Hans Memling, Christ Blessing

0:06Dr. Beth Harris: We're standing in the galleries at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. We're looking at a painting by Hans Memling, one of the great painters of the Northern Renaissance. And when you're walking through the galleries, you might at first mistake this for a portrait because it's so real-looking and so specific. Dr. Christopher D.M. Atkins: While this painting has many portrait elements to it, it is not a portrait.

0:29It is an image of Christ blessing. Dr. Beth Harris: That Northern Renaissance mastery of oil paint to create an amazing illusion of reality. Dr. Christopher D.M. Atkins: That palpable sense of texture and form. Dr. Beth Harris: We even have a sense of the softness of his beard because of what oil paint can do in terms of imitating textures.

0:50And it has that frontality that we expect of an image of a holy person. Dr. Christopher D.M. Atkins: Memling's the second generation of the great oil painters in the early Netherlandish-Flemish tradition, generation after Rogier van der Weyden and Jan van Eyck. And so he learned from what they could do and taking it to the next level. Memling did an amazing job of creating the sense of volume as if there's a real person here. We get the light and shadow on the neck, on the nose and forehead as if this person exists in three-dimensional space. And the particularities of very distinctive eyes and nose and mouth structure too. Dr. Beth Harris: And so this is, in a way, a portrait of Christ. Dr. Christopher D.M. Atkins: An imagined portrait

1:32based on text, based on earlier images, including Byzantine icons, which people in Northern Europe were aware of. But it is also an updating or contemporizing by making Christ have some elements that make him look like a real person and also existing in real space, our space.

1:50I think what unlocks the picture for me, or at least for a modern viewer, is that left hand where the fingers are resting on the edge of the frame, which disrupts the traditional iconic approach. And that gesture transforms our figure into a three-dimensional person who is existing within the boundaries of the frame. Dr. Beth Harris: I'm just noticing his left thumb. We see one side in shadow, one side of the thumb that's illuminated, the fingernails. This is an image that reminds us of Christ's humanity. The idea of a figure who you could focus your devotion on, your meditation, and in a way almost have a personal conversation with that was really important for people in the 15th century. Dr. Christopher D.M. Atkins: The relatively small scale tells

2:38us this too. This was not an image for display on an altarpiece in a church. It was a private devotional image where you could have that direct experience through prayer. Dr. Beth Harris: And this is a kind of spiritual practice that emerges in the 14th and then in the 15th century. And artists are in a way answering that need by producing these very personal images.

3:00So we could say that this is a 15th century version of a long line of similar images. We can think of images that were said to have not been created by man, miraculous images of Christ, like the one that appeared on the cloth that Veronica gave Christ to wipe his face when he was on his way to the crucifixion.

3:23Dr. Christopher D.M. Atkins: If you place this within the history of art, this is the exact type of image of Christ that Albrecht Dürer is responding to when he paints his self-portrait. This painting exists at this pivotal moment where we're transitioning from the iconic into the era of art. And we have a date at the top of the frame, which identifies this as 1481, which marks it as a created object, as the work of art by someone at that specific moment.

3:50Dr. Beth Harris: And that contrasts so perfectly with the icons that were venerated earlier in the medieval world, where the images that were holiest were those that were not created by human hands, but had a miraculous origin. But here, the importance of the artist, and that is a sign that we've entered the early modern world.

4:12Dr. Christopher D.M. Atkins: Absolutely. This is the era where we know artists by name. This is all part of this dialogue of the changing perceptions of what art is and can be.