complex organ, builds on earlier, simpler structures. The old brain, including the brainstem, reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebellum, controls basic survival functions like breathing, heart rate, and sleep cycles. These structures also coordinate voluntary movements and process sensory information, all without our conscious awareness.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GEJ5c2ACtGk.mp4/GEJ5c2ACtGk.mp4431yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/cerebellumhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xef6206dc.jpgCerebellumThe cerebellum, tucked behind the brain stem, plays a crucial role in coordinating movement. It receives information about the motor plan and position sense, compares the two, and sends feedback to the motor areas of the cerebrum for adjustments. This process ensures smooth, accurate movements, from walking to speech and eye movements.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xf1okjCwdOg.mp4/xf1okjCwdOg.mp4427yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/brainstemhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6fa54c20.jpgBrainstemThe brainstem, a small but mighty part of our nervous system, serves as a crucial connector between the cerebrum, spinal cord, and cerebellum. It houses the reticular formation, which plays a key role in autonomic functions and higher cognitive processes. The brainstem also hosts long motor and somatosensory tracts, and connects most cranial nerves, performing a myriad of functions in the head, neck, and even the trunk and limbs.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MxDP1B5mKWA.mp4/MxDP1B5mKWA.mp4482yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/subcortical-cerebrumhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x484d10c3.jpgSubcortical cerebrumThe subcortical cerebrum consists of grey and white matter structures. These include the internal capsule, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus. They play key roles in motor control, sensory processing, cognition, emotion, and consciousness. The video explains the complex connections within these deep brain structures.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/A_2f3onF3S8.mp4/A_2f3onF3S8.mp4522yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/neurotransmitter-anatomyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x68d2cd26.jpgNeurotransmitter anatomyNeurotransmitters, molecules that enable communication between neurons, are distributed throughout the nervous system. These neurotransmitters, including glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine, play a role in cognition, emotion, and consciousness. This overview covers the anatomy of neurotransmitters and their impact on the nervous system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fYUpLvM5X7A.mp4/fYUpLvM5X7A.mp4503yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/early-methods-of-studying-the-brainhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x36b61007.jpgEarly methods of studying the brainExplore the history of brain study methods, from philosopher René Descartes' theories to phrenologists' beliefs. Discover how autopsies and brain injuries, like the famous case of Phineas Gage, led to insights about brain function and cerebral localization. Learn about the limitations of these early methods and the evolution of modern brain study techniques. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vMTe6qXUHVs.mp4/vMTe6qXUHVs.mp4387yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/lesion-studies-and-experimental-ablationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7840b478.jpgLesion studies and experimental ablationExperimental ablation is a technique used to study brain function by intentionally damaging brain tissue in lab animals. This method helps researchers observe changes in behavior. The video covers various ablation methods, from surgical removal to neurochemical lesions, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/haidlj3cTAA.mp4/haidlj3cTAA.mp4401yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/modern-ways-of-studying-the-brainhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x12aba748.jpgModern ways of studying the brainThis video covers various methods of studying the brain, including structural techniques like CAT scans and MRIs, functional methods like EEG and MEG, and combined approaches like FMRI and PET scans. It provides an understanding of both brain structure and function. Visit us (http://www.khanacademy.org/science/healthcare-and-medicine) for health and medicine content or (http://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat) for MCAT related content. These videos do not provide medical advice and are for informational purposes only. The videos are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read or seen in any Khan Academy video.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hCFtl4npukU.mp4/hCFtl4npukU.mp4318yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/major-motor-milestoneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x34bf9123.jpgMajor motor milestonesMotor development in infants follows a predictable sequence of milestones. From lifting their heads at 2-4 months to walking alone at 11-15 months, each stage has a wide age range. Individual differences are normal, and parents should consult a doctor for any concerns about their child's motor development.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Y8ortjAPw0Q.mp4/Y8ortjAPw0Q.mp4210yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/motor-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcbee2fd6.jpgMotor developmentMotor development is driven by internal biological factors like genetics and muscle growth. Identical twins often start walking on the same day, and children worldwide develop skills in the same order. Environment and culture also influence motor development. Motor skills are divided into gross motor skills (large muscles) and fine motor skills (small muscles). Providing space, time, and diverse toys can enhance motor development.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zM_aEudpMkc.mp4/zM_aEudpMkc.mp4271yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/neonatal-reflexeshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x468c394e.jpgNeonatal reflexesNewborns come equipped with reflexes: automatic motor responses. Some, like breathing and swallowing, are permanent. Others, known as neonatal or primitive reflexes, appear only during the first year of life. These include the rooting, Babinski, Moro, tonic neck, Galant, palmer grasp, sucking, stepping, and swimming reflexes. Doctors use these reflexes to assess development in infants and detect potential medical problems in adults.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ARZD9Qid9lU.mp4/ARZD9Qid9lU.mp4313yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/physical-development-in-adolescencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xce2c119f.jpgPhysical development in adolescenceAdolescence, a transition from childhood to adulthood, starts with puberty and ends with independent adult status. Puberty, a two-year period of sexual maturation, begins around age 13 for males and 11 for females. It involves primary sex characteristics (reproductive organs development) and secondary sex characteristics (non-reproductive sex characteristics). The timing of puberty varies among individuals. Early puberty can have different social effects for males and females.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DWKWjpVsGng.mp4/DWKWjpVsGng.mp4273yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/brain-changes-during-adolescencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7db6fd1e.jpgBrain changes during adolescenceDuring adolescence, the brain undergoes significant changes. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for decision-making and long-term goals, matures. The limbic system, which regulates emotions and hormones, also develops. Additionally, the corpus callosum, connecting brain hemispheres, alters, impacting language learning. Lastly, increased myelination speeds up neuron communication, and synaptic pruning strengthens frequently used brain connections.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5Fa8U6BkhNo.mp4/5Fa8U6BkhNo.mp4390yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/temperment-heredity-geneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x21062e33.jpgTemperament, heredity, and genesTemperament, a person's characteristic emotional reactivity, is largely established at birth and persists as we age. This suggests it's hardwired into us, leading to questions about other traits like personality and intelligence. Our traits are controlled by genes, passed from parents to offspring, which can be active or inactive, influenced by our environment. Understanding the effects of genes and environment on our behavior is a key focus in behavior genetics.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4dcGgUrkttY.mp4/4dcGgUrkttY.mp4568yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/twin-studies-and-adoption-studieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9635037c.jpgTwin studies and adoption studiesTwin and adoption studies help scientists understand the roles of nature (genes) and nurture (environment) in our behaviors and health. Identical twins share 100% of their genes, while fraternal twins share 50%, making them ideal for such research. Adoption studies compare adopted individuals to their biological and adoptive families, offering insights into genetic and environmental effects.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/usnv1_xRCvs.mp4/usnv1_xRCvs.mp4592yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/heritabilityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x319f6d31.jpgHeritabilityHeritability measures how much of a trait's variation in a population can be linked to genetic differences. It's not about how much a trait is genetic, but how much genetic differences account for variations. This concept is crucial in understanding intelligence, behavior, and other traits. Heritability depends on the population and environment studied.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/m0T2miip8jo.mp4/m0T2miip8jo.mp4401yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/regulatory-geneshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdc2ea9e9.jpgRegulatory genesMolecular genetics studies the structure and function of genes, leading to the understanding of how DNA segments code for RNA and amino acids, which form proteins. These proteins influence our behavior. However, gene regulation and epigenetic factors like methylation can override DNA sequences, showing how environment can impact gene expression and behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rs6UkVaOPzo.mp4/rs6UkVaOPzo.mp4479yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/adaptive-value-of-behavioral-traitshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc20bc0f8.jpgAdaptive value of behavioral traitsBehavior is a key tool for maintaining homeostasis and adaptation. It's split into three categories: innate, learned, and complex. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed, while learned behaviors result from experiences. Complex behaviors blend both innate and learned elements. Ethology studies these behaviors, particularly in animals, to understand their adaptive value.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tp4I9J5viS4.mp4/tp4I9J5viS4.mp4770yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/physiological-concept-of-positive-and-negative-feedbackhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1c7c7112.jpgPhysiological concept of positive and negative feedbackPositive and negative feedback mechanisms control many physiological processes. Positive feedback increases a product, creating a chain effect. Negative feedback controls a process to prevent product accumulation, maintaining balance in our bodies. The menstrual cycle in females is an example of these feedback mechanisms at work.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zv8LHyH7_rI.mp4/zv8LHyH7_rI.mp4393yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/instincts-arousal-needs-drives-drive-reduction-and-cognitive-theorieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x034aed5b.jpgInstincts, Arousal, Needs, Drives: Drive-Reduction and Cognitive TheoriesThere are five main theories of motivation. The evolutionary approach looks at the role of instincts, while the drive reduction theory considers how our needs and drives interact. The optimum arousal theory posits that we seek excitement and full alertness. The cognitive approach focuses on rational decision-making, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs claims that we tend to satisfy needs in a certain order.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LHnHXS51J4E.mp4/LHnHXS51J4E.mp4237yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/maslows-hierarchy-of-needshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x493941e7.jpgMaslow's hierarchy of needsMaslow's hierarchy of needs, developed by psychologist Abraham Maslow, outlines five levels of human needs: physiological, safety, love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. Each level must be fulfilled before moving to the next, starting from basic survival needs up to reaching one's full potential. This theory is crucial for understanding human motivation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JPhd76sGIs8.mp4/JPhd76sGIs8.mp4233yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/incentive-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbdc6fe51.jpgIncentive theoryThe Incentive Theory explains how rewards, both tangible and intangible, motivate behavior by associating positive meaning with it. This theory emphasizes positive reinforcement through continuous positive stimulation. It's not about removing punishment (negative reinforcement), but about encouraging actions that bring happiness. The theory is key in understanding motivation and behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vr9k-TO1_Zc.mp4/vr9k-TO1_Zc.mp4217yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/biological-and-sociocultural-factors-food-sex-and-drugshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3d64f645.jpgBiological and Sociocultural Factors Food, Sex, and DrugsBiological and socio-cultural factors regulate our intake of food, sex, and drugs. Hormones and the brain control these drives, while conscious choices and societal influences also play a role. These factors affect hunger and fullness, sexual response cycles, and substance use, with impacts on our health and wellbeing.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_m5nefx8aDM.mp4/_m5nefx8aDM.mp4553yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/components-of-attitudehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x308e9e08.jpgComponents of attitudesAttitudes are learned tendencies to evaluate things. They have three components: affective (emotional), behavioral (actions), and cognitive (thoughts, beliefs). For example, fear of spiders (affective), avoiding them (behavioral), and believing they're dangerous (cognitive). This is known as the ABC model of attitude.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/cDq1_R-J51w.mp4/cDq1_R-J51w.mp4299yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/attitude-influences-behaviorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x56305305.jpgAttitude influences behaviorThis lesson explores four theories on how attitudes influence behavior: the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Attitude to Behavior Process Model, the Prototype Willingness Model, and the Elaboration Likelihood Model for Persuasion. Each theory offers unique insights into the factors that shape our actions, such as intentions, norms, past behavior, and persuasion techniques.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XJdE7awhJg0.mp4/XJdE7awhJg0.mp4604yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/behavior-influences-attitudehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf7bb4631.jpgBehavior influences attitudeThe video explains how our actions can shape our attitudes, highlighting two key concepts: the foot-in-the-door phenomenon and role playing. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon suggests that agreeing to small actions can lead to compliance with larger ones over time. Role playing demonstrates how adopting new roles can initially feel artificial, but over time, these roles can become part of our identity and influence our attitudes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ayP43bc7kww.mp4/ayP43bc7kww.mp4357yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/situational-approachhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3c876f5e.jpgSituational approachSocial Psychology explores how our behavior changes based on different situations. This is known as the situational approach. It suggests that external factors, rather than internal traits, influence our actions. We make attributions about behavior, which can be internal or external. External attribution considers consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus to understand if a situation affects behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oj8Lkb-61BI.mp4/oj8Lkb-61BI.mp4395yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/psychoanalytic-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x654caea1.jpgPsychoanalytic theoryPsychoanalytic theory posits that our childhood experiences and unconscious desires shape our behavior. According to Sigmund Freud, the mind consists of three components: the id, ego, and superego. These three structures often conflict with one another, leading to "fixations" in psychosexual development that can have lifelong consequences.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/jdawTFsCNtc.mp4/jdawTFsCNtc.mp4463yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/maslow-hierarchy-of-needshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4346b6c0.jpgMaslow's hierarchy of needsAccording to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, humans must fulfill five levels of needs in a specific order. Basic needs like food, water, and safety are at the bottom of the hierarchy, while higher-level needs like love, self-esteem, and self-actualization are at the top.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/P6PEf9WtEvs.mp4/P6PEf9WtEvs.mp4197yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/humanistic-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa3e1ed51.jpgHumanistic theoryThe humanistic theory of personality emphasizes free will and self-actualization. It views people as inherently good and self-motivated to improve. Theorists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers highlight the importance of meeting physiological needs, self-esteem, and acceptance from others in achieving self-actualization.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/3UcjojHetfE.mp4/3UcjojHetfE.mp4366yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/biological-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe0c0ffac.jpgBiological theoryThe Biological Theory of personality suggests that key personality components are inherited, influenced by our genes. Twin studies show similarities in traits like social potency and traditionalism, even when raised apart. However, genes don't solely determine personality; environmental factors also play a role.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FfugceYn140.mp4/FfugceYn140.mp4333yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/behavioral-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8a4b9187.jpgBehavioral theoryThe behavioral theory posits that personality is shaped by the interaction between an individual and their environment. It focuses on observable and measurable behaviors. Key theorists include Skinner, associated with operant conditioning, and Pavlov, linked to classical conditioning. The cognitive theory, a bridge between behaviorism and other theories, treats thinking as a behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/x7wZCtFWblE.mp4/x7wZCtFWblE.mp4258yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/trait-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa17c1cb0.jpgTrait theoryTrait theory explores personality through identifiable behavior patterns. It describes traits rather than explaining them. Traits are stable characteristics causing consistent behavior. Theorists like Allport, Cattell, Eysenck, and the Big Five offer different perspectives on traits. Allport suggests unique trait subsets, Cattell proposes 16 universal traits, Eysenck highlights three major dimensions, and the Big Five identifies five key traits.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Hxk6GCKUiZI.mp4/Hxk6GCKUiZI.mp4601yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/observational-learninghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x57a12950.jpgObservational learning: Bobo doll experiment and social cognitive theoryThe Bobo Doll Experiment by psychologist Albert Bandura showed that children can learn aggressive behavior by observing others. Not all children displayed the learned behavior, leading to the concept of learning-performance distinction. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, summarized by the mnemonic "Am I Motivated?", explains the four components of learning: Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Motivation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wf3-tRpmGmY.mp4/wf3-tRpmGmY.mp4586yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/defense-mechanismshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc459a21e.jpgDefense mechanismsDefense mechanisms are psychological shields that protect us from anxiety or discomfort. They are classified into pathological, immature, neurotic, and mature categories. Each category has specific mechanisms like denial, projection, intellectualization, and humor. These mechanisms help us handle unconscious wants, feelings, and desires in different ways.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9bHm8_kq3DA.mp4/9bHm8_kq3DA.mp4516yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/freud-death-drive-reality-principle-and-pleasure-principlehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7913db44.jpgFreud - Death drive, reality principle, and pleasure principleSigmund Freud proposed several key psychoanalytic concepts. The pleasure principle refers to the desire for immediate gratification, while the reality principle accounts for the way people learn to consider the consequences of their actions. Freud also outlined two opposing drives: the life drive (Eros) and the death drive (Thanatos).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6uPl2ytYhjI.mp4/6uPl2ytYhjI.mp4310yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/introduction-to-mental-disordershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0db61ad4.jpgIntroduction to mental disordersMental disorders, often called mental illnesses or psychiatric disorders, are major public health issues causing distress, disability, and sometimes shortening lifespan. They affect cognition, emotion, and consciousness, and are often noticed through abnormal behavior. Causes can be biological, psychological, or social, and are classified using systems like ICD-10 and DSM-5. Mental disorders are common, with 25% of US adults meeting criteria for one each year.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FxPXC8t-2ls.mp4/FxPXC8t-2ls.mp4296yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/categories-of-mental-disordershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x60936710.jpgCategories of mental disordersMental disorders are vast, with overlapping features. They're not due to medication, substances, or other medical conditions. They cause distress or disability, not just eccentric behavior. The DSM-5 categorizes these disorders into 20 top-level categories, including neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive, sleep-wake, anxiety, depressive, bipolar, schizophrenia spectrum, trauma-and-stressor-related, substance-related, personality, disruptive, obsessive-compulsive, somatic symptom, feeding and eating, elimination, dissociative, sexual dysfunctions, gender dysphoria, paraphilic, and other disorders.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yar47jvr7M8.mp4/yar47jvr7M8.mp4979yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/schizophreniahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4912639c.jpgSchizophreniaSchizophrenia, a brain disorder, stems from a mix of genetics and environmental factors. It's not about multiple personalities. It alters thinking and behavior, often leading to delusions, hallucinations, and social isolation. Diagnosis relies on clinical interviews, not brain scans or neurotransmitter measurements. It's most common in people aged 16-30, affecting males and females equally. Its onset is often preceded by a prodromal period of declining function. Consequences can include suicide, homelessness, and incarceration.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xW1UeIxEzoM.mp4/xW1UeIxEzoM.mp4368yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/biological-basis-of-schizophreniahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x516879c5.jpgBiological basis of schizophreniaSchizophrenia, a long-term mental disorder, is linked to abnormalities in cognition and perception of reality. It's categorized into cognitive symptoms, negative symptoms, and positive symptoms. Brain abnormalities, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes, are observed in patients. Dopamine neurotransmission plays a significant role in schizophrenia. Genetic factors, physical stress during pregnancy, and psychosocial factors may contribute to the disorder's development.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6D_yOm6bjkw.mp4/6D_yOm6bjkw.mp4818yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/anxiety-disorders-and-obsessive-compulsive-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9770f529.jpgAnxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorderThe video explores five types of anxiety disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic Disorder, Phobias, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Each disorder is characterized by unique symptoms, triggers, and impacts on daily life, providing crucial knowledge for aspiring medical professionals.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9RYCKd6Ac2U.mp4/9RYCKd6Ac2U.mp4684yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/somatic-symptom-disorder-and-other-disordershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x07fdbc1c.jpgSomatic symptom disorder and other disordersSomatic Symptom Disorder, Conversion Disorder, and Factitious Disorder are mental conditions that manifest physical symptoms. Somatic Symptom Disorder can produce any symptom, causing excessive worry and stress. Conversion Disorder presents unexplainable neurological symptoms, often linked to psychological stress or trauma. Factitious Disorder involves individuals faking sickness for attention, not for financial gain.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8G5WFKUzvA8.mp4/8G5WFKUzvA8.mp4354yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/personality-disordershttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd84b4846.jpgPersonality disordersPersonality disorders involve significant deviations in how people experience and behave in the world, leading to distress and functional impairment. The video categorizes these disorders into three clusters: A (odd or eccentric), B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic), and C (anxiety and fearfulness). Each cluster contains specific disorders, each with unique characteristics and behaviors.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-Xv593jgyJ4.mp4/-Xv593jgyJ4.mp4501yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/sleep-wake-disorders-breathing-related-sleep-disorders-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8e82e7f2.jpgSleep wake disorders breathing related sleep disordersBreathing problems during sleep can stem from three areas: the brain, the airways, or the lungs. Obstructive Sleep Apnea, a common issue, occurs when soft tissues block airflow. Central Sleep Apnea involves a malfunction in the brain's breathing control centers. Hypoventilation disorders, which can lead to a buildup of carbon dioxide, occur when the lungs don't inflate or deflate properly.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HDOJe3JPmJM.mp4/HDOJe3JPmJM.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/substance-use-disorders-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x300916a4.jpgSubstance use disordersSubstance use disorders occur when drug use impairs daily life. This video explains how substances affect the body during intoxication and withdrawal. It also discusses substance-induced disorders and the development of substance use disorders. Key factors include increased use, cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and tolerance. Severity ranges from mild to severe.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tPhcRBkVmUM.mp4/tPhcRBkVmUM.mp4451yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/biological-basis-of-parkinsons-diseasehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6e2857d7.jpgBiological basis of parkinson's diseaseParkinson's disease is a neurological disorder causing motor abnormalities and mental dysfunction. It's linked to the loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, part of the basal ganglia. This loss disrupts communication between neurons, leading to motor issues. Unclear processes cause the formation of Lewy bodies, abnormal structures in degenerating neurons. Parkinson's disease may be treatable with stem cells.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uL3grek6D54.mp4/uL3grek6D54.mp4466yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/depression-and-major-depressive-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf9f1a89c.jpgDepression and major depressive disorderDepression, or major depressive disorder, is a serious condition marked by feelings of worthlessness, low self-esteem, and a lack of energy. It can be accompanied by physical symptoms like weight fluctuations and sleep issues. Depression is influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, making it a complex and widespread disorder.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tOVJgYHj6kc.mp4/tOVJgYHj6kc.mp4679yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/depression-and-bipolar-disorderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb9866dbd.jpgDepression and bipolar disorderBipolar disorder, previously called manic depressive disorder, involves extreme emotional highs and lows. It includes periods of depression and mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state. Mania can lead to poor decision-making and risky behavior. Bipolar one disorder involves full mania, while bipolar two involves hypo mania, a milder form.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BC3csSM6G-s.mp4/BC3csSM6G-s.mp4274yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/conformity-and-groupthinkhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4c2f203e.jpgConformity and groupthinkSocial psychology explores how individuals behave in group settings. Conformity, or aligning behavior with group norms, can be influenced by informative or normative factors. Group polarization amplifies original opinions, while groupthink prioritizes harmony over critical analysis. These processes can be positive or negative, depending on the group's mindset and openness to diverse opinions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ds3-ljxTRvo.mp4/ds3-ljxTRvo.mp4455yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/conformity-and-obediencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc9f1e670.jpgConformity and obedienceConformity and obedience, two key aspects of social behavior, have distinct meanings. Conformity adjusts our actions or thoughts to align with a group, while obedience follows orders from authority. Both can be beneficial but also have a dark side. Compliance, identification, and internalization are ways we conform or obey, influenced by normative and informational social pressures.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Loy1zLkbuF0.mp4/Loy1zLkbuF0.mp4358yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/asch-conformity-studies-asch-line-studieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc0a30846.jpgAsch conformity studies (Asch line studies)The Asch line experiments, conducted in the 1950s, explored how group behavior influences individual actions. The study found that 75% of participants conformed to the group's incorrect answer at least once due to perceived pressure. This phenomenon is known as Normative Social Influence and Informational Social Influence.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p3MPAgnbMk8.mp4/p3MPAgnbMk8.mp4596yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/events-that-inspired-the-milgram-studies-on-obediencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xce3b7cd8.jpgEvents that inspired the Milgram studies on obedienceThe Milgram Experiments, started in 1961, were inspired by the Holocaust and the trials of Nazi leaders, particularly Adolf Eichmann. Stanley Milgram, a Jewish American psychologist, aimed to understand if ordinary people could commit horrific acts under orders, mirroring Nazi soldiers' defense. The controversial results revealed unsettling truths about human obedience and morality.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hTi7wvRE9UQ.mp4/hTi7wvRE9UQ.mp4240yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/milgram-experiment-on-obediencehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x441c99f8.jpgMilgram experiment on obedienceThe Milgram studies tested how far people would go to obey authority, even when it meant hurting others. The researchers deceived participants into thinking they were shocking learners for giving wrong answers. Most participants continued to shock, despite the learners' screams and pleas. The studies showed how ordinary people can do terrible things when ordered by an authority.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PJFzqfLMBIw.mp4/PJFzqfLMBIw.mp4426yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/what-can-we-learn-from-the-milgram-experimenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaebd0454.jpgWhat can we learn from the Milgram experimentThe Milgram Study reveals that most people obey authority, even if it means harming others. This obedience is often justified by the Just World Phenomenon and the shedding of personal responsibility. The study urges us to be aware of these tendencies, take responsibility for our actions, and show compassion for all people.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LTZKp8nOhVU.mp4/LTZKp8nOhVU.mp4261yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/zimbardo-prison-study-the-stanford-prison-experimenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9f33931e.jpgZimbardo prison study The Stanford prison experimentThe Stanford Prison Experiment, led by Philip Zimbardo in 1971, explored how social norms influence behavior. Normal students, randomly assigned as prisoners or guards, adopted their roles to alarming extents. Despite knowing it was an experiment, guards enforced harsh control, while prisoners exhibited severe emotional breakdowns, leading to an early end of the study.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/d2TCfex1aFw.mp4/d2TCfex1aFw.mp4422yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/a-closer-look-at-the-stanford-prison-experimenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3023022d.jpgA closer look at the Stanford prison experimentThe Stanford Prison Experiment reveals how situational attribution influences behavior. Participants, all similar college students, internalized their roles as prisoners or guards, leading to extreme behaviors. The study highlights the effects of deindividuation, cognitive dissonance, and internalization. However, methodological issues and potential bias raise questions about the experiment's validity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fS-YgKwAco8.mp4/fS-YgKwAco8.mp4415yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/factors-that-influence-obedience-and-conformityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd5b9bbaa.jpgFactors that influence obedience and conformityDiscover how group size, unanimity, admiration, and observation influence conformity. Learn how proximity, authority legitimacy, victim distance, and defiance models affect obedience. Understand that mood, status, and culture also play roles. Realize that awareness of these factors can help reduce harmful conformity and obedience.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LG6H_8BU-f4.mp4/LG6H_8BU-f4.mp4465yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/bystander-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0ab2788b.jpgBystander effectThe video explains the bystander effect and deindividuation in social psychology. The bystander effect suggests that individuals in a group are less likely to help someone in need, due to the diffusion of responsibility. Deindividuation refers to the tendency of individuals in a group to act impulsively or antisocially, as their identity is concealed. Both phenomena can have significant implications in real-world situations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/175ig2I9rt0.mp4/175ig2I9rt0.mp4421yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-facilitation-and-social-loafinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd4accc32.jpgSocial facilitation and social loafingSocial facilitation boosts performance in familiar tasks due to increased arousal from others' presence. However, it can hinder performance in unfamiliar tasks. Social loafing, on the other hand, is reduced effort in group tasks when individual contributions aren't evaluated. Both can be managed for better group dynamics and individual performance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/yT-BpKlHMps.mp4/yT-BpKlHMps.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/agents-of-socializationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xaf2b7807.jpgAgents of socializationSocialization is a lifelong process where we learn to interact with others and understand social norms. Key agents of socialization include family, schools, peers, and mass media. Each plays a significant role in shaping our behaviors, values, and beliefs. Understanding socialization helps us navigate our social world effectively.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PF7m1fFr2eQ.mp4/PF7m1fFr2eQ.mp4284yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/what-is-normalhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1e085618.jpgWhat is normal? Exploring folkways, mores, and taboosThe video explores norms, the unwritten rules that guide behavior within groups. It breaks down norms into four types: folkways (everyday courtesies), mores (based on moral values), laws (formal rules with consequences), and taboos (forbidden behaviors). It emphasizes how norms vary by context, culture, and time.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tOEz6RC0aVo.mp4/tOEz6RC0aVo.mp4476yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/perspectives-on-deviancehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd7ad0f3b.jpgPerspectives on deviance: Differential association, labeling theory, and strain theoryDeviance, a departure from societal norms, is explored through three theories: Differential Association, Labeling, and Strain. Differential Association suggests deviance is learned from others who violate norms. Labeling theory argues deviance depends on societal judgment. Strain theory proposes that blocked goals can lead to deviance. These theories provide a comprehensive understanding of deviance in society.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MSucylf4KhY.mp4/MSucylf4KhY.mp4391yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/aspects-of-collective-behaviorhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2b084132.jpgAspects of Collective Behavior: Fads, Mass Hysteria, and RiotsCollective behavior in sociology refers to rapid, random actions by large groups that defy societal norms. This behavior, unlike group behavior, is short-lived and boundary-free. Three types of collective behavior are fads, mass hysteria, and riots. Fads gain and lose popularity quickly, mass hysteria involves shared delusions and anxiety, and riots are chaotic acts of defiance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/wOw7LWCW_Zk.mp4/wOw7LWCW_Zk.mp4387yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/classical-conditioning-neutral-conditioned-and-unconditioned-stimuli-and-responshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0777f6f7.jpgClassical conditioning: Neutral, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli and responsesThe video explains classical conditioning using a guinea pig's response to a carrot. The guinea pig naturally gets excited (unconditioned response) when given a carrot (unconditioned stimulus). The sound of the refrigerator door opening (neutral stimulus) becomes a conditioned stimulus when paired with the carrot. The guinea pig learns to associate the sound with the carrot, causing excitement (conditioned response).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-6KzZKuQ1lk.mp4/-6KzZKuQ1lk.mp4347yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/classical-conditioning-extinction-spontaneous-recovery-generalization-discriminahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe4f1f9af.jpgClassical conditioning: Extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discriminationClassical conditioning involves four key phenomena: generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery. Generalization allows similar stimuli to elicit the same response. Discrimination helps differentiate responses to different stimuli. Extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus no longer prompts a conditioned response. Spontaneous recovery is the unexpected return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qaOC_3KA3P8.mp4/qaOC_3KA3P8.mp4334yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x08ac1446.jpgOperant conditioning: Positive-and-negative reinforcement and punishmentOperant conditioning explores the link between behaviors and their outcomes. It's split into two key consequences: reinforcement and punishment, each with positive and negative types. Positive reinforcement adds something to encourage behavior, while negative reinforcement removes something. Positive punishment introduces a consequence to deter behavior, and negative punishment takes something away. This reciprocal relationship shapes behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ut1zmfolM9E.mp4/ut1zmfolM9E.mp4420yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/operant-conditioning-shapinghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1a3b20c0.jpgOperant conditioning: ShapingShaping in operant conditioning is a gradual learning process. It involves reinforcing behaviors that approximate a target behavior. This method is used to teach complex activities, like a headstand in yoga or training animals to perform specific tasks. The process requires patience and consistent reinforcement until the target behavior is achieved.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/kexFINXbJo4.mp4/kexFINXbJo4.mp4440yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/operant-conditioning-schedules-of-reinforcementhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x032b0954.jpgOperant conditioning: Schedules of reinforcementOperant conditioning uses four partial reinforcement schedules: fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable interval. These schedules, discovered by B.F. Skinner, control and maintain behaviors by reinforcing them at different rates and times. Each schedule results in a unique pattern of response, impacting behavior learning and maintenance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6Ofbt16AJgg.mp4/6Ofbt16AJgg.mp4469yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/operant-conditioning-innate-vs-learned-behaviorshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x10f35d0a.jpgOperant conditioning: Innate vs learned behaviorsThe video explains innate and learned behaviors. Innate behaviors are instinctual and performed correctly the first time, like blinking or birds migrating. Learned behaviors are acquired through experience, like habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and insight learning. The video uses examples like burnt popcorn and dorm life to illustrate these concepts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bGpw7NeXyBc.mp4/bGpw7NeXyBc.mp4565yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/operant-conditioning-escape-and-avoidance-learninghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xecb71c7f.jpgOperant conditioning: Escape and avoidance learningEscape learning and avoidance learning are two types of aversive control. Escape learning is a reaction to terminate an ongoing, unpleasant stimulus. Avoidance learning is when a signal is given before the unpleasant stimulus, allowing you to avoid the situation. Both are key concepts in behavioral psychology.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fwzEbzgPszk.mp4/fwzEbzgPszk.mp4140yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/observational-learning-bobo-doll-experiment-and-social-cognitive-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa60e0276.jpgObservational learning: Bobo doll experiment and social cognitive theoryAlbert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrates that children can learn aggressive behavior through observation. The study showed that not all children who learn such behavior will display it, a concept known as learning-performance distinction. This contributes to debates around exposure to violence in media. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, summarized by the mnemonic 'Am I Motivated?', explains the components of learning: attention, memory, imitation, and motivation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HsQqb1E-bAU.mp4/HsQqb1E-bAU.mp4586yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/non-associative-learninghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdc892b57.jpgNon associative learningThe video explains non-associative learning, focusing on two key forms: habituation and sensitization. Habituation is when our response to a repeated stimulus decreases over time, like jumping less at each thunder clap. Sensitization is the opposite, where our response increases with each stimulus. These forms of learning don't involve rewards or punishments.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ABUzqfD8vWg.mp4/ABUzqfD8vWg.mp4239yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/biological-constraints-on-learninghttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2bffbdc5.jpgBiological constraints on learningBiological constraints impact learning, with animals more likely to learn associations that are part of their natural world. Studies show that animals quickly learn to avoid things that made them sick or injured. This suggests that we have a biological predisposition to learn certain associations, highlighting the limitations of behaviorism theories.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YdJdeOPNY4g.mp4/YdJdeOPNY4g.mp4636yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/persuasion-attitude-change-and-the-elaboration-likelihood-modelhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x801dc971.jpgPersuasion, attitude change, and the elaboration likelihood modelThe Elaboration Likelihood Model explains how attitudes form and change through two paths: central and peripheral. Central route processing involves deep thinking and leads to lasting attitude change, while peripheral route processing focuses on superficial details and results in temporary attitude shifts. This model highlights the role of motivation, interest, and message characteristics in persuasion.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o6oyCeYQWPE.mp4/o6oyCeYQWPE.mp4343yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/reciprocal-determinismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe7398c16.jpgReciprocal determinismReciprocal determinism is a social-cognitive theory which argues that behavior, cognition, and environment all interact with and influence one another. The theory acknowledges the complex and interconnected ways in which we are shaped by our surroundings and our own thoughts and actions.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oyPNjYlboaw.mp4/oyPNjYlboaw.mp4178yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/personal-control-locus-of-control-learned-helplessness-and-the-tyranny-of-choicehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x06f06e5a.jpgLocus of control, learned helplessness, and the tyranny of choiceLocus of control impacts our lives significantly. Internal control leads to better school performance, independence, and lower depression rates. However, external control can result in learned helplessness and negative health symptoms. Interestingly, too much control or choice can overwhelm us, causing decision paralysis and regret.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Vx1dnPMPhl0.mp4/Vx1dnPMPhl0.mp4398yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/self-controlhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc5e38981.jpgSelf controlSelf-control is our ability to resist short-term temptations for long-term goals. It's linked to positive life outcomes like better grades and social skills. However, self-control is a limited resource and can be depleted. Strategies to improve self-control include changing our environment, operant conditioning, and classical conditioning. Deprivation, or completely removing temptation, is not recommended.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uXdIdIjllEI.mp4/uXdIdIjllEI.mp4503yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/self-concept-self-identity-social-identityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x39a4d6a9.jpgSelf concept, self identity, and social identityThe video explores self-concept, a psychological term for how we perceive ourselves. It discusses the development of self-concept through existential self and categorical self. It also covers Carl Rogers' components of self-concept: self-image, self-esteem, and ideal self. Lastly, it explains the Social Identity theory, which includes personal identity and social identity, and the process of categorization, identification, and social comparison.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PaA0mLVQd3k.mp4/PaA0mLVQd3k.mp4578yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/self-esteem-self-efficacy-and-locus-of-controlhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x737bdeb3.jpgSelf esteem, self efficacy, and locus of controlThis lesson explores self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control. Self-esteem is how much respect we have for ourselves. Self-efficacy is our belief in our ability to succeed in specific situations. Locus of control is our perception of control over events in our lives. These concepts play a key role in our motivation and behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xcLKlPTG97k.mp4/xcLKlPTG97k.mp4479yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/overview-of-theories-of-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbaa85660.jpgOverview of theories of developmentThe video discusses four key theorists in development: Freud, Erikson, Vygotsky, and Kohlberg. Freud's psychosexual theory emphasizes early childhood, while Erikson's psychosocial theory spans a lifetime. Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory focuses on social interaction, and Kohlberg's moral development theory explores moral reasoning. Each theory offers unique insights into human development.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WMv8A9qg6jY.mp4/WMv8A9qg6jY.mp4465yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/freuds-psychosexual-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x80e40820.jpgFreud's psychosexual developmentFreud's theory of psychosexual development posits that childhood is divided into five developmental stages, each with a different erogenous zone. If a child doesn't resolve a stage successfully, they may develop "fixations" that affect their behavior into adulthood.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nG7yosFQHP4.mp4/nG7yosFQHP4.mp4740yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/eriksons-psychosocial-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4a094a89.jpgErikson's psychosocial developmentErik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development explores eight stages of life, from infancy to old age. Each stage presents a crisis involving individual needs and societal expectations. Successfully navigating these stages leads to a healthy personality and basic virtues. Failure may result in an unhealthy self-perception and personality. This theory emphasizes the lifelong journey of personality development.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SIoKwUcmivk.mp4/SIoKwUcmivk.mp4883yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/vygotsky-sociocultural-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x26c5e21b.jpgVygotsky sociocultural developmentVygotsky's Theory of Development, also known as the Sociocultural Theory, focuses on the role of social interaction in cognitive development. Key concepts include More Knowledgeable Other (MKO), Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), and the importance of language. These elements work together to enhance a child's learning and thinking abilities.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-p_-0n2f35o.mp4/-p_-0n2f35o.mp4596yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/kohlberg-moral-developmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfced61a6.jpgKohlberg moral developmentSigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development argues that early childhood is divided into five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Each stage is associated with a specific erogenous zone, and the child's experiences during these stages can influence their behavior later in life. Freud believed that if a child does not successfully resolve a stage, they may develop "fixations" or patterns of behavior that persist into adulthood.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Onkd8tChC2A.mp4/Onkd8tChC2A.mp4593yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-influenceshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd224b606.jpgSocial influencesSocial psychology explores how our thoughts, actions, and feelings are shaped by social groups. Imitation, a basic form of social behavior, starts with understanding the difference between ourselves and others. Roles define us and guide our behavior to fit expectations. Reference groups serve as a comparison point in forming values and making decisions. Culture and socialization, through interactions with society, significantly influence our development.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DFD1oDbrSjM.mp4/DFD1oDbrSjM.mp4688yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/george-herbert-mead-the-i-and-the-mehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x05207f51.jpgGeorge Herbert Mead- The I and the MeGeorge Herbert Mead's theory explores how our self-identity develops through social interactions. He proposes three stages: preparatory, play, and game. In each stage, our understanding of others' perspectives evolves, shaping our "I" (individual response) and "me" (social self). This balance forms our self-identity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/oMNaQjtXSGc.mp4/oMNaQjtXSGc.mp4328yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/charles-cooley-looking-glass-selfhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x44ad9b77.jpgCharles Cooley- Looking glass selfCharles Cooley's "looking glass self" theory explains how our self-image is shaped by our perception of how others see us. This three-step process involves imagining how we appear to others, how they evaluate us, and developing feelings about ourselves based on these impressions. This theory suggests our self-identities could be based on both correct and incorrect perceptions of others' views.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bU0BQUa11ek.mp4/bU0BQUa11ek.mp4194yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/attribution-theory-basic-covariationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6712718c.jpgAttribution Theory - Basic covariationAttribution Theory helps us understand people's behavior by dividing it into internal (dispositional) and external (situational) factors. Kelley's Covariation Model uses three cues: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus to determine if behavior is due to personal traits or environmental circumstances. This theory is vital for understanding human behavior in medical settings.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nB2ZRHS2RUE.mp4/nB2ZRHS2RUE.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/attribution-theory-attribution-error-and-culturehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1a8bb9e8.jpgAttribution theory - Attribution error and cultureAttribution theory explores how we understand behavior, often attributing others' actions to internal factors, a bias known as the "Fundamental Attribution Error". We tend to blame our own actions on external circumstances, a phenomenon called the "Actor-Observer Bias". These biases vary across individualistic and collectivist cultures, affecting how we interpret success and failure.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XYWFGJ2aYRU.mp4/XYWFGJ2aYRU.mp4328yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/stereotypes-stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x512d316c.jpgStereotypes stereotype threat and self fulfilling propheciesStereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are explored, showing how they impact social interactions. Stereotyping, a cognitive process, can lead to prejudice, an emotional response, and discrimination, a behavioral action. The video also discusses stereotype threat, where negative stereotypes can harm performance, and self-fulfilling prophecies, where initial stereotypes are reinforced over time.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/uK3M7RGqJFQ.mp4/uK3M7RGqJFQ.mp4374yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/emotion-and-cognition-in-prejudicehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdb670cac.jpgEmotion and cognition in prejudicePrejudice comprises three parts: stereotypes (cognition), emotions (affect), and actions (discrimination). The video discusses two theories: the Authoritarian Personality, suggesting certain personalities are more prone to prejudice, and the Frustration Aggression Hypothesis, linking frustration to prejudice. It also introduces the Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation, connecting unmet expectations to prejudice and discrimination.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_RrZggEhSJA.mp4/_RrZggEhSJA.mp4433yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/prejudice-and-discrimination-based-on-race-ethnicity-power-social-class-and-preshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbea6681c.jpgPrejudice and discrimination based on race, ethnicity, power, social class, and prestigePrejudice and discrimination can stem from race, ethnicity, power, social class, and prestige. Society attaches meanings to physical traits like skin color, leading to stereotypes. Power dynamics, social class disparities, and job prestige also contribute to prejudice. Understanding these factors can help combat discrimination.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ug2FXcEurOo.mp4/ug2FXcEurOo.mp4193yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/stigma-social-and-selfhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc8cc84b0.jpgStigma - Social and selfStigma, both social and self, can deeply impact individuals, especially those with mental or medical conditions. Social stigma involves stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination, often leading to isolation. Self stigma occurs when individuals internalize these negative views, affecting their self-esteem and societal participation. Media, society, family, and the individual all play roles in perpetuating stigma.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_jz7yo7L3Z0.mp4/_jz7yo7L3Z0.mp4436yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-perception-primacy-recencyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6261dec9.jpgSocial perception - Primacy recencySocial perception relies heavily on first and last impressions. The primacy bias emphasizes the lasting, strong impact of first impressions, while the recency bias highlights the importance of recent actions. These biases shape our memory and impressions of others, with the middle events often overlooked unless they're significant or unusual.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/sILo6xYbsc0.mp4/sILo6xYbsc0.mp4291yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-perception-the-halo-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x922ef60b.jpgSocial perception - The Halo EffectThe Halo Effect and Devil Effect shape our perceptions of people. A positive overall impression, like a halo, can make us view all of a person's traits as good, even without evidence. Conversely, a negative impression can lead us to perceive all traits as poor. These effects can influence our judgments in various situations, including school and work.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hx8bYUF30Gg.mp4/hx8bYUF30Gg.mp4315yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-perception-the-just-world-hypothesishttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe7d5cc92.jpgSocial perception - The Just World HypothesisThe Just World Hypothesis suggests that noble actions are rewarded and evil deeds punished. It helps rationalize others' fortunes or misfortunes and gives a sense of predictability. However, it's often challenged as the world isn't always fair. People use rational or irrational techniques to make sense of this. The hypothesis tends to over-attribute actions to personal factors, under-recognizing complex situational influences.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/B-J9IHGivfQ.mp4/B-J9IHGivfQ.mp4393yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/ethnocentrism-and-cultural-relativism-in-group-and-out-grouphttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdc57a6c4.jpgEthnocentrism and cultural relativism in group and out groupThe video discusses ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, and group dynamics. Ethnocentrism is judging another culture from our own, while cultural relativism views cultures as equally valid. It also explores 'in' and 'out' groups, in-group favoritism, out-group derogation, and group polarization. These concepts are crucial for understanding cultural differences and group behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/HlXAeOnU520.mp4/HlXAeOnU520.mp4523yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/proximity-and-the-mere-exposure-effecthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1d935375.jpgProximity and the mere exposure effectThe video explores how proximity influences relationships and the mere exposure effect. It explains that geographic nearness predicts friendships and relationships, and repeated exposure to people or objects increases our liking for them. This effect is used in advertising to form positive opinions about brands.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/tDi9BD__gRY.mp4/tDi9BD__gRY.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/physical-attractionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa75abf59.jpgPhysical attractionPhysical attraction varies across cultures, but some traits are universally appealing. Youthfulness, skin clarity, body symmetry, and facial features are attractive across ethnic and racial backgrounds. Interestingly, facial attraction is more important than body attraction. Averageness is also considered attractive. Attractiveness can be influenced by unrelated factors like background color in photos and physiological arousal.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nh_Ke1NXjsg.mp4/nh_Ke1NXjsg.mp4375yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/similarityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9b528193.jpgSimilarityThe video explores how similarity influences attraction, showing that we gravitate towards those who share our attitudes, beliefs, interests, and even physical features. It also discusses how similarity can impact the longevity of relationships, and the potential downside of excluding those who are different.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a8LzhzcEunY.mp4/a8LzhzcEunY.mp4202yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/harlow-monkey-experimentshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfb120484.jpgHarlow monkey experimentsThe Harlow Monkey Experiments tested the bond between mother and child. Baby monkeys preferred a cloth "mother" that provided comfort over a wire "mother" that provided food. This showed that attachment is based more on comfort than nourishment. The cloth "mother" also acted as a secure base, encouraging exploration.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9wmvZH5lX_U.mp4/9wmvZH5lX_U.mp4203yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/secure-and-insecure-attachmenthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x953505b7.jpgSecure and insecure attachmentThe video explores Mary Ainsworth's "strange situation" experiment, which studies infant attachment styles. It reveals two main types: secure and insecure attachment. Parenting style, especially mother's responsiveness, influences these styles. Interestingly, these early attachment styles can impact our adult relationships and even our own parenting.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dtAyPy1OZCw.mp4/dtAyPy1OZCw.mp4410yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/aggressionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x39e1caf8.jpgAggressionAggression, a physical or verbal behavior aimed to harm, is influenced by biology, psychology, and socio-cultural factors. Biological factors include genes, brain structure, and testosterone levels. Psychological factors involve the frustration-aggression principle, reinforcement, and modeling. Socio-cultural factors include group behavior, anonymity, and social scripts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mk8w3bzEJYU.mp4/mk8w3bzEJYU.mp4476yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/altruismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd21c2b2a.jpgAltruismAltruistic behavior, or acts of kindness towards others, is linked to health, happiness, and well-being. Theories suggest altruism could be influenced by kinship, reciprocal benefits, and social signaling. However, empathy also plays a significant role, with altruistic tendencies observed in children as young as two. This suggests altruism might be a natural human behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZgJHEp7XwAs.mp4/ZgJHEp7XwAs.mp4236yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-supporthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd60c6996.jpgSocial supportSocial support, crucial for health and well-being, comes in five forms: emotional, esteem, informational, tangible, and companionship. It's provided by a wide network, including family, friends, and even pets. High social support links to longer, healthier lives and fewer mental health issues. Conversely, low social support can lead to depression, anxiety, and increased risk of death from diseases like cancer and heart disease.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gZMvA2Apg2A.mp4/gZMvA2Apg2A.mp4217yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/statushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfaecc056.jpgStatusStatuses are social positions that affect our interactions. We hold multiple statuses, like son, student, or friend, each influencing how we interact. Statuses can be equal, superior, or inferior. Some statuses, called ascribed, are given at birth and unchangeable. Others, called achieved, are earned through effort and choice.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/dt-2AanNQrc.mp4/dt-2AanNQrc.mp4167yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/role-strain-and-role-conflicthttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2392a63c.jpgRole strain and role conflictRole strain and role conflict are two concepts that can have a significant impact on someone's life. Role strain refers to the stress caused by the demands of a single role, while role conflict occurs when the demands of multiple roles clash. Both can lead to stress and anxiety, and it is important to understand how they might arise. (https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TktF6unUlso.mp4/TktF6unUlso.mp4138yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/primary-and-secondary-groupshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd7393454.jpgPrimary and secondary groupsPrimary and secondary groups shape our social interactions. Primary groups, like family and close friends, offer intimacy and shared identity. Secondary groups, such as work partners or distant relatives, are more formal and goal-oriented. Understanding these groups helps us navigate our social world.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KAJVMnXad7g.mp4/KAJVMnXad7g.mp4220yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/dramaturgical-approachhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x89490d30.jpgDramaturgical approachErving Goffman's dramaturgy theory explains human behavior in social settings. He divides this into "frontstage" and "backstage". Frontstage is where we perform for others, often portraying an ideal image. Backstage is our private life, where we can be ourselves. Interestingly, social media blurs these lines, as we often perform even in our private spaces.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/UH7eOrP64q4.mp4/UH7eOrP64q4.mp4212yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/impression-managementhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcd248034.jpgImpression managementImpression management shapes our social interactions by controlling how others see us. We perform different roles on various 'front stages', such as a team leader or a compassionate volunteer. Our 'back stage' is a private area where we prepare for these performances. These concepts are crucial for understanding social behavior.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JDMkWZQjaE8.mp4/JDMkWZQjaE8.mp4248yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/discrimination-individual-vs-institutionalhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7e7e2fd4.jpgDiscrimination individual vs institutionalDiscrimination can be defined in two ways: individual and institutional. Individual discrimination refers to the prejudiced behavior of one person, while institutional discrimination refers to the way an organization's rules or policies disadvantage certain groups. Although they are distinct, these two forms of discrimination can be interconnected. Individual discrimination can be reinforced by institutional policies, and vice versa, which leads to a larger, systemic issue. (https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2eTTJMrINNo.mp4/2eTTJMrINNo.mp4257yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/prejudice-vs-discriminationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x70bbd9af.jpgPrejudice vs discriminationPrejudice and discrimination are two distinct concepts. Prejudice refers to negative attitudes towards a group, not based on facts. Discrimination, on the other hand, involves harmful actions against minorities, acting on prejudice. Examples from history, like World War II and Apartheid, illustrate these concepts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Lto6oQcGF_8.mp4/Lto6oQcGF_8.mp4148yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/organizations-and-bureaucratizationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x79890845.jpgOrganizations and bureaucratizationOrganizations and bureaucracies shape our lives significantly. They're designed for specific purposes, aiming for maximum efficiency. Three types exist: utilitarian, normative, and coercive. Bureaucracy structures these organizations, guiding them daily. Over time, organizations may become more bureaucratic, leading to a few governing many. McDonaldization, where fast food policies dominate other sectors, is another key process impacting organizations.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LSu1HGjPFm4.mp4/LSu1HGjPFm4.mp4299yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/characteristics-of-an-ideal-bureaucracyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x257032ca.jpgCharacteristics of an ideal bureaucracyMax Weber identified five key characteristics of an ideal bureaucracy: division of labor, hierarchy of organization, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and employment based on technical qualifications. Each trait has its benefits and drawbacks, impacting efficiency, worker satisfaction, and overall organizational structure.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2BIFnNT69yU.mp4/2BIFnNT69yU.mp4277yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/three-components-of-emotion-and-universal-emotionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe78ca21a.jpgThree components of emotion and universal emotionsEmotions, vital to our daily experiences, consist of three components: physiological, cognitive, and behavioral. They vary in intensity, duration, and can be positive or negative. Six emotions, known as universal emotions, are recognized globally through consistent facial expressions: happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise. These emotions, believed to be innate, play a crucial role in human survival.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IZgM4NPN4eU.mp4/IZgM4NPN4eU.mp4483yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/types-of-animal-communicationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x694e728f.jpgTypes of animal communicationAnimals use various methods to communicate, such as sound, chemical signals, touch, visual cues, and body language. Sounds can warn of danger or attract mates. Chemical signals, like pheromones, guide species to food or mates. Touch and movement, like mating dances, convey information. Visual cues, like color and patterns, can attract mates or warn predators. Each method has its unique benefits and challenges.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S3X-NkvE49o.mp4/S3X-NkvE49o.mp4538yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/mating-behavior-and-inclusive-fitnesshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2780eb77.jpgMating behavior and inclusive fitnessMating behaviors, including dances and nest-building, are key to species reproduction. Animals use strategies like random, assortative, and disassortative mating, impacting genetic diversity. Assortative mating, despite in-breeding risks, can boost inclusive fitness, considering not just individual, but related genes. Inclusive fitness explains altruism, as we're likely to help those with similar genes.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/bK85aZPR3UY.mp4/bK85aZPR3UY.mp4269yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/evolutionary-game-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8501eed8.jpgEvolutionary game theoryEvolutionary game theory explores how animal behaviors evolve for survival and reproduction. It highlights how individual strategies depend on group behaviors. Unlike general game theory, it doesn't involve conscious intention. This theory can predict traits in populations, like altruism, which may risk an individual but benefit the group.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/YMzNkNoFzG4.mp4/YMzNkNoFzG4.mp4277yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/stereotypes-stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x85e7995a.jpgStereotypes stereotype threat, and self fulfilling prophecyStereotyping involves attributing traits to a group, which can be inaccurate but helps us quickly process social information. Stereotype threat shows exposure to negative stereotypes can decrease performance. Prejudice adds an emotional component to stereotyping, while discrimination involves behavior. This can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, where initial stereotypes seem increasingly true over time.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/XF5r_aWrHNg.mp4/XF5r_aWrHNg.mp4374yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/macrosociology-vs-microsociologyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xadfabfad.jpgMacrosociology vs microsociologyMacrosociology and microsociology are two perspectives in sociology. Macrosociology looks at large-scale phenomena affecting whole populations, seeking patterns and analyzing broad social trends. Microsociology focuses on small-scale, everyday interactions between individuals or small groups, interpreting how these interactions influence larger societal patterns. Both perspectives are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of societies.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-BVeSykcQeE.mp4/-BVeSykcQeE.mp4218yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/institutionshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe303d24f.jpgSocial institutionsInstitutions are structures within society, such as police stations, schools, and businesses, that provide order and stability. While individuals rely on these institutions, the institutions themselves generally do not depend on any one person. People may view institutions differently: conservatives tend to see them as natural and positive, while progressives may argue they need regulation in order to benefit society.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/9KR1bad76qg.mp4/9KR1bad76qg.mp4207yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/institutions-education-family-religionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb7a8c5b9.jpgSocial institutions - education, family, and religionThe video explores the critical roles of education, family, and religion as social institutions. It highlights how education shapes individuals beyond academics, the diverse forms of family and their impacts, and the varying degrees of religiosity. It also discusses societal issues like educational segregation, family violence, and religious fundamentalism.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vStLGBTKMBQ.mp4/vStLGBTKMBQ.mp4391yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/institutions-government-economy-and-health-and-medicinehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6dcd546e.jpgSocial institutions - government, economy, health and medicineThe video explores social institutions like government, economy, health, and medicine. It discusses different political and economic systems, the importance of labor division, and societal value of jobs. It also delves into healthcare, medicalization, and health disparities, emphasizing the impact of social factors on health.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/L72h7bk6HZs.mp4/L72h7bk6HZs.mp4292yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/functionalismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa989056e.jpgFunctionalismFunctionalism, a concept from Emile Durkheim, views society as interconnected structures working towards equilibrium. Structures include institutions like education, finance, and laws, and social facts, which are societal norms. Society's stability relies on these structures functioning together. Institutions have manifest functions (intended outcomes) and latent functions (unintended outcomes). Society's evolution is driven by population growth and specialization, leading to mutual interdependence.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-83vVeSC2_g.mp4/-83vVeSC2_g.mp4342yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/conflict-theoryhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9142bef1.jpgConflict theoryConflict theory, rooted in Karl Marx's ideas, studies societal inequalities. It suggests societies evolve through stages like feudalism, capitalism, and socialism. In capitalism, economic inequality between factory owners (bourgeoisie) and workers (proletariat) leads to societal change. This theory models drastic societal changes but doesn't account for societal stability.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/LPYTndFFTko.mp4/LPYTndFFTko.mp4278yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-constructionismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x16b3cdcc.jpgSocial constructionismSocial constructionism theory suggests our knowledge and reality are shaped by societal agreements. It divides into weak and strong forms. Weak form relies on brute facts, basic truths not dependent on other facts. Strong form argues all reality and knowledge are social constructs, with no brute facts. Critics argue it overlooks natural phenomena's impact on society.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5U2XAJNazik.mp4/5U2XAJNazik.mp4166yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/symbolic-interactionismhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfeb2aec4.jpgSymbolic interactionismSymbolic interactionism is a theory that focuses on how individuals interact. It argues that people's actions are based on the meanings they assign to things, which can differ depending on the person and can change over time. Critics say the theory is too narrow, but proponents claim it can help explain social change and society as a whole.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Ux2E6uhEVk0.mp4/Ux2E6uhEVk0.mp4215yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/rational-choice-exchangehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa3aa5e8c.jpgRational choice-exchange theoryRational choice theory and exchange theory explore human behavior. Rational choice theory suggests people make decisions to maximize personal gain. Exchange theory applies this to social interactions, where rewards and punishments influence behavior. Both theories assume rationality, self-interest, and interdependence guide our actions. Critics question if all choices are truly rational or linear.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/C6RFvROskM8.mp4/C6RFvROskM8.mp4480yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-theories-overviewhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x58b50eab.jpgSocial theories overview (part 1)The video covers four social theories: functionalism, conflict theory, social constructionism, and symbolic interactionism. Functionalism focuses on societal stability, conflict theory explores societal change through conflict, social constructionism examines how society assigns value, and symbolic interactionism studies individual behavior and interpretation.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KpaLchFpJZ8.mp4/KpaLchFpJZ8.mp4251yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-theories-overview-part-2https://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4ebd796a.jpgSocial theories overview (part 2)Feminist theory highlights gender inequalities in society, aiming for equality. Rational choice theory suggests people make decisions based on cost-benefit analysis. Exchange theory applies this idea to social interactions. Both theories face criticism for oversimplifying complex human behaviors.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/q5ArmxIXU4s.mp4/q5ArmxIXU4s.mp4249yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/relating-social-theories-to-medicinehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xd7b95c3a.jpgRelating social theories to medicineThe video explores how social theories like functionalism, conflict theory, and social constructionism connect to medicine. It highlights how societal structures influence health, access to medical care, and patient-doctor interactions. It also discusses the impact of stereotypes, power dynamics, and self-interest on healthcare.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6c8BCZd6GXU.mp4/6c8BCZd6GXU.mp4570yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/demographic-structure-of-society-agehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5e481080.jpgDemographic structure of society - ageThe video discusses age demographics, focusing on how different generations impact society. It highlights the increasing elderly population due to medical advancements, the dependency ratio, and the societal responsibility towards older generations. It also explores theories about aging and the need for age-friendly services and healthcare professionals specializing in old-age care.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/e_tE84565Co.mp4/e_tE84565Co.mp4316yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/demographic-structure-of-society-race-and-ethnicityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6e7f71c1.jpgDemographic structure of society - race and ethnicityThe video explores how race and ethnicity, both socially-defined categories, impact societal inequalities. It highlights the effects of discrimination, prejudice, and stereotypes on various aspects like health care, education, and job opportunities. The video also discusses how these factors contribute to disparities in the criminal justice system.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4WIiConeatM.mp4/4WIiConeatM.mp4347yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/demographic-structure-of-society-immigrationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe800097d.jpgDemographic structure of society - immigrationImmigration brings both challenges and benefits to countries. Immigrants can fill labor gaps and ease population pressure in their home countries. However, they can also strain social services and economies, and face exploitation. Factors like war, famine, and job scarcity often drive migration. Immigration policies vary globally, often influenced by race and ethnicity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/unNvQXIU1q8.mp4/unNvQXIU1q8.mp4185yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/demographic-structure-of-society-sex-gender-and-sexual-orientationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb04a0886.jpgDemographic structure of society - sex, gender, and sexual orientationSex, gender, and sexual orientation are distinct yet interconnected aspects of identity. They're not binary, but a spectrum with numerous possibilities. Biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, romantic attraction, and sexual attraction all play a role. Understanding these complexities can help combat discrimination and promote inclusivity.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Hkmsu9Tl7NE.mp4/Hkmsu9Tl7NE.mp4461yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/demographic-structure-of-society-overviewhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe79bdb72.jpgDemographic structure of society overviewDemographic structure breaks down society into groups for comparing statistics like education, income, and healthcare access. Age, race, ethnicity, immigration status, and gender all impact these demographics. Trends can reveal societal issues, but remember, exceptions always exist. Understanding these structures can help us improve society.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/72FUrRxXCpQ.mp4/72FUrRxXCpQ.mp4422yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/urbanizationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x94f81d79.jpgUrbanizationUrbanization is the shift from rural to urban living. It began during the industrial revolution due to job opportunities and improved utilities. Cities offer cultural diversity but can also lead to crowding. Suburbanization is a move away from city centers, while urban renewal aims to improve city areas. Recently, some people are choosing rural life again, a trend known as rural rebound.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DwcW12J1FFA.mp4/DwcW12J1FFA.mp4489yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/population-dynamicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc755bf87.jpgPopulation dynamicsPopulation dynamics explores changes in population through fertility, migration, and mortality. Fertility relates to the ability to have babies, migration involves people moving in and out of regions, and mortality refers to death. These factors, measured per 1,000 people, contribute to a total growth rate, influencing population trends.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4CAQN-nc8Ac.mp4/4CAQN-nc8Ac.mp4541yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/demographic-transitionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfd9bf349.jpgDemographic transitionDemographic transition is a model that tracks changes in a country's population. It predicts population stabilization as countries transition from high birth and death rates to low ones. This typically happens in industrialized nations. The model has five stages, each representing different population trends. The future of population growth, however, remains uncertain.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/6P2bsPWCRvM.mp4/6P2bsPWCRvM.mp4466yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/globalization-theorieshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2d80b41e.jpgGlobalization theoriesGlobalization, the sharing of culture, money, and products between countries, has been influenced by international trade for centuries. The video discusses theories of globalization, including World-systems theory, modernization theory, and dependency theory. It also explores different perspectives on globalization, such as the hyper globalist, skeptical, and transformationalist perspectives. These theories and perspectives help us understand the complex dynamics of our interconnected world.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lQIVIYCZ4ec.mp4/lQIVIYCZ4ec.mp4347yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/globalization-trade-and-transnational-corporationshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb8664afb.jpgGlobalization- trade and transnational corporationsGlobalization connects people, ideas, and goods worldwide, driven by technology and international trade. Transnational corporations (TNCs) play a key role, operating across borders to maximize opportunities. While globalization can boost economies and spread culture, it also raises concerns about worker exploitation and job loss. Despite challenges, it offers benefits like resource allocation and product affordability.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/GmomzubjO1I.mp4/GmomzubjO1I.mp4392yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-movementshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcfcbf45f.jpgSocial movementsSocial movements shape society's future by encouraging or resisting change. They require organization, leadership, and resources. Different types of movements exist, including activist and regressive. Theories explaining their formation include mass society theory, relative deprivation theory, and resource mobilization theory. Successful movements become part of society's institutions, leaving lasting impacts.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/y7YPTD7QwR4.mp4/y7YPTD7QwR4.mp4455yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/overview-of-demographicshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x56673ebf.jpgOverview of demographicsDemographics explores urbanization, population dynamics, demographic transition, globalization, and social movements. Urbanization is the shift from rural to urban areas, while population dynamics studies population changes. Demographic transition models population changes in a country. Globalization is the sharing of ideas and cultures across borders, and social movements are groups aiming to impact society.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SAZUdVg0ygg.mp4/SAZUdVg0ygg.mp4638yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/culture-and-societyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x48930e2a.jpgCulture and societyCulture is a shared way of life, encompassing knowledge, beliefs, and values that bind a society together. Society is how people organize themselves, usually within a specific geographic area. The two are interconnected, with culture acting as the software (guidelines for living) and society as the hardware (structure for organization).https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/QQsBM1dZLO4.mp4/QQsBM1dZLO4.mp4207yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/overview-of-culturehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x30af1a07.jpgOverview of cultureCulture, a set of shared beliefs, values, and customs, varies globally. It evolves over time, adapting to new challenges and opportunities. Culture shapes our behaviors and values, often without us noticing. It's passed from one generation to the next, helping humans adapt to different environments.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Vo6W4kDv0cA.mp4/Vo6W4kDv0cA.mp4259yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/subculture-vs-counterculturehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9d01a786.jpgSubculture vs countercultureSubcultures are medium-sized communities with unique rules and ideas, differing from larger society but still sharing some dominant culture aspects. Examples include ethnic groups and exclusive religious groups. When subcultures conflict with dominant society, countercultures may emerge, strongly disagreeing with mainstream values, like the Old Order Amish rejecting modern technology.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/4qoE3OVy4Vo.mp4/4qoE3OVy4Vo.mp4211yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/jim-goes-to-college-subculturehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf671d0e3.jpgJim goes to college subcultureThe video explains how subcultures exist within larger societies, using the example of Jim moving from Florida to Washington DC. Jim experiences new ways of life, like biking and using public transport, showing how different regions in the U.S. have unique subcultures.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SyWWgn5YEZo.mp4/SyWWgn5YEZo.mp4150yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/culture-lag-and-culture-shockhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x522d0798.jpgCulture lag and culture shockCulture lag refers to the delay in cultural adaptation to technological changes, causing social issues. Material culture, like technology, evolves faster than non-material culture, such as beliefs and values. Culture shock describes the disorientation experienced when encountering unfamiliar cultural practices, often when moving or traveling to a different environment.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rm4pzNYDHAI.mp4/rm4pzNYDHAI.mp4181yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/diffusionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa0aaba66.jpgDiffusionDiffusion is the global spread of ideas, inventions, or discoveries. It can happen through exploration, military conquest, missionary work, mass media, tourism, and the internet. Examples include American fast food in Asia and Spanish language growth in the U.S. Today, ideas spread faster than ever, thanks to social media and the internet.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/W3_A_A0XBiY.mp4/W3_A_A0XBiY.mp495yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/mass-mediahttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x245715c1.jpgMass mediaMass media, including print and digital forms, plays a crucial role in society. It provides entertainment, enforces social norms, and promotes consumer culture. However, it can also reflect societal divisions and stereotypes. The control of media content, or gatekeeping, often favors dominant ideologies. The impact of mass media on daily behavior is also significant.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5RRyX9mI5Lw.mp4/5RRyX9mI5Lw.mp4357yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/evolution-and-human-culturehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe4472946.jpgEvolution and human cultureCulture, shaped by evolution, includes customs, knowledge, and behaviors learned and shared among people. Darwin's Theory of Evolution shows how physical traits and behaviors adapt over generations for survival. Cultural universals, common practices in all human societies, suggest evolution's role in shaping culture. Conversely, culture also influences human evolution, as seen in immune system development and lactose tolerance.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xlmruDxY48Y.mp4/xlmruDxY48Y.mp4344yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/overview-of-social-inequalityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc363c70f.jpgOverview of social inequalitySocial inequality means resources aren't shared equally. The U.S. shows this with wealth mostly held by the top 20%. Class, based on jobs and income, affects access to education and healthcare. Ethnic minorities, the poor, and women often face more inequality. This can lead to social exclusion and unrest. Solutions include government aid, improving access to services, and researching vulnerable groups.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/JYxspCbwZVs.mp4/JYxspCbwZVs.mp4237yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/upward-and-downward-mobility-meritocracyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x94f34581.jpgUpward and downward mobility, meritocracyThe video explores social mobility, highlighting horizontal and vertical movements within societal classes. It contrasts the caste, class, and meritocracy systems, emphasizing the varying degrees of social mobility in each. The meritocracy system, though idealized, offers the greatest social mobility.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/khRX1Oo93AY.mp4/khRX1Oo93AY.mp4396yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/intergenerational-and-intragenerational-mobility-social-mobilityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x48f77aa9.jpgIntergenerational and intragenerational mobility social mobilitySocial mobility can be defined in two ways. Intragenerational mobility refers to someone moving up or down the social ladder within their own lifetime. Intergenerational mobility, on the other hand, looks at changes in social class across generations, comparing parents to their children.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fAUUHCZMJH8.mp4/fAUUHCZMJH8.mp4212yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/absolute-and-relative-povertyhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x270bbed1.jpgAbsolute and relative povertyThe video explains two types of poverty: absolute and relative. Absolute poverty refers to a lack of basic resources needed for survival, while relative poverty indicates low income levels that exclude individuals from participating in society. Both types can exist in developed and developing countries.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/IjbJZ5jspzE.mp4/IjbJZ5jspzE.mp4450yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-reproductionhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0175c655.jpgSocial reproductionSocial reproduction explains how wealth and poverty often pass from one generation to the next. Rich families have financial, social, and cultural capital, which can create opportunities and advantages. The educational system may reinforce this by valuing the culture and social networks of the wealthy more, potentially perpetuating social inequality.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ShJqEBcyiBg.mp4/ShJqEBcyiBg.mp4312yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/social-exclusion-segregation-and-social-isolationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xbbd04c40.jpgSocial exclusion (segregation and social isolation)Social exclusion pushes individuals to society's fringes, limiting their rights, resources, and opportunities. Factors like poverty, ill health, discrimination, and lack of education, housing, or employment can contribute to this exclusion. Segregation and social isolation are related concepts, with the former being forced and the latter often voluntary.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/eejmYz0O3YE.mp4/eejmYz0O3YE.mp4380yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/environmental-justicehttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8b670b80.jpgEnvironmental justiceEnvironmental justice explores how societal location affects exposure to environmental benefits and risks. Wealthier communities often enjoy more benefits like parks and green spaces, while poorer, often minority, communities face more burdens such as waste facilities and pollutants. This imbalance contributes to health problems like asthma and obesity in disadvantaged groups. Fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens is needed.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0L2xCwD5RNI.mp4/0L2xCwD5RNI.mp4273yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/residential-segregationhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5f8ffd05.jpgResidential segregationResidential segregation refers to groups, often by race or income, living in separate neighborhoods. This segregation impacts life chances, affecting politics, healthcare, and education. The video discusses three forms of segregation: uneven distribution, concentration (clustering), and centralization (clustering in a central area). It also introduces the index of dissimilarity, a measure of residential segregation, and discusses the political, linguistic, and resource-related implications of segregated communities.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PYZhVX6rr08.mp4/PYZhVX6rr08.mp4388yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/global-inequalityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3dcd8071.jpgGlobal inequalityGlobal inequality is a vast issue, affecting life expectancy, access to clean water, and wealth distribution. The richest fifth of the population holds 82.7% of global income, while the poorest fifth only has 1.4%. Maternal mortality rates also highlight healthcare disparities, with rates drastically higher in Central and Western Africa compared to Europe and America.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/KBsOwZRKzcE.mp4/KBsOwZRKzcE.mp4360yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/health-and-healthcare-disparities-in-the-ushttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3ec86776.jpgHealth and healthcare disparities in the USHealthcare disparities in the U.S. stem from socioeconomic status, race, and gender. Higher income levels enjoy better access and quality of care. Lower socioeconomic groups face challenges like poor diet, dangerous work conditions, and unaffordable treatments. Racial minorities and the LGBT community experience discrimination, limiting their access to quality healthcare. Gender differences also exist, with women's health issues often overlooked in medical research.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7qAld9bGwlA.mp4/7qAld9bGwlA.mp4241yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/intersectionalityhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf6376212.jpgIntersectionalityIntersectionality theory highlights the overlapping areas of discrimination. It's crucial to consider all forms of discrimination someone might face simultaneously, like race, gender, and religion. Understanding this intersection helps us grasp the full extent of their societal disadvantage. Originally a feminist theory, it now applies to all forms of oppression.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/n2kUpKP18z8.mp4/n2kUpKP18z8.mp4210yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/mcat/v/class-consciousness-and-false-consciousnesshttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdcf1cec7.jpgClass consciousness and false consciousnessThe video explores class consciousness and false consciousness concepts. It explains how workers, unaware of their exploitation in a capitalist system, can develop class consciousness, uniting against the owners. Alternatively, false consciousness can prevent workers from recognizing their oppression, influenced by the owners' control over societal information.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/amv4Ed15YMY.mp4/amv4Ed15YMY.mp4258yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h6-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x92ffef9d.jpgSolving linear equations and linear inequalities — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Solving linear equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fmt6mKBQhVg.mp4/fmt6mKBQhVg.mp480yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h6-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1537f467.jpgSolving linear equations and linear inequalities — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Solving linear equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8gnpIIy-g3c.mp4/8gnpIIy-g3c.mp4173yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-linear-equation-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe9d43297.jpgLinear equation word problems — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Linear equations word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/gBCMNXuZPrE.mp4/gBCMNXuZPrE.mp4175yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-linear-equation-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x78e3b9a4ad1761dc.jpgLinear equation word problems — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Linear equation word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zFVgT6wo-8k.mp4/zFVgT6wo-8k.mp4158yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h8-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x8da7375c.jpgInterpreting linear functions — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Interpreting linear functions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hOsBsHA6okM.mp4/hOsBsHA6okM.mp4137yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h3-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf752f9f7.jpgLinear function word problems — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Linear functions word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/lJNHUtNNa5M.mp4/lJNHUtNNa5M.mp4133yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h9-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4dbd6ae4.jpgGraphing linear equations — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Graphing linear equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PesqhjGfQvY.mp4/PesqhjGfQvY.mp4158yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h9-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa13768ad.jpgGraphing linear equations — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Graphing linear equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/xlxQ_kUREMU.mp4/xlxQ_kUREMU.mp4207yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h7-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7e73dc7c.jpgSolving systems of linear equations — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Solving systems of linear equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/FgX3gLDDlzI.mp4/FgX3gLDDlzI.mp4117yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h7-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4a57dfb1.jpgSolving systems of linear equations — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Solving systems of linear equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-ylIGciS7_8.mp4/-ylIGciS7_8.mp4270yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h5-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0ae95fbaffe9110d.jpgSystems of linear equations word problems — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Systems of linear equations word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2EcUlgR5ksY.mp4/2EcUlgR5ksY.mp4337yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h5-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1f0116d1.jpgSystems of linear equations word problems — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Systems of linear equations word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/S22qS4EpRGo.mp4/S22qS4EpRGo.mp4202yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h2-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x451b91ba.jpgLinear inequality word problems — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Linear inequality word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/BKSMfZThaYs.mp4/BKSMfZThaYs.mp4241yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-h4-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x21285852.jpgSystems of linear inequalities word problems — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Systems of linear inequalities word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-5pXEsA68pk.mp4/-5pXEsA68pk.mp4202yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-graphs-of-linear-systems-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x2f9edb7f6757eb55.jpgGraphs of linear systems and inequalities — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through an easier graphs of linear systems and inequalities problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o1OC5mB98To.mp4/o1OC5mB98To.mp4210yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-graphs-of-linear-systems-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xca6ceafa99f93df9.jpgGraphs of linear systems and inequalities — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder graphs of linear systems and inequalities problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/p7TLWo1J92g.mp4/p7TLWo1J92g.mp4231yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q1-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1442a903.jpgRatios, rates, and proportions — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Ratios, rates, and proportions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/96fLrtyAiD8.mp4/96fLrtyAiD8.mp4131yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q1-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x10b43faf.jpgRatios, rates, and proportions — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Ratios, rates, and proportions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/qX0YQwCw5l4.mp4/qX0YQwCw5l4.mp4262yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q3-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb5302cda.jpgUnits — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Units problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/OCPR48zNNmw.mp4/OCPR48zNNmw.mp4180yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q3-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xacf1ac6d.jpgUnits — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Units problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/a9rpu3ByX8s.mp4/a9rpu3ByX8s.mp4303yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q2-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc3471e0a.jpgPercents — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Percents problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nPOp-2ChVeU.mp4/nPOp-2ChVeU.mp486yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q2-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb4056b7a609eb2b8.jpgPercents — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Percents problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/-3CgfIqaIG8.mp4/-3CgfIqaIG8.mp4194yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q9-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4af54852.jpgCenter, spread, and shape of distributions — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Center, spread, and shape of distributions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WR5IdTs2NeM.mp4/WR5IdTs2NeM.mp4361yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q9-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc3df4bc8.jpgCenter, spread, and shape of distributions — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Center, spread, and shape of distributions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TCz_-je7_Gk.mp4/TCz_-je7_Gk.mp459yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q5-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x78fb7975.jpgKey features of graphs — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Key features of graphs problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/pPQus7bJeXA.mp4/pPQus7bJeXA.mp477yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q5-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf8f08a78cfc57fd9.jpgKey features of graphs — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Key features of graphs problemhttps://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/15k1YX9aTbY.mp4/15k1YX9aTbY.mp4202yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q4-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x47e4e40b.jpgScatterplots — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Scatterplots problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/j2HM_76Jqqk.mp4/j2HM_76Jqqk.mp464yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q4-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x01f90117.jpgScatterplots — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Scatterplots problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/n7WWrOvTWE4.mp4/n7WWrOvTWE4.mp4217yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q6-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x16c42951.jpgLinear and exponential growth — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Linear and exponential growth problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/h-f73ZkMhXY.mp4/h-f73ZkMhXY.mp4165yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q6-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4d1c89d9.jpgLinear and exponential growth — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Linear and exponential growth problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/C_zzd1ey0Ek.mp4/C_zzd1ey0Ek.mp4126yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q7-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x3a05c9cb.jpgTable data — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Table data problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/1MDXQU-5rX4.mp4/1MDXQU-5rX4.mp480yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q7-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb2e70c3b.jpgTable data — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Table data problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/fr4UiCQk3rg.mp4/fr4UiCQk3rg.mp4121yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q8-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x73174aef.jpgData inferences — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Data inferences problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/vhEYMdD9woY.mp4/vhEYMdD9woY.mp4212yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q8-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x522bd183.jpgData inferences — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Data inferences problem. We make a confidence interval by starting with a sample result and adding and subtracting the margin of error. Consequently, the sample result is the exact middle of the interval. If we were to build a new interval based on the same data but with a reduced confidence level, the new interval would have the same center but a smaller margin of error. Here's a diagram illustrating this problem another way.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8ZVW3aVtE80.mp4/8ZVW3aVtE80.mp4268yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q10-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xf00f38fa.jpgData collection and conclusions — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Data collections and conclusions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/hers3k7x5JA.mp4/hers3k7x5JA.mp4142yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-q10-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xefbe4194.jpgData collection and conclusions — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Data collections and conclusions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/Xgi3ymh7M5E.mp4/Xgi3ymh7M5E.mp4135yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p4-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x85027200.jpgStructure in expressions — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Structure in expressions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/8AUBPj7lKWY.mp4/8AUBPj7lKWY.mp4164yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p4-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe782919d.jpgStructure in expressions — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Structure in expressions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/o10NpUW-koQ.mp4/o10NpUW-koQ.mp4191yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p3-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xa3b2e5f7873e9fd9.jpgRadicals and rational exponents — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Radicals and rational exponents problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/SgZAuxBCE5w.mp4/SgZAuxBCE5w.mp4153yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p3-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc763c844.jpgRadicals and rational exponents — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Radicals and rational exponents problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/DZeeUFAJsA4.mp4/DZeeUFAJsA4.mp4179yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p6-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x57c34dd1.jpgOperations with polynomials — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Operations with polynomials problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TF2MSp5C6cI.mp4/TF2MSp5C6cI.mp4159yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p6-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x646394c2.jpgOperations with polynomials — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Operations with polynomials problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/7eyvCVzmwbQ.mp4/7eyvCVzmwbQ.mp4177yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p9-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x16aba6c7.jpgOperations with rational expressions — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Operations with rational expressions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/b_LdCoUR5hw.mp4/b_LdCoUR5hw.mp4186yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p9-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xced9bb1d.jpgOperations with rational expressions — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Operations with rational expressions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ACbnXtGCfLA.mp4/ACbnXtGCfLA.mp4265yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p13-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x25eaeca5.jpgFunction notation — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Function notation problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/nYF2_VbWKko.mp4/nYF2_VbWKko.mp490yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p13-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7f75a9f4.jpgFunction notation — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Function notation problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/MpOtiHgzSqQ.mp4/MpOtiHgzSqQ.mp4158yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p14-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xe83911ac.jpgIsolating quantities — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Isolating quantities problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/urnBqVLH1IQ.mp4/urnBqVLH1IQ.mp4121yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p14-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x5fcd9172.jpgIsolating quantities — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Isolating quantities problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/5m7egk8Vjxw.mp4/5m7egk8Vjxw.mp4143yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p5-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9627369a.jpgSolving quadratic equations — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Solving quadratic equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/zpE-CfCvXiE.mp4/zpE-CfCvXiE.mp476yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p5-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9af77085.jpgSolving quadratic equations — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Solving quadratic equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/_8zSTsvklrM.mp4/_8zSTsvklrM.mp4339yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p7-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xc56818c3.jpgRadical and rational equations — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Radical and rational equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/rlVi9DQgO0I.mp4/rlVi9DQgO0I.mp482yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p7-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xcf6bf674.jpgRadical and rational equations — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Radical and rational equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/mctXVcwge0U.mp4/mctXVcwge0U.mp4274yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p10-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x61986f03.jpgInterpreting nonlinear expressions — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Interpreting nonlinear expressions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/EVeE0jab1Fk.mp4/EVeE0jab1Fk.mp4244yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p1-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6aab1e94.jpgQuadratic and exponential word problems — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Quadratic and exponential word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/t9DOaJJCTSM.mp4/t9DOaJJCTSM.mp4210yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p12-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xafb4eff8.jpgNonlinear equation graphs — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Nonlinear equation graphs problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZsAr2i81Kq0.mp4/ZsAr2i81Kq0.mp462yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p2-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x6e95db81.jpgManipulating quadratic and exponential expressions — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Manipulating quadratic and exponential expressions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PLVfo2ofHnA.mp4/PLVfo2ofHnA.mp4142yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-exponential-graphs-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x323028e3e793fea7.jpgExponential graphs — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through an easier exponential graphs problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/75ge4tpgYJk.mp4/75ge4tpgYJk.mp4210yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p12-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xdc6e2f4ce32ba146.jpgNonlinear equation graphs — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Nonlinear equation graphs problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/INlQwCJY3cY.mp4/INlQwCJY3cY.mp4222yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p11-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x68aa94e8.jpgPolynomial factors and graphs — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Polynomial factors and graphs problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/PIILLboBfbU.mp4/PIILLboBfbU.mp475yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-p11-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xb7a143e4.jpgPolynomial factors and graphs — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Polynomial factors and graphs problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0pwPqICHdf0.mp4/0pwPqICHdf0.mp4157yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s1-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xda8ac971.jpgVolume word problems — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Volume word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/q9_L7aTmbZw.mp4/q9_L7aTmbZw.mp4309yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s1-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/xfbe55501.jpgVolume word problems — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Volume word problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/2cS-oBcmwAw.mp4/2cS-oBcmwAw.mp4209yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s7-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x683a5e9b.jpgRight triangle trigonometry — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Right triangle trigonometry problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/VNfWOjRCP6w.mp4/VNfWOjRCP6w.mp4116yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s7-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x9bfafa26.jpgRight triangle trigonometry — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Right triangle trigonometry problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/ZE40akTB6oo.mp4/ZE40akTB6oo.mp4181yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s5-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x4d90a9bc.jpgCircle theorems — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Circle theorems problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/TWocMNAtmns.mp4/TWocMNAtmns.mp4232yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s5-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x0036ce50.jpgCircle theorems — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Circle theorems problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/iuDr-1EueWQ.mp4/iuDr-1EueWQ.mp4225yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s4-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x7f274931.jpgAngles, arc lengths, and trig functions — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Angles, arc lengths, and trig functions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/0wxiIPPuPKM.mp4/0wxiIPPuPKM.mp4250yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s4-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x46d7398f.jpgAngles, arc lengths, and trig functions — Harder exampleWatch Sal work through a harder Angles, arc lengths, and trig functions problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/K32s5lAe6vs.mp4/K32s5lAe6vs.mp4196yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s8-easierhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x1af6f265.jpgCircle equations — Basic exampleWatch Sal work through a basic Circle equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/WJAX-eEufB0.mp4/WJAX-eEufB0.mp4113yes https://puzzicle.org/test-prep/v2-sat-math/v/sat-math-s8-harderhttps://puzzicle.org/thumbs/x88fea2fc.jpgCircle equations — Harder example​Watch Sal work through a harder Circle equations problem.https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-youtube-converted/CPe4bXmL6Oo.mp4/CPe4bXmL6Oo.mp4169yes