About this video
This video extends logarithms to answers that are fractions and negative numbers. It evaluates log base 2 of 8 = 3, log base 8 of 2 = 1/3, log base 2 of 1/8 = -3 and log base 8 of 1/2 = -1/3, using cube roots and reciprocals.
You'll be able to
- evaluate a logarithm whose answer is a fraction, such as log base 8 of 2.
- evaluate a logarithm whose answer is negative, such as log base 2 of 1/8.
- use the fact that a negative exponent gives a reciprocal.
Key words
- reciprocal
- One divided by a number; the reciprocal of 8 is 1/8.
- cube root
- The number that multiplied by itself three times gives the original; the cube root of 8 is 2, which is 8^(1/3).
- negative exponent
- An exponent that flips the number into its reciprocal, like 2^-3 = 1/2^3 = 1/8.
Transcript
Let's give ourselves a little bit more practice with logarithms. So just as a little bit of review, let's evaluate log base 2 of 8. What does this evaluate to? Well, it's asking us or it will evaluate to the power or the exponent that I have to raise our base to, that I have to raise 2 to, to get to 8.
So 2 to the first power is 2. 2 to the second power is 4. 2 to the third power is 8. So this right over here is going to be equal to 3. Fair enough. We did examples like that in the last video. Let's do something a little bit more interesting. And I'll color-code it.
What is log base 8 of 2? Now, this is interesting. I'll give you a few seconds to think about it. Well, we're asking ourselves, or this will evaluate to, the exponent that I have to raise 8 to to get to 2. So let's think about that in another way. So we could say 8 to some power-- and that exponent that I'm raising 8 to is essentially what this logarithm would evaluate to.
8 to some power is going to be equal to 2. Well, if 2 to the third power is 8, 8 to the one-third power is equal to 2. So x is equal to 1/3. 8 to the one-third power is equal to 2, or you could say the cube root of 8 is 2. So in this case, x is 1/3. This logarithm right over here will evaluate to 1/3.
Fascinating. Let's mix it up a little bit more. Let's say we had the log base 2. Instead of 8, let's put a 1/8 right over here. So I'll give you a few seconds to think about that. Well, it's asking us, or this will evaluate to, the exponent that I have to raise 2 to to get to 1/8.
So if we said that this is equal to x, we're essentially saying 2 to the x power is equal to 1/8. Well, we know 2 to the third power-- let me write this down. We already know that 2 to the third power is equal to 8. If we want to get to 1/8, which is the reciprocal of 8, we just have to raise 2 to the negative 3 power.
2 to the negative 3 power is 1 over 2 to the third power, which is the same thing as 1/8. So if we're asking ourselves, what exponent do we have to raise 2 to to get to 1/8? Well, we have to raise it to the negative 3 power. So x is equal to negative 3. This logarithm evaluates to negative 3.
Now let's really, really mix it up. What would be the log base 8 of 1/2? What does this evaluate to? Let me clean this up so that we have some space to work with. So as always, we're saying, what power do I have to raise 8 to to get to 1/2? So let's think about that a little bit.
We already know that 8 to the one-third power is equal to 2. If we want the reciprocal of 2 right over here, we have to just raise 8 to the negative one-third. So let me write that down. 8 to the negative one-third power is going to be equal to 1 over 8 to the one-third power.
And we already know the cube root of 8, or 8 to the one-third power, is equal to 2. This is equal to 1/2. So the log base 8 of 1/2 is equal to-- well, what power do I have to raise 8 to to get to 1/2-- is negative 1/3. Equal to negative 1/3. I hope you enjoyed that as much as I did.
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