Marriage apron (itjogolo or ijogolo), Ndebele peoples

0:00(soothing piano music) - [Dr. Harris] We're in the Newark Museum, looking at a large, beautifully beaded apron. While we might think about an apron as something we wear while cooking to stay clean, this is described as an apron because it was something that was worn on that same part of the body.

0:18But this is something that was highly valued, that someone took a very long time to create.

0:24- [Dr. Klemm] This is an ijogolo, which is a married woman's apron among the Ndebele in South Africa. In order to understand this piece, we need to talk about what she would've worn prior to wearing this ijogolo.

0:35- [Dr. Harris] A woman would've worn something that was also beaded, but that was beaded on a harder surface.

0:41- [Dr. Klemm] And it could have been leather but it would've been a hardened leather or a stiff canvas.

0:46- [Dr. Harris] This one is beaded on leather. Like so much African art, objects can mark periods in someone's life.

0:53- [Dr. Klemm] And in addition to that, the ideal, that which is considered beautiful, often reflects a moral virtue or an inner quality, and that's really the case here too. So that earlier stiff canvas that a girl would wear prior to initiation, prior to marriage, was really supposed to suggest something about her chastity, her virginity, that she's not ready yet to have children.

1:14- [Dr. Harris] So it's something hard and impenetrable to suggest her chastity.

1:18- [Dr. Klemm] And that initial apron that she wears is beaded by her mother. And what's depicted is a very abstract representation of her mother's hopes and aspirations for her daughter, specifically, for where she might live. It could be an elegant house. It could be a house with glass windows and electricity and airplanes flying overhead.

1:38Essentially, it would be a house in a cosmopolitan city.

1:41- [Dr. Harris] And this is because, at this time in South Africa, the system that people were living in was apartheid, that is, a system of segregation where whites lived in affluent places in cities, where blacks lived in townships where they were impoverished, usually without running water or electricity.

1:58And so this makes sense as the mother's wish for her daughter's future domestic life.

2:05- [Dr. Klemm] And in that sense, these beaded aprons were political statements. They said something about the treatment of the Ndebele people. Something that the apartheid regime did not know, they saw the aprons as beautiful, as expressions of an ethnic identity, and that these Ndebele must actually be happy because they're doing so much bead work.

2:24- [Dr. Harris] Often people make art when their identity is threatened, they hold onto their traditions, they express their identity through the symbolic forms of their culture, and that's true here of the Ndebele. This increase in their aesthetic production actually was an indication of their oppression.

2:42- [Dr. Klemm] When the Ndebele were forced to move to KwaNdebele, that is, the town of the Ndebele, by the apartheid regime, they were forced off their ancestral homeland. They were forced away from the places that they would herd their animals and plant fertile crops.

2:58And they were restricted to a zone that was barren, and that didn't provide them a means of livelihood. The government had promised them a factory, had promised them running water, which actually never came.

3:09- [Dr. Harris] So this apron was made for a woman who was married. The leather was given to her by her mother-in-law, and then she beaded it as an adult, now living a life that was very different than the one that her mother had imagined for her.

3:24- [Dr. Klemm] What she's beading is no longer a dream, but rather a reality. She's beaded what she has, that is a woman's compound, represented here by those two central squares. And then gardens and corrals for animals on the outskirts.

3:39- [Dr. Harris] We're looking at, essentially, the ground plan of where she lived.

3:44- [Dr. Klemm] This is a space she would've made her own, she would've painted, and she would've been proud of.

3:48- [Dr. Harris] The flaps below, we see five of them, the center one is for the woman herself, and the other ones are symbols of the children she hopes to have.

3:59- [Dr. Klemm] The idea is that she has children on either side of her.

4:02- [Dr. Harris] I'm seeing these glistening, ruby red, sapphire blue beads, emerald green, and all on this white field. I can imagine the hours and hours that it took to make this.

4:14- [Dr. Klemm] Pieces like these are very heavily collected. The KwaNdebele site became a tourist attraction with the fall of apartheid, and so, many people go to this place and they purchase items like this. So today we see a renaissance in bead work, different reasons for making it, and also the introduction of new kinds of materials, not older beads like the ones you see in this example.

4:38Ndebele women are making aprons, both for indigenous use as well as for outsiders.

4:44- [Dr. Harris] Again, what we have is really a symbolic language, where what a person is wearing can tell us so much about who they are, about their family's hopes for them, about where they live, and about their status.

4:58- [Dr. Klemm] And while these indicated something about their station in life, we also know that they were a way for women at this particular historical moment to have a voice for, at least symbolically, what they wanted, i.e. electricity and access to modernity, which in actual fact, they could not have.

5:16(pleasant piano music)